assessments of various hazardous gases, pm2.5 and …
TRANSCRIPT
ASSESSMENTS OF VARIOUS HAZARDOUS GASES, PM2.5 AND PM10
CONCENTRATIONS IN VARIOUS CITIES OF INDIA AT DFFERENT MEAN
CYCLES
VV Bhaskar – Managing Trustee, Organization of Elevation of Depression (OED),
Vijayawada, Andhrapradesh-520012
VV Lalitha - President, Organization of Elevation of Depression (OED),
Vijayawada, Andhrapradesh-520012
S.Baskar, Assistant Professor, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education,
Coimbatore, India
Dr.K.P.Sridhar, Associate Professor, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education,
Coimbatore, India
R Patanjali – Technical advisor, Organization of Elevation of Depression (OED),
Vijayawada, Andhrapradesh-520012
K Ramakrishna Sarma – Scientist, BARC (Bhabha Atomic Research
Centre),Mumbai
Dr.V.R.Sarma Dhulipala – Assistant Professor, BIT Campus, Anna
University,Tiruchirappalli,India
Corresponding author:[email protected]
International Journal of Pure and Applied MathematicsVolume 119 No. 12 2018, 16179-16192ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)url: http://www.ijpam.euSpecial Issue ijpam.eu
16179
Abstract: This paper evaluates the overall dangerous impacts of air Pollution over a one
hundred fifty-12 months day and age, from 1900 to 2050, focusing just on air Pollution of
anthropogenic root. Outside Pollution in city concentrations and indoor air Pollution from
devouring of stable gas interior are consolidated, with hurt prices made freely for made and
making usa groupings. Outside air Pollution influences incorporate damages to prosperity,
harvests, structures and deceivability, while indoor air Pollution affects join mischief to
prosperity and further time required for family human beings to gather biomass. This exam
evaluates the overall mischief fees of air Pollution to be US$ 3.0 trillion of every 2010, or
five.6% of Gross World Product (GWP). These setbacks are proportionate to US$ 430 for all of
us on earth.
Damage costs are isolated correspondingly amongst indoor and outside Pollution at the general
degree; whilst around sixty six% of the damages are to the loads of creating nations. Wellbeing
associated damages communicate to 85% of general damages. Overall mischief costs are on a
dropping example: starting from around 23% of GWP within the yr 1900, the harm prices are
predicted to tumble to beneath three% of GWP by using 2050. Given the inevitability of the
modern financial and imperativeness attitude, and the unexpectedly urbanizing global (also
showing hundreds to outdoor air Pollution), directing mischief prices afterward stays a test.
Furthermore rot from the existing levels of money related damage will require a success
execution of courses of movement which might be usually sparing, but that don't in a trendy feel
deal methods to decrease dejection in making international locations.
I.INTRODUCTION:
Clean air is the preeminent prerequisite to maintain solid existences of mankind and those of the
supporting biological communities which consequently influence the human prosperity. Arrival
of different vaporous discharges and particulate matter (PM) has been on the ascent because of
rapid industrialized development Anthropogenic outflows of different sorts are being directed
into the environment (called essential toxins) and lead to the development of new toxins because
of synthetic responses in the environment (called auxiliary toxins). These are enhancing the
worry of encompassing air Pollution (AAP) as an unmistakable worldwide risk to human
wellbeing from multiple points of view. For example, as indicated by the Fifth Assessment
Report of the IPCC 'almost all the non-CO2 atmosphere modifying Pollution are wellbeing
harming, either straightforwardly or by adding to auxiliary Pollution in the climate'. The UN
General Assembly's Open Working Group (OWG) on Sustainable Development Goals sent to
the Assembly its proposition for an arrangement of objectives that think about monetary, social
and ecological measurements to enhance individuals' lives and ensure the planet for future ages
at the finish of the Group's thirteenth and last session at UN Headquarters on 19 July 2014. The
proposition contains 17 objectives with 169 targets covering an expansive scope of economical
advancement matters, including finishing neediness and appetite, enhancing wellbeing and
instruction, making urban areas more economical, battling atmospherical changes, and ensuring
safety to woods and oceans. The objective 3 "Guarantee solid lives and advance prosperity for all
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
16180
at all ages" goes for securing a solid life for all. There are 9 sub-objectives to this objective and
sub-objective 3.9 focuses to significantly diminish the quantity of passings and ailments from
unsafe chemicals and air, water, and soil Pollution and pollution by 2030. It is fundamental that
the risky effects from natural Pollution are routinely announced and checked. Among the
different sorts of Pollution, the air Pollution has pulled in high need in regard of natural direction
since the ecological harm because of such Pollution generally influences human prosperity
straightforwardly by method for antagonistic wellbeing impacts on the populace presented to it.
Air quality has weakened in most vast urban areas in India, a circumstance driven by populace
development, industrialization and expanded vehicle utilize. Coordinated air quality management
(AQM), which is an assessment and observation instrument, is a test to do in most affected
nations. In the context of data unavailability on wellsprings of air Pollution and lack of
encompassing air checking information, which is accessible in the general population space.
To a great extent, urban air Pollution is a consequence of ignition of petroleum products that are
utilized as part of transportation, mechanical division and other financial exercises. Family unit
air Pollution (FAP), additionally known as indoor air Pollution (IAP), is a genuine zone of worry
in rustic places, as greater part of this populace keeps on relying upon conventional biomass for
cooking and space warming and relies upon lamp oil or other fluid energizers for lighting, which
are all exceptionally liable to prompt elevated amounts of FAP. Over 70% of the populace in
India relies upon conventional energizers (kindling, edit deposit, bovine manure, coal and
lignite) for cooking and just about 32% rely upon lamp fuel for lighting purposes. Around 3
billion individuals in the world (over 40% of the worldwide populace) depend on customary
biomass with the end goal of cooking and an expected 500 million families depend on lamp oil
and comparable with the end goal of lighting.
Figure.1.Comparision of PM level with all the countries
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
16181
In provincial India, for example, just 11.4% of the family units utilize LPG for cooking. This part
talks about the wellbeing impacts emerging from surrounding air pollution and family unit air
Pollution and prescribes arrangement measures to lessen the wellbeing sway from air Pollution.
The focal point of the paper is on the worldwide weight of air Pollution and proposals to lessen
air Pollution in the national setting. According to the real-time Air Quality Index, the PM 2.5
concentration in Delhi nowadays is as high as 612mpcm. It's even higher in a couple of other
cities, however. Rapid industrialisation and population growth in India have adversely affected
urban climate, particularly air quality, and caused imbalances in the regional climate at large.
This is the reason that India’s 3 cities were included also in the top ten list. But the most polluted
of all is Zabol, a city of 137,722 residents in Iran with an average PM 2.5 of 217. Billions of
individuals in urban areas around the globe are presented to perilous air, yet contamination levels
differ generally – and the quickly developing urban communities of Asia and Africa are the most
noticeably awful influenced, as appeared in the Figure.1.
2. SURVEY ON EXISTING METHODS:
PM 2.5 presence in Delhi is a danger gaining. Delhi which is the capital of India, the second
most crowded nation on the planet, a questionable tag of being one of the most contaminated
urban areas on the planet[1] . Encompassing PM2.5 concentra-tion surpasses the national air
quality standard by over 300% in Delhi.PM 2.5 introduction not just outcomes in grimness and
significant years of life lost yet, in addition converts into assessed weight of 12000 unexpected
losses every year in the Indian capital [2]. Air contamination issue in Delhi was perceived long
time back and a few measures were taken to control the contamination. The sulfur substance of
diesel and petroleum was lessened by 50 ppm amid 1996 – 2010 and around 1328 ventures
ordered as ' dangerous ' were closed down in this locale [3]. Following a court arrange, business
vehicles established 15 years back and above were continuously eliminated after 1998, and the
general population transport vehicles were changed over to Compressed Natural Gas(CNG). In
spite of the fact that the change to CNG was started around 2002, the intercession was found to
have no significant positive effect to admonish contamination in Delhi with special case of CO.
Winters (Dec-Feb) in Delhi normally witness elevated amounts of PM 2.5 focus because of the
quiet climatic condition, reversal, and shallow blending layer stature that support contamination
to collect close surface[4]. As of late distributed report by the Delhi Pollution Control Committee
which gauges the normal day by day convergence of PM 2.5 in winter stays around 375 μ g/m3
against the passable farthest reaches of 60 μg/m3 [5] . The principle supporters of aggregate PM
2.5 in winter are auxiliary particulate particles (∼ 25 – 30%), vehicular emanations ( ∼ 23 –
28%), biomass consuming ( ∼ 17– 26%), city strong squander consuming ( ∼9%), and
suspended soil and street tidy[6-7]. An endeavor by the Government of Delhi to confine on-street
private vehicles on odd-even premise is relied upon to cut off around half emanation from private
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
16182
vehicles[8,9]. Be that as it may, an assortment of different sources in the encompassing zones of
NCR additionally adds to add up to discharges.
3. PROPOSED METHOD:
Mitigation of air pollution: As we all know, due to intensified technical advancement air
pollution has become inevitable. The level of air pollution is alarmingly enhancing day on day,
and now it is very crucial to immediately take up measures to mitigate air pollution [10]. OED
has come forth with an eco friendly procedure which can effectively mitigate air pollution. The
basic idea is “Havana prakriya”. Havana has been time tested process which has come to us from
our respected ancestors. Havana is the simplest form of Yajna/Yaga/Homa. This is performed
during day time in which Bio component and mango wood are burnt along with Cow ghee, rice
porridge prepared with Jaggery and some herbal condiments[11-13]. Havana prakrea will ensure
harmony in between the living beings and nature.
Below is the table that elucidates prime pollutants of air and their harmful effect on human
health.
Pollutant Health effects
CARBON
MONOXIDE(CO)
Poor reflexes, Ringing in the ears, Headache, Dizziness,
Nausea, Breathing difficulties, Drowsiness, Reduced work
capacity, Comatose state(Can lead to death).
LEAD(PB)
Kidney damage, Reproductive system damage, Nervous
system damage( including brain dysfunction and altered
neuro physical behaviours),
Oxides of
Nitrogen(NOX)
Increase d risk of viral infection, Lung irritation, Higher
respiratory illness rates, Airway resistance, Chest tightness
and discomfort, Eye burning and Headache.
Ozone(O3) Respiratory system damage, Reduced mental activity,
Reduced effectiveness in immune system, Eye irritation,
Chest Discomfort, Chronic lung diseases including asthma
and emphysema (nausea).
Sulphur dioxide(SO2) Aggravates Heart and lung diseases, Increases risk of
respiratory illness, Cancer.
Respirable particulate
matter(PM10, PM2.5)
Respiratory illness, Aggravates Heart disease,
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
16183
3.1 PHOTO CHEMICAL REACTION:
The importance of havana prakriya is that, it releases Oxygen into surrounding atmosphere
through Photo chemical reaction as being detailed here under.All the volatile substances from
Havana those diffuse into the surrounding atmosphere undergo photochemical reaction in the
sunlight, and that is the reason for convening havana prakriya in sunlight. As result of these
changes which occur in the ultra violet and other short wavelength regions, these volatile
substances from Havana undergo photo chemical decomposition , oxidation and reduction. To
some extent even CO2 is also reduced to formaldehyde as follows.
CO2+H2O+112,000 cal HCHO+O2
The Bio-Compound used is having redox active elements Fe,Cu,Ni,Cr (Iron, Copper, Nickel
and Chromium) with high oxidation nature reduces Particulate matter 10,2.5 in polluted air.
As we all know air pollution is of 3 types i.e., biological, chemical and physical
pollution.Havana prakriya Reduces not only Biological Air Pollution but also chemical and
physical air pollution.Biological air pollution is the presence of pathogenic bacteria and viruses
in air. The presence and growth of these pathogens will be potentially reduced by performing
Havana prakriya.It is evident that the bacterial count went down, starting right after Havana
prakriya. After 12 hours of time bacterial count has come down to as low as below 10% when
compared with initial count.Coming to chemical and physical pollutants the observations are
mentioned below.We Conducted the Havana Prakrea and observed Ambiant Air Monitoring
System Installed by CENTRAL POLLUTION CANTROL BOARD,(CPCB) MAINTAINED
BY APPCB BANDAR ROAD,VIJAYAWADA,ANDHRA PRADESH. [14]Although the
values of pollutants go up a little bit in the initial phase of Havana prakriya (which is expected
to be resulted from fire), after some time all values go down well below their earlier levels.
This means Havana prakriya mitigates also the chemical and physical pollution in air[15]
Table.2.Comparison of various gaseous substances
Parameters 12.00
a.m
12.25
p.m
12.45
p.m
1.15
p.m
2.00
p.m
Carbon
monoxide
1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5
Sulfer
dioxide
(So2)
19.6 21.8 19.6 19.6 16.2
Nitrous
oxide
43 46 47 47 42
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
16184
(No2)
Ammonia
(NH3)
21.6 20.7 22.3 22.3 17.5
PM 10 84 84 82 82 76
PM 2.5 51 53 50 50 42
In the Survey we conducted Havana Prakriya and Observed the Ambiant Air pollution with
Monitoring System Installed By Central Pollution Cantrol Board,(CPCB) Maintained By
APPCB, Bandar Road,Vijayawada,Andhra Pradesh Although the values of pollutants go up a
little bit in the initial phase of Havana prakriya (which is expected to be resulted from
fire), after some time all values go down well below their earlier levels. This means Havana
prakriya mitigates also the chemical and physical pollution in air.Havana Prakrea will also
be useful in bringing down the temperature of Havana surroundings from 1’ C to 1.5’C.The
Resultant Smoke from Havana Prakrea will lessen the Effect of Bacteria and Pathogens and by
that Will curtail the Propagation of contagious diseases.The Surroundings of Havana activity
will be filled with pleasant aroma. This aroma will soothe the mind by bringing down the stress
levels.[16-17] So,to put all the above mentioned benefits in a nutshell, Havana prakrea will not
only benefit the atmosphere but also the people at large. Like Healthy mind in a healthy body
healthy human in healthy atmosphere.
Waste water management:
Municipal waste water management has become a tough challenge to the local government
authorities. In many instances this municipal waste water pollutes water resources like ponds,
canals and rivers. OED has got an effective and eco friendly solution to purify municipal waste
water and to make it fit for farming.[18-19].For purification of waste water bio component ash
will be used. This ash is very effective in waste water purification as it eliminates organic
contaminants which will be in the form of metal ions of Cr (Chromium), Co (Cobalt, Ni (Nickel)
and Cu (Copper).The bio component ash is eco friendly because it contains Calcium Oxide,
Magnesium Oxide, Calcium Sulphate, Iron Dioxide and Silica[20]. This ash contains maximum
percentage of Silica, which has got considerable affinity with all the above mentioned metal ions.
So, this bio component ash will have high effectiveness in the process of metal ion removal from
waste water, and has great scope in purification of waste water.This application of Bio-
compound ash was assessed for the removal of oraganic contamination from the Waste water
containing different metal ions viz, Cr (VI), Co(II),Ni(II),Cu(II) has been evaluated.
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
16185
Figure 2A
Figure 2B
Figures 2, 2A and 2B. SEM (Simple Electron Microscope Images of Bio Component.
The Bio-Component ash is eco-friendly contains calcium oxide,magnesium oxide,calcium
sulphate,Iron oxide and Silica. The Presence of maximu percentage of Silica makes it to
considerable affinity for metal ions.It can thus be concluded that the use of Bio-Compound ash as
absorbent offers a Great Opportunity for a Clean , and High effective process for metal ions
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
16186
removel from polluted water.The procedure makes use of bio component will not harm; and
resultant crop also will be of better quality.The Bio-Compound ash is eco-friendly contains
calcium oxide,magnesium oxide,calcium sulphate, Iron oxide and Silica. The Presence of
maximum percentage of Silica makes it to considerable affinity for metal ions. It can thus be
concluded that the use of Bio-Compound ash as absorbent offers a Great Opportunity for a Clean,
and High effective process for metal ions removal from polluted water. The procedure makes use
of bio component will not harm; and resultant crop also will be of better quality.
4. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSION:
This examination has confronted a few difficulties in evaluating the worldwide harm
expenses of air contamination from 1900 to 2050. Indeed, Certainly, even on account that
1990, while numerous intelligent articles on harm fees of air sullying have been
circulated, there may be a nonattendance of affirmation, particularly contemplates from
making nations, to test typical prosperity and non-prosperity hurts from air pollutants.
The ensuing value determinations are not correct. Going earlier than 1990, and post 2010,
this exam confronted various challenges in assessing input regards inside the harm cost
work. Consequently, each topographical and not unusual extrapolation of to be had
research ponders has incite a couple of deficiencies inside the consequences. Using
exceptional to be had extrapolation techniques for harm limits and ace judgment, this
exam gives an typical blueprint on relative length of mischief expenses for two primary
driving force of air pollutants – indoor and outdoor – and two classes of united states –
made and making. One-manner affectability examination on basic critical variables –
sullying levels and estimation of life – has demonstrated a practicable volume of basic
damage costs between 2.1% to 84% of GWP in 2010. In 1900, the damage costs stretched
out inside the location of 8% and 30% of GWP; with a discount to within the vicinity of
1.Five% and six% of GWP in 2050. Accordingly, the all matters considered and
continuing with example of declining standard mischief expenses is permitting from a
human alternate perspective. Regardless, it is essential to hold up beneath as a
satisfactory want that the foreseen diminishes in harm costs (as % of GWP) past 2010
rely on the fulfillment of gift and destiny ways to address decrease creation to air sullying
in both urban and indoor situations. The critiques of future tainting presentation assume
fitting plans are looked for after 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% % of GWP
Example High VOSL Low VOSL furthermore, executed, maintained by means of
achievable financial improvement which extends the available assets for households,
governments and private division to persuade the principal hobbies in pollutants to
decrease traits, diverse powers and measures to lower creation. The prosperity hurt fees
talk to a sweeping degree of popular damage fees. This is maximum of the manner in
mild of the reality that prosperity hurts are much less complex to assess in view of the
openness of general records on weight of soreness. Other non-medicinal factors of hobby
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
16187
are likely going to were essentially had a bad opinion of. Introductory, couple of money
related statistics exist on the non-prosperity influences that have been fused, as an
example, item and cloth mischief. It is in reality feasible that the unit cost assesses that
had been picked are to a extraordinary degree direct opinions, and in this way hurt
charges could be basically better. Second, some non-prosperity influences had been
barred as they had been consolidated into different Assessment Papers. In interpreting the
general damages, it have to be stated whom the prosperity impacts fall on. Air defilement
overall influences the ones most uncovered towards bad air exceptional, for example,
people with critical (respiration) prosperity conditions, the elderly and the energetic. A
couple of kinds of employee are moreover extra introduced to urban air pollutants than
others, being organized inside the out of doors circumstance, as an instance, street
merchants and development masters. Poor and state families will possibly use stable
gasoline for cooking or for indoor warming, and no longer technique upgraded stoves,
than wealthier families. Women and (young) children are maximum exhibited to indoor
air pollutants, as the residence is the area their lives are based. As nicely, the folks who
are poorer are less organized to take avertive measures to protect themselves from air
tainting (for instance, the usage of a circulating air via and cooling in homes or in an
automobile in urban areas), and those same low-repayment get-togethers are smallest
prepared to tolerate the cost of adequate healing care once they fall wiped out. Therefore,
whilst it become now not inside the degree of this paper to play out an esteem
examination, it's miles fundamental to think about whom those impacts most fall on.
The refinement amongst made and making territories has been instructive – showing
extremely good air defilement presentation plans and unmistakable nature of examples
after some time. In any case, the cash related exam has moreover given special regards to
the bodily influences felt by way of the ones living in made stood out from making
countries. Such an method is upheld from the angle of countrywide or local technique
makers who want to decide choices in light of a connection of the real costs and focal
factors of different approach choices. For instance, if country wide device from making
international locations used display in angle of an ordinary international price for healing
price preserve property or passings redirected, they could be misled into circulating
unnecessarily diverse advantages for a defilement diminishment improvement, as the real
grabs would be decrease. Of route, whilst hurt costs from made and making districts are
taken a gander at in a comparable cash unit, but in perspective of different concealed
charges, the comprehended supposition is that pollutants diminishing measures are really
worth more to the ones in made countries.. Governments and inhabitants alike, even as
they may not no longer had been definitely aware about the prosperity and distinct affects
of air sullying, have been regarded to will to exchange off the stability of the people for
diverse receives in character fulfillment. These selections had been made without the
provide of cleanser advancements, nor (automatically) the capability to pick out a
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
16188
substitute perspective of financial improvement. Regardless, within the ultimate bit of the
20 th Century, extra sizeable
Natural records joined with resourceful change and extra freed exchange corporations –
which have themselves enabled the multinational non-public area to accomplish
moderately each circle of relatives on the earth – have together provided climb to diverse
new feasible effects for sensible residing. The damage fees of air tainting in the coming a
long time could be in a standard feel regularly or basically no longer exactly those
showed right here, structured upon which exchange pathway is picked. This is a choice
that requirements to be made all in all, in angle of progressions in science and
advancement, advanced movement frameworks for inexperienced development, and
supportability issues set on the point of convergence of monetary organizing.
References:
1. Greenstone, M., Nilek Ani, J., Pande, R., Ryan, N., Sudarshan, A., Sugathan, A.,
2015.Lower Pollution, Longer Lives, Life Expectancy gains if India Reduced
ParticulateMatter Pollution .
2. Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi Central Pollution Control Board, D.,
2016.Assessment of impact of Odd-Even Scheme on air quality of Delhi.
3. Chowdhury, S., Dey, S., 2016. Cause-speci fi c premature death from ambient PM2.5
exposure in India: estimate adjusted for baseline mortality. Environ. Int. 91, 283 –
290.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.03.004
4. Narain, U., Krupnick, A., 2007. The Impact of Delhi’ S CNG Program on Air.Remer,
L., Mattoo, S., Levy, R., Munchak, L., 2013. MODIS 3 km aerosol product:algorithm
and global perspective. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 1829 –1844.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-1829-2013 .
5. Chelani, A.B., 2013. Statistical Characteristics of Ambient PM 2.5 Concentration at a
Tra ffic Site in Delhi: Source Identi fi cation Using Persistence Analysis and
Nonparametric Wind Regression, 1768 –1778. 10.4209/aaqr.2012.09.0243.
6. Sharma, M., Dixit, O., 2016. Comprehensive Study on Air Pollution and Green House
Gases (GHGs) in Delhi. DPCC.Sharma, S., Sharma, P., Khare, M., 2013. Hybrid
modelling approach for effective simulation of reactive pollutants like Ozone. Atmos.
Environ. 80, 408 –414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.08.021 .
7. Sharma, S., Chatani, S., Mahtta, R., Goel, A., Kumar, A., 2016. Sensitivity analysis of
ground level ozone in India using WRF-CMAQ models. Atmos. Environ. 131, 29–
40.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.01.036 .
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
16189
8. Sokhi, R., San Jose, R., Kitwiroon, N., Fragkou, E., Perez, J., Middleton, D.R.,
2016.Prediction of ozone levels in London using the MM5-CMAQ modelling system
Prediction of ozone levels in London using the MM5– CMAQ modelling
system.Environ. Model. Software 2010 – 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2004.07.016 .
9. Tiwari, S., Chate, D.M., Srivastava, A.K., Bisht, D.S., Padmanabhamurty, B.,
2012.Assessments of PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in Delhi at different
mean cycles. Geofi zika 29.
10. Ke, W., Zhang, S., He, X., Wu, Y., & Hao, J. (2017). Well-to-wheels energy
consumption and emissions of electric vehicles: Mid-term implications from real-
world features and air pollution control progress. Applied Energy, 188, 367-377.
11. Requate, T. (2017). Pollution control under imperfect competition: asymmetric
Bertrand oligopoly with linear technologies (No. 216). Center for Mathematical
Economics, Bielefeld University.
12. Bengtsson-Palme, J., Gunnarsson, L., & Larsson, D. J. (2018). Can branding and
price of pharmaceuticals guide informed choices towards improved pollution control
during manufacturing?. Journal of Cleaner Production, 171, 137-146.
13. Zhang, Y., Yang, W., Simpson, I., Huang, X., Yu, J., Huang, Z., ... & Wang, Y. (2018).
Decadal changes in emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from on-road
vehicles with intensified automobile pollution control: Case study in a busy urban
tunnel in south China. Environmental Pollution, 233, 806-819.
14. Baskar, S. (2014, March). Error recognition and correction enhanced decoding of
hybrid codes for memory application. In Devices, Circuits and Systems (ICDCS), 2014
2nd International Conference on (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
15. Baskar, S., and M. Saravanan. "Error detection and correction enhanced decoding
of differenceset codes for memory application." International Journal of Advanced
Research in Computer and Communication Engineering 1.10 (2012): 816-820.
16. Hadimani, H. C., Latte, M. V., Tejomurthy, P. H. S., Dhulipala, V. S., &Baskar,
S. (2016, February). Optimized mathematical model for cell receivers running in spatially
problematic multi path channels for wireless systems in smart antennas. In Emerging
Trends in Engineering, Technology and Science (ICETETS), International Conference
on (pp. 1-7). IEEE.
17. Baskar, S., &Dhulipala, V. R. (2016). Comparative Analysis on Fault Tolerant
Techniques for Memory Cells in Wireless Sensor Devices. Asian Journal of Research in
Social Sciences and Humanities, 6(cs1), 519-528.
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
16190
18. Baskar, S., Pavithra, S., &Vanitha, T. (2015, February). Optimized placement and
routing algorithm for ISCAS-85 circuit. In Electronics and Communication Systems
(ICECS), 2015 2nd International Conference on (pp. 958-964). IEEE.
19. Raghupathi, S., &Baskar, S. (2012). Design and Implementation of an Efficient
and Modernised Technique of a Car Automation using Spartan-3 FPGA. Artificial
Intelligent Systems and Machine Learning, 4(10).
20. P.Mohamed Shakeel NEURAL NETWORKS BASED PREDICTION OF WIND
ENERGY USING PITCH ANGLE CONTROL International Journal of Innovations in
Scientific and Engineering Research(IJISER)
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
16191
16192