assistance with integrity

7/25/2019 Assistance with Integrity

1/46

Litkfrlty ?

Vk frotkguaay ocjinwakbfk tdk osslstoick ng tdk eoiy pknpak wdn sdorkb tdklr kxpkrlkicks, oioaysls oib

lislfdts li blscusslnis oib litkrvlkws, oib tdk wnrj ng Eorclk @rnst, Dnworb Eoibkvlaak, Jkrry Stkri,

oib Bnuf Votsni,wdn nrfoilzkb tdk cnigkrkicks oib litkrvlkws tdls popkr ls oskb ni, licaublif= o twn

boy cnigkrkick nrfoilzkb y tdk Vlscnisli @urkou ng Bkvkanpekitoa Blso`laltlks Skrvlcks li Muik ?


2/46

Litkfrlty 0

Cnitkits

O intk ni styak .................................................................................................................... 2

Eoli pnlits ......................................................................................................................... ;

O crlsls ng occnuito`lalty .................................................................................................... 6

@orrlkrs tn tdlijlif bkkpay o`nut occnuito`lalty .............................................................. ?8

Calcds wdlcd ancj tdlijlif .................................................................................... ??

Cnickptuoa blscnitliulty os o òrrlkr tn tdlijlif ...................................................... ?3

Kggkctlvk litkrbkpkibkick os oi kekrflif pkrspkctlvk ni occnuito`lalty ........................ ?7

Rdk quoaltlks ng kggkctlvk litkrbkpkibkick ................................................................ ?6

[ibkrstoiblif tdk nàlfotlnis ng suppnrtkb alvlif .................................................... 00

Sogkty oib kggkctlvk litkrbkpkibkick ............................................................................... 02

Litkfrlty os o ckitroa vlrtuk li kggkctlvk litkrbkpkibkick ................................................. 04

Rdrkots tn litkfrlty grne tdk bnelioit pottkri ng quoalty ossuroick ................................ 0

Rdk bnelioit sdork ng kxlstlif pnalclks oib skrvlcks rkspnib tn o

blggkrkit strotkflc tkst= bnks tdls octlvlty licrkosk copoclty gnr tdk prnpkr

pkrgnreoick ng ùrkoucrotlcoaay spkclglkb prngksslnioa wnrj ni pknpak

wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks> [ibkr tdls strotkflc cdoaakifk, octlvl-

tlks tn ossurk sogkty oib quoalty gncus ni leprnvlif cnitrna ng tdk

prngksslnioa wnrj ossuekb ikckssory tn rkpolr (do`laltotk, rkdo`laltotk,

troli) bkgkctlvk pknpak. Li tdls wnrab, òb tdlifs doppki tn pknpak wltd

bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks `kcousk ng sdnrtcnelifs li prngksslnioa

wnrj, sucd os liobkquotk supkrvlslni nr liopprnprlotk skakctlni ngtdkropkutlc tkcdilquks, nr pnnr dlrlif proctlcks, nr golaurks ng oublt oib

lispkctlni..

Rdk crlsls ng occnuito`lalty coiint `k rksnavkb `y o succkssgua skorcd

gnr enrk kgglclkit ekois ng eniltnrlif nr `kttkr tkcdilquks gnr lisurlif

cnepaloick. Rdk crlsls fnks bkkpkr tdoi tdot. Rn glib nur woy nut, wk

eust qukstlni li proctlck tdk guiboekitoa ossueptlnis uibkraylif

pnalcy oib eoiofkekit li tdk glkab. Oiy opprnocd tn ossurlif sogkty

oib quoalty òskb ni oi leofk ng pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`lal-

tlks os posslvk, bkglclkit n`mkcts ls int must likgglclkit ùt cnuitkr-

prnbuctlvk. Kvkry bnaaor livkstkb li sucd octlvltlks ls wnrsk tdoi wostkb

`kcousk lt elsblrkcts ottkitlni, tlek, oib eniky owoy grne tdk crucloa

cdoifks li elibskt oib proctlck tdot wlaa eojk skrvlcks occnuitoàk tn

tdk cdoiflif rkoaltlks ng tdk pknpak wdn rkay ni tdke.


9/46

Litkfrlty

>Xrkvlnus kxpkrlkick li kxkrclslif outniney

>O`lalty tn akori & obopt grne cniskqukicks ng bkclslnis

Vdot ork tdk trobk nggs li cnitliulif tdk sltuotlni os lt ls>

Vdot ork tdk sdnrt & anif tkre cniskqukicks ng licrkoskb cnitrna & blrkctlni>

>Bkcrkoskb cniglbkick >Licrkoskb bkpkibkicy ni stogg >Leprnvkb quoalty ng algk

Ls tdk pkrsni aljkay tn occkpt licrkoskb cnitrna & blrkctlni>

Lg int= Dnw bnks pkrsni currkitay `kikglt grne livnavkekit wltd us> Vdot wnuab `k tdk cniskqukicks ng nur tkreliotlif livnavkekit wltd tdk pkrsni> Bnks tdk pkrsni rkqulrk prntkctlvk ekosurks (fuorbloisdlp, prntkctlvk paockekit)>

Vdot sogkfuorbs ork li paock tn prntkct tdk pkrsni's rlfdts

>Osskrtlvkikss li rkprkskitlif skag >Obvncotk nr grlkib >Fuorbloi

Sdnuab wk rkcrult o rkprkskitotlvk gnr tdk pkrsni's litkrksts>

Sdnuab wk prnvlbk enrk cnitrna & blrkctlni>

Lg yks, bkscrl`k.

Gnr Kxoepak


28/46

Litkfrlty 04

Vdot eottkrs enst tn pknpaks sogkty ls tdk kxtkit oib quoalty ng tdklr

rkaotlnisdlps. Xknpak ork sogkr tdk enrk ntdkrs cork kinufd o`nut tdklr

sogkty oib wkaa `klif tn jkkp o cansk kyk ni tdklr sltuotlni, tn stoib up

tn blgglcuat sltuotlnis wltd tdke, tn oct leofliotlvkay li rkspnisk tn

tdklr vuaikro`laltlks, tn ikfntlotk ni tdklr `kdoag wltd ntdkrs wdn cni-

trna lepnrtoit nppnrtuiltlks, oib tn struffak wltd tdke nvkr sltuotlnis

li wdlcd tdky ork cnitrlùtlif tn tdklr nwi prnàkes. Eoiy pknpak wltd

bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks ork enrk vuaikroàk kxoctay `kcousk tdky

aocj nppnrtuiltlks oib osslstoick tn eojk oib jkkp fnnb rkaotlnisdlps.

@ut enst currkit pnalclks oib proctlcks lfinrk tdksk vltoa rkaotlnisdlp

lssuks, oib enst skrvlck bnaaors ork spkit ni cnifrkfotlif pknpak wltd

bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks li skttlifs wdlcd skfrkfotk tdke. @y suf-

fkstlif tdot pknpak cnuab `k jkpt sogk oib wkaa li skttlifs wdkrk stroif-

krs coi brnp li tn cdkcj ni quoalty ng algk, currkit opprnocdks tn sogkty

guiboekitoaay elsblrkct ottkitlni owoy grne pknpaks enst lepnrtoit

sogkfuorb. Rdk sogkfuorb tdot enst skrvlck skttlifs ork enst aljkay tnblscnurofk nr blsrupt.

Litkfrlty os o ckitroa vlrtuk li kggkctlvk litkrbkpkibkick

Kggkctlvk litkrbkpkibkick bkpkibs ni tdk sncloa akorilif tdot rksuats

wdki pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks oib tdklr grlkibs mnli wltd

tdklr polb osslstoits tn crkotk ikw nppnrtuiltlks li kvkryboy algk. O doib

akttkrkb ekssofk ni tdk òcj ng o pkrsnis wdkkacdolr slfioas tdk

lepnrtoick, oib tdk nrbliorlikss, ng tdls elsslni. Rdk slfi solb, Rn

`nabay fn wdkrk kvkry`nby kask dos oarkoby `kki.

Rdk pkrsnioa akorilif oib nrfoilzotlnioa rkoalfiekit ikckssory tn

suppnrt tdls elsslni bkpkibs ckitroaay ni tdk clvlc vlrtuk ng litkfrlty.

Rdls Cdliksk lbknfroe, dos `kki troisaotkb os litkfrlty. *Lt licaubks

oi npki kyk, oi npki dkort, oib ores oib akfs, slfilgylif octlni.

*Rdls lbknfroe gnres tdk ckitroa cdoroctkr, Rk, li tdk koralkst kxtoit eoiuscrlpt ng tdk Ron Rk Cdlif . Skk @kk`k, M.

(?


29/46

Litkfrlty 0

ZOalck osjkbU Rdot woaa ls sn vkry iorrnw!

Duepty Buepty frnwakb nut. Ng cnursk L bnit tdlij

sn! Vdy, lg kvkr L blb goaa ngg wdlcd tdkrks in cdoick

ng `ut lg L blb Dkrk dk purskb dls alps oib annjkb sn

snakei oib froib tdot Oalck cnuab dorbay dkap aoufd-

lif. Lg L blb goaa, dk wkit ni, tdk Jlif dos prne-

lskb ek wltd dls vkry nwi enutd tntn

Rn skib oaa dls dnrsks oib oaa dls eki, Oalck litkr-

ruptkb

\ks, oaa dls dnrsks oib oaa dls eki. Duepty Bueptywkit ni. Rdkyb plcj ek up ofoli li o eliutk, tdky

wnuab! *

Bovlb @nde wryay bkgliks lisoilty os bnlif tdk soek tdlif nvkr oib

nvkr ofoli oib kxpkctlif `y tdls tn crkotk slfilglcoitay blggkrkit rk-

suats. @y tdls bkgliltlni, tdk systke ng skrvlcks tn pknpak wltd bkvka-

npekitoa blso`laltlks salps bkkpkr litn lisoilty kvkrytlek eoiofkrs

lepakekit ointdkr supkrglcloa rkorroifkekit ng tdk quoalty ossuroick

systke.

*Corrnaa, A. (?


30/46

Litkfrlty 38

Rdnufdt Kxpkrlekit

Kxtkrioa rkvlkw ng nik stotks wrlttki lispkctlni rkpnrts oib paois ng cnrrkctlni gnr

skvkroa rkslbkitloa prnvlbkrs guibkb os LCGs-EP nvkr o tdrkk ykor pkrlnb rkvkoakb tdk

gnaanwlif pottkri. Kocd ykor lispkctlni rkpnrts bncuekit wdot lispkctnrs lbkitlgy os

skrlnus vlnaotlnis ng dkoatd, sogkty, oib dueoi rlfdts prnvlslnis ng tdk rkfuaotlnis. Rdk

goclalty ls tdrkotkikb wltd anss ng ckrtlglcotlni oib tdus ng guiblif. Rdk goclalty ikfntlotksgnr tlek tn eojk o paoi ng cnrrkctlni tn bkoa wltd tdk lssuks lbkitlglkb oib tdk tdrkot tn

ckrtlglcotlni ls wltdbrowi. Rdk ikxt ykors lispkctlni bncuekits wdot lispkctnrs lbkitlgy

os skrlnus vlnaotlnis ng dkoatd, sogkty, oib dueoi rlfdts prnvlslnis ng tdk rkfuaotlnis:

tdksk ork snekwdot blggkrkit li bktola grne tdk bkglclkiclks lbkitlglkb li tdk prkvlnus

rkpnrt. Rdk goclalty ls ofoli tdrkotkikb wltd anss ng ckrtlglcotlni oib ofoli ikfntlotks

succkssguaay gnr tlek tn paoi tn cnrrkct bkglclkiclks. Rdk ikxt ykors lispkctlni rkpnrt

bncuekits wdot lispkctnrs lbkitlgy os skrlnus vlnaotlnis ng tdk dkoatd, sogkty, oib dueoi

rlfdts prnvlslnis ng tdk rkfuaotlnis: tdksk ork snekwdot blggkrkit li bktola grne tdk

bkglclkiclks lbkitlglkb li tdk prkvlnus rkpnrts.

Dnw cnuab tdls pottkri `kst `k kxpaolikb tn o pkrsni wltd o bkvkanpekitoa blso`lalty wdn

alvks li nik ng tdksk goclaltlks>

Cnuab tdk kiburoick ng tdls pottkri `k `rnjki `y

tnufdkr rkfuaotlnis wltd eucd strnifkr soictlnis>

enrk nr `kttkr trolikb lispkctnrs>

lispkctnrs tn lispkct tdk wnrj ng tdk lispkctnrs>

enrk livkstekit li trolilif oib tkcdilcoa osslstoick gnr npkrotnrs ng aCGs-EP>


31/46

Litkfrlty 3?

Rdk systke skkes cnepkaakb tn rkpkot o slepak, kscoaotlif pottkri, li

wdlcd nvkr tlek licrkoslif cnitrna krnbks tdk gakxl`lalty ikckssory gnr

kggkctlvk litkrbkpkibkick.

pktS kapeoxK

ntfilikppodbo`fildtkensrkvncslB.?

,skltlalòslbaotikepnakvkbdtlwkapnkp

.ksnpxkioy`bktoaueltsiktgn

nikvodsinltutltsililkapnkX

aaleyapelsykdt:ytlvltcoaugfilioke

.spunrfkfroailbiunro

tikroppokdtntrkwsioiokilgkB.0

cltorcuokruògnerngkdtileka`nrp

aoinlsskgnrpokblvnrpnttikekrluqkr

.inltuans

.tiketokrtkvltcobktikeucnB

-krdtlwkciolapencrngtckpsiL.3

rngsinltckrrnckrluqkrbiostikekrluq

.sinltoutlstiolapenc-ini

kciolapenc-inirngfilbiugntstokrdR

ntkciotslssoaoclidcktbiofililorR

.kciolapenckrusil

kenck`seka`nrpkciolapencgnsktoP.2

kdR.kcioerngrkpektsysrngsbrobiots

kdtkciolapenc-inigntiuneokdtrktokrf

bksokrcilrnginltoclgltsumkdtrkfinrts

.kciolapenckcrngnttrnggk

ssnarnskilgspodrkp,stokrdt(sinltcioS

gntunbiungsrkfoioerng)kencilgn

.kciolapenc

rngsinltnenrpbiosinltoautorfinC

kvlt-co%88?ilotiloendwsrkfoioe

.tiketokrt

.tokpkrbioeka`nrptxkiygltikbL.;

Ot akost glvk tdlifs ork wnrtd intlclif o`nut tdls pottkri. Glrst, lt

eojks skisk li tdot lt rkspnibs tn n`vlnusay skrlnus prnàkes. Skcnib,

lt eojks skisk li tkres ng cneeniay dkab intlnis ng puàlc eoiofk-

ekit= dlfdkr outdnrltlks bkglik tdk pkrgnreoick tdky woit li tdk gnre

ng bktolakb spkclglcotlnis, prnvlbk lickitlvks (enstay pkioatlks gnr ini-pkrgnreoick), lispkct tn lisurk tdot tdky fkt lt, oib rkqulrk cnrrkctlnis

wdki tdky bnit fkt lt.

Rdlrb, tdk snautlnis ke`nblkb li tdk rkqulrkekits ork ksskitloaay tdk

slepak ikfotlvk ng tdk n`skrvkb prnàke oib tdk fnnb kggkcts ng eua-

tlpak lepnskb snautlnis ork ossuekb tn `k obbltlvk (lg nik ls fnnb, twn

ls `kttkr, tdrkk ls kvki `kttkr). Xrnàke= pknpak ork lbak oib uitutnrkb:


32/46

Litkfrlty 30

snautlni= tdky sdnuab `k octlvkay trkotkb. Xrnàke= pknpak dovk `kki (nr

anflcoaay cnuab `k) kxpanltkb `y pknpak wltd crlelioa rkcnrbs: snautlni=

cdkcj tdk glifkrprlits ng oiynik dlrkb. Xrnàke= stogg snektleks oppkor

tn kxkrclsk pnnr mubfekit: snautlni= rkqulrk 38 dnurs ng trolilif gnr

oiynik dlrkb. Euatlpak rkqulrkekits, tdk ruak eojkrs ossuek, wlaa int

cnigalct oib obblif enrk rkqulrkekits wlaa int dlibkr pkrgnreoick.

Rdls slepak, alikor opprnocd dos tdk oppkoa ng tdk paoli bkcaorotlvk

skitkick.

Gnurtd, tdk ruaks ossuek tdot tdk systke oib lts skrvlck prnvlbkrs dovk

tdk copoclty tn lepakekit tdke, nr tdot tdky coi rkaotlvkay koslay

ocqulrk tdk ikckssory copocltlks. Rdls skqukick obelts in slfilglcoit

uickrtolitlks, in slfilglcoit tlek tn akori tn bn wdot ls rkqulrkb, oib

alttak prnò`lalty tdot tdk rkqulrkekits tdkeskavks wlaa `k guiboeki-

toaay oatkrkb.

Glgtd, kocd stkp li tdk pottkri cale`s nik enrk stkp up o aobbkr ng

o`stroctlni.

Kvkryboy algk= octlif tn prkvkit & snavkprnàkes & glib nppnrtuiltlks

Pkgakctlni ni kvkryboy algk= cdkcjlifwdot's wnrjlif & wdot's int: paoiilif

cdoifks: annjlif gnr `kttkr woys.

Bncuekitlif octlvltlks li tkres rkqulrkb`y ruaks & pnalclks

Mubflif cnepaloick wltd oppalcoàk ruaks& pnalclks

Ikfntlotlif paois ng cnrrkctlni & gliblifwoys tn licrkosk cnepaloick

Bkglilif tdk tkres ng cnepaloick

enrko`stroct

Ni tdk frnuib ork portlcuaor pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks

oib tdnsk wdn osslst tdke tn fkt ni wltd tdk ganw ng tdklr kvkryboy algk.

Ni tdk glrst ruif, tdksk pknpak stnp tn cdkcj ni wdot tdky ork bnlif

oib, pkrdops, livkst snek tlek li nppnrtuilty gliblif oib prnàke

snavlif. Ni tdls ruif tdky eoy osj gnr snek dkap li tdk gnre ng prnckss

cnisuatotlni nr cdoicks tn akori ikw sjlaas nr usk ikw kqulpekit nr


33/46

Litkfrlty 33

glib woys litn ikw nppnrtuiltlks. Rdk skcnib, oib su`skqukit ruifs ng

tdls aobbkr ng o`stroctlni ork lepnskb `y tdk currkit systke ng rkfuao-

tlni. Ni tdk skcnib ruif, pknpak ork livnavkb li eojlif bkscrlptlnis ng

tdklr octlvltlks li tkres flvki `y oppalcoàk pnalclks oib rkfuaotlnis. Ni

tdls ruif, pknpak strlvk tn prkpork bncuekits tn stoiborb= tdk li-

spkctnrs fnob, Lg lt lsit bncuekitkb, lt wosit bnik, ruaks dkrk. Ni

tdk tdlrb ruif, lispkctnrs cotkfnrlzk tdk kvlbkick ovolaoàk tn tdke

grne rkvlkwlif bncuekitotlni oib `rlkg n`skrvotlnis oib litkrvlkws li

tdk tkres flvki `y pnalclks, rkfuaotlnis, oib litkrprktlvk fulbkaliks. Ni

tdls ruif, mubfekits ng cnepaloick nr ini-cnepaloick ork eobk. Ni

tdk gnurtd ruif, obelilstrotnrs oib lispkctnrs ikfntlotk o`nut tdk

cniskqukicks ng tdk lispkctnrs mubfekits o`nut cnepaloick. Ni tdls

ruif, paois ng cnrrkctlni ork ofrkkb oib tkcdilcoa osslstoick rkquksts

ork gnreuaotkb oib oiswkrkb. Ni tdk glgtd ruif, kxpkrts cnepktk tn

ligaukick outdnrltlks o`nut tdk bkgliltlni ng tdk cotkfnrlks oib tdk

lignreotlni tdot wlaa slfioa cnepaloick oib o`nut tdk kggkcts ng blggkr-kit jlibs ng soictlnis.

Xknpak alvk oib skkj nppnrtuiltlks oib snavk boy tn boy prnàkes ni

tdk frnuib oib ni tdk glrst ruif ng tdk aobbkr ng o`stroctlni. Rdk lssuks

ot tdls akvka ngtki bkeoib crkotlvlty, ùt tdky ork eobk ng tdk gocts oib

gkkalifs oib uibkrstoiblifs ng kvkryboy algk= Mnks pkrsnioa osslstoit ls

slcj ofoli: wdn wlaa glaa li sn dk coi fkt tn wnrj ni tlek> Ls o prnàke

bkvkanplif wltd tdk scdkbuakb osslstoit> Bn wk ikkb tn rk-wnrj tdk

scdkbuak> Vdki nik cale`s tn tdk skcnib ruif oib o`nvk, tdk wnrab

`kflis tn annj vkry blggkrkit= Ls Mnks prnfroe paoi glilsdkb oib

slfikb> Dos dls bkitlst skit òcj dls oiiuoa rkpnrt> Dovk dls dnurs ng

osslstoick `kki kitkrkb uibkr tdk prnpkr cotkfnrlks> Dovk wk bncu-

ekitkb prnfrkss ni aost ykors n`mkctlvks> Obelilstrotnrs, lispkctnrs,

oioaysts, oib eoiy prngksslnioa obvncotks spkib enst ng tdklr tlek ni

tdk tdlrb ruif nr dlfdkr: in wnibkr sn eoiy quoalty leprnvkekit

prnmkcts gncus ni leprnvlif tdk quoalty ng popkrwnrj.

O cnaakofuk wdn ls `ntd tdk entdkr ng o eoi wltd o bkvkanpekitoa

blso`lalty oib o skilnr prnfroe stogg eke`kr copturks tdk blggkrkick

tdot tdksk blggkrkicks li pkrspkctlvk eojk li tdls woy, L alvk algk wltd

ey sni oib tdki L fn tn wnrj oib rkob oib alstki tn bkòtks o`nutrkfuaotnry rkgnre oib quoalty ossuroick liblcotnrs. L tdlij tdot, os o

ene, L oe li oi kitlrkay blggkrkit envlk grne tdk nik tdk pknpak

toajlif o`nut quoalty ossuroick ork wotcdlif. Lts oaenst lepnsslàk tn

skk tdk cniikctlni `ktwkki wdot wk ork alvlif oib wdot tdky ork

toajlif o`nut.


34/46

Litkfrlty 32

Rn uibkrstoib tdk cniskqukicks ng tdls structurk nvkr tlek, cnislbkr

tdk twn prnàke snavlif annps bkplctkb ni tdk aobbkr blofroe. *Rdk

`nttne prnàke snavlif annp cnickris wdot ikkbs bnlif kvkryboy tn

npki up ikw nppnrtuiltlks oib tn bkoa wltd kvkryboy prnàkes: lt ls

dkrk tdot pknpak coi wnrj ni tdk enrk guiboekitoa cousks ng `kttkr

alvks gnr pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks. Rdk tnp annp cnickris

eolitoli cnepaloick oib tdk ganw ng guibs tn tdk ofkicy: dkrk tdk

kggkct ni algk gnr pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks ls ot `kst

liblrkct. Nvkr tlek tdk tnp annp wlaa tkib tn bneliotk tdk `nttne annp=

oi licrkoslif oenuit ng octlvlty wlaa fn tnworb ruiilif up tdk scnrk ni

tdk o`stroct scnrk`norb ng popkrwnrj, cnst rkpnrts, oib cnepaloick.

Akss wnrj wlaa `k blrkctkb ot bkglilif oib snavlif tdk kvkryboy prn`-

akes tdot dovk tdk pntkitloa tn leprnvk quoalty ng algk.

Rdls bneliotlni ng tdk kvkryboy `y tdk o`stroct aorfkay doppkis

nutslbk cnisclnus oworkikss `kcousk pknpak wdn ork livnavkb li tdk

wnrj ng cnepaloick akori tn skk tdk o`stroctlnis tdky pursuk os enrkrkoa tdoi tdk cnicrktk prnàke snavlif tdot kifofks pknpak. Rdky bn int

cdnnsk tn lfinrk octlvlty ot tdk `nttne ruif ng tdk aobbkr, lt ls slepay

livlslàk nr lrrkakvoit tn tdke. Xdlansnpdkr O.I. Vdltkdkob ioekb tdls

pkrckptuoa kggkct ng ottkitlni tdk goaaocy ng elspaockb cnicrktkikss.

Xknpak suggkr grne tdls goaaocy wdki tdky oct os lg wrltlif oi liblvlbuoa

prnfroe paoi li tdk cnrrkct gnre wos li ltskag sugglclkit tn cousk

leprnvkekit li kvkryboy algk. Rdls akobs tdk pknpak wdn stoib ni

dlfdkr ruifs ng tdk aobbkr ng o`stroctlni tn blscnuit tdk dorb kvkry boy

wnrj ng osslstlif pknpak li govnr ng tdk koslkr tosj ng eoilpuaotlif

sye`nas ni stogglif cnepalekits, scdkbuaks, paois, ùbfkts, oib prn-

gksslnioa rkcnrbs. Rdls blscnuitlif ls eobk eucd koslkr `y tdk cneeni

blselssoa oib lfinroick ng tdk wnrj ng corlif os must wnekis wnrj.

* Rdls ls o slepak vkrslni ng o cneeni skag bkgkotlif pottkri li dueoi systkes wdlcd snek systkes tdlijkrs dovk

coaakb sdlgtlif tdk urbki. Skk Skifk, X. (?


35/46

Litkfrlty 3;

o`snr` ovolaoàk gakxl`lalty, rkgrkkzlif tdk systke ornuib prngksslnioa octlvlty. Xnsltlvk

kggkcts bkcrkoskb tn tdk pnlit wdkrk rkfuaotlni ls inw cnuitkrprnbuctlvk= enrk livkst-

ekit li lispkctnr trolilif, rkglikekit ng bkgliltlnis, tnnas, oib lickitlvks wlaa rksuat li

wnrsk pkrgnreoick.

Rdk akvkrofk li tdls sltuotlni alks li uibkrstoiblif tdls porobnx. @y frkotay wkojkilif

rkfuaotnry octlvlty wdlak sleuatoiknusay rolslif ottkitlni tn tdk sncloa akorilif eobk

pnsslàk `y wnrjlif wltd litkfrlty, nvkr tlek, ni kvkryboy prnàkes, lt eoy `k pnsslàk

tn `rkoj nut ng tdk trop crkotkb `y ykors ng kggnrt ot supkrglcloa cousks.

Bkoalif enrk kggkctlvkay wltd golaurks ng litkfrlty

Rdnufdt Kxpkrlekit

Nik stotk oaancotks o`nut $?,888 pkr calkit gnr cosk eoiofkekit skrvlcks. Stotk ruaks

eojk cosk eoiofkrs rkspnislàk gnr lisurlif tdot kocd ng tdklr calkits dos oi opprnprlotk

liblvlbuoa skrvlck paoi, wdlcd stotk stotutk bkgliks os ckitroa tn kggkctlvkay cnnrbliotkb,

liblvlbuoalzkb skrvlcks. Cosk eoiofkrs ork oasn rkspnislàk gnr rkprkskitlif tdklr calkits

litkrksts li o vorlkty ng ntdkr woys oib ork bkglikb, `y aow, os libkpkibkit ng skrvlck

prnvlbkrs.

Cnislbkr tdls oatkriotlvk tn tdk stotks prkskit proctlck ng alckislif oib rnutlikay lispkct-

lif skrvlcks.

Rdk stotk rkpkoas lts alckisurk aow oib oaa rkaotkb rkfuaotlnis gnr pknpak wdn dovk cosk

eoiofkrs. Rdk stotk jkkps tdk outdnrlty tn prnskcutk gnr oùsk nr ikfakct ng vuaikroàk

obuats wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks oib prnvlbks tdk stotk bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks

ofkicy wltd tdk buty oib tdk copoclty tn blscnvkr oib livkstlfotk cnepaolits ng oùsk

oib ikfakct.

Cosk eoiofkrs ork rkqulrkb, kvkry slx enitds, tn glak o gnre gnr kocd calkit ni tdklr

coskanobs. Ni tdls gnre tdky ogglre tdot tdky dovk currkit pkrsnioa jinwakbfk ng tdk

pkrsnis alvlif sltuotlni oib tdot kltdkr o) tdky coi ogglre tdot tdk pkrsni ls alvlif li

sogk oib bkckit cnibltlnis, tdot tdk pkrsnis eniky ls opprnprlotkay eoiofkb, tdot tdk

pkrsni ls rkcklvlif ikkbkb dkoatd oib bkitoa cork, oib tdot tdk pkrsni ls rkcklvlif ot

akost elileoaay obkquotk osslstoick tn bkoa wltd tdk cniskqukicks oib vuaikro`laltlks

ng tdk pkrsnis portlcuaor blso`lalty, nr `) lg nik nr enrk ng tdksk cnibltlnis ls int ekt

tdot tdky ork pkrsnioaay livnavkb li kggnrts tn lisurk tdot tdky ork ekt. Rdls gnre ls oasn

cn-slfikb `y livnavkb skrvlck prnvlbkrs. Cnplks ng tdk gnre wnuab fn tn tdk pkrsni

oib tn livnavkb goelay eke`krs nr fuorblois. Os o cnibltlni ng guiblif, skrvlck prnvlbkrs wnuab sueeorlzk tdk gliblifs ng cosk

eoifkrs oib bkscrl`k tdk ligaukick tdksk dovk ni tdklr npkrotlnis.

Pkspnislàk stotk eoiofkrs wnuab tdk oublt o roibne soepak, soy ;%, ng tdksk gnres

`y occnepoiylif tdk rkspnislàk cosk eoiofkr tn vlslt tdk pkrsni livnavkb oib intlif

ofrkkekit nr blsofrkkekit wltd cosk eoiofkr mubfekits ni tdk gnre. Cnickris o`nut

cosk eoiofkekit mubfekits wlaa `kcnek port ng cosk eoiofkekit cnitroct ikfntlo-

tlnis.


36/46

Litkfrlty 37

O pkrsni wdn ls tdk su`mkct ng tdls gnre wdn gkkas uisogk, nr oiynik wdn dos rkosni tn

`k cnickrikb gnr tdk pkrsnis sogkty, coi cnepka o tlekay oublt ng tdk sltuotlni `y

rkspnislàk stotk eoiofkrs.

Ls tdls oi obkquotk rkpaockekit gnr alckislif lispkctlnis>

O iue`kr ng pknpak soy in tn tdls prnpnsltlni gnr tdksk rkosnis= cosk eoiofkrs dovk

cosk anobs wdlcd ork tnn aorfk tn pkrelt tdke tn jinw wdktdkr nr int tdk pknpak ni tdklrcosk anobs ork sogk: cosk eoiofkrs eoy `k li cnigalct ng litkrkst oib tdus uirkaloàk

mubfks ng pknpaks sogkty: oib cosk eoiofkrs aocj tdk outdnrlty tn cnepka uiwlaalif

skrvlck prnvlbkrs tn alstki tn tdke o`nut sogkty prnàkes.

Lg tdksk orfuekits ofolist osslfilif rkspnisl`lalty gnr sogkty tn cosk eoiofkrs skke

pkrsuoslvk, wdot rkosnis rkeoli gnr guiblif cosk eoiofkekit> Dnw coi sneknik wdn

coiint `k trustkb tn jinw o`nut oib oct tn updnab pknpaks pdyslcoa sogkty `k trustkb wltd

outdnrlty tn paoi gnr tdklr alvks> Dnw coi sneknik wdn aocjs tdk o`lalty nr outdnrlty tn

ikfntlotk wltd skrvlck prnvlbkrs `k oi obkquotk cnnrbliotnr ng o cnepakx skrvlck paoi>

Xknpak wdn prnvlbk osslstoick coi gola li litkfrlty li tdrkk blggkrkit

woys= tdky coi oct wltdnut litkfrlty `y nvkrtay oùslif nr ikfakctlif

pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks: tdky coi bkgroub `y elsblrkct-

lif guibs oaancotkb tn osslst pknpak gnr pkrsnioa foli: oib, tdky coi gola

li tdk portlcuaors ng litkfrlty tdrnufd canskbikss, nr aocj ng cnisclnus-

ikss, nr golaurk ng octlni. Elxlif up tdk glrst twn jlibs ng golaurks,

wdlcd ork crlelioa, wltd tdk tdlrb, wdlcd ls int, rksuats li brlvlif tdk

skrvlck systke bkkpkr litn tdk gkor oib ligakxl`lalty wdlcd wlaa bkgkot

tdk sprkob ng kggkctlvkay litkrbkpkibkit rkaotlnisdlps.

@klif golr oib cakor `y int nvkr lbkitlgylif oùsk oib groub

Lt ls wnrtd intlclif tdot tdk intlni ng oùsk dos uibkrfnik cnislbkroàk

ligaotlni nvkr tdk aost twkity ykors, usuoaay `y pknpak bkkpay cnickrikb

o`nut tdk kggkcts ng lifrolikb blscrleliotlni. Rdus, snek pknpak spkoj

ng cnifrkfotk skttlifs, oib tdk pknpak wdn wnrj li tdke, os oùslvk:

snek rkforb golaurk tn rkspkct o pkrsnis cdnlcks os oùslvk: oib snek

lbkitlgy tdk usk ng blsrkspkctgua aoifuofk, sucd os ao`kalif o pkrsni

ekitoaay rktorbkb, os oùslvk. Oi ligaotkb bkgliltlni ng oùsk dos twn

uignrtuiotk cniskqukicks= lt livltks tdk livncotlni ng brostlc tdrkots gnr`kdovlnr tdot eoiy pknpak coit ykt skk tdk dore li: oib, lt iue`s

skisltlvlty oib àuits rkspnislvkikss tn n`vlnusay dnrrlàk clrcue-

stoicks.

Vdlak froitlif tdk durt li cnifrkfotlif pknpak, bkiylif tdke cdnlck

oib ao`kalif tdke blsrkspkctguaay, lt ls lepnrtoit tn blstlifulsd tdksk

golaurks li tdk portlcuaors ng litkfrlty grne `kotlif pknpak, akttlif nr


37/46

Litkfrlty 36

kvki kicnuroflif pknpak tn prky ni nik ointdkr, ancjlif nr tylif

pknpak up, storvlif pknpak, bkiylif pknpak ekblcoa cork, akttlif pknpak

alk uiottkibkb li tdklr nwi urlik, stkoalif pknpaks eniky, nr crukaay

bkprlvlif pknpak ng tdklr pnssksslnis, tdklr grkkbne ng envkekit, nr

tdklr grkkbne ng ossnclotlni, jkkplif pknpak swkatkrlif nr cnab nr li

n`vlnusay uisogk prkelsks. Li sdnrt, oùsk oib ikfakct sdnuab `k

bkglikb li o woy tdot oiy cltlzki ni o mury cnuab ofrkk wos o rkprkdki-

slàk woy tn trkot o dueoi `klif.

Rdk intlni ng groub ls snektleks slelaoray ligaotkb, ngtki `y pknpak li

nvkrslfdt rnaks wdn skkj tn kxpoib tdklr pnwkr nvkr tdk troisoctlnis ng

npkrotlif bkportekits. Ao`kalif enrk groub mustlglks troisgkrrlif pnwkr

owoy grne npkrotlnioaay rkspnislàk eoiofkrs oib tnworb lispkctnrs,

oioaysts oib oubltnrs. Vdktdkr tdls bkslrk gnr enrk pnwkr nvkr bktolas

cneks grne o `kalkg tdot puàlc purpnsks wlaa `k `kttkr skrvkb, nr grne

enrk portlsoi entlvks, lt coi akob oubltnrs oib oioaysts tn caosslgy

blggkrkicks ng nptlni o`nut akfltleotk kxpkiblturks nr popkrwnrj krrnrsli tdk soek cotkfnry os cdorflif o eoiofkrs Ganrlbo vocotlni dnek ngg

tn calkit cork nr poylif pdyslclois gnr ekblcoa tksts tdky ikvkr eobk. Li

tdk litkrkst ng golrikss oib cakor tdlijlif, groub sdnuab niay `k livnjkb

li o cnitkxt wdkrk tdkrk ork sugglclkit frnuibs gnr crlelioa prnskcutlni.

]koanus nvkr-lbkitlglcotlni ng oùsk oib groub bktrocts grne kggkctlvk

litkrbkpkibkick=

XkrcklvkbOùsk/Groub Kxtkrioa Cnitrnang BktolasGakxl`lalty Kggkctlvk

Litkrbkpkibkick

licrkosks

bkcrkosks bkaoy

Frkotkr gakxl`lalty licrkosks tdk cdoicks tdot pknpak wlaa gnre kggkctlvk

litkrbkpkibkit rkaotlnisdlps oib, nvkr tlek, enrk kggkctlvk litkrbkpki-

bkick licrkosks gakxl`lalty. @ut, os kxtkrioa nvkrslfdt oib cnitrna ng tdk

bktolas ng osslstoick licrkosks, tdk cdoicks tdot skrvlck prnvlbkrs wlaa

`kdovk gakxlày li rkspnisk tn cdoiflif sltuotlnis bkcrkosks. Bkcrkoskb

gakxl`lalty bkcrkosks kggkctlvk litkrbkpkibkick. Os licrkosk li pkrcklvkb

oùsk nr groub licrkosks tdk cdoicks ng kxtkrioa cnitrna oib tdus bk-

crkosks gakxl`lalty oib tdki bkcrkosks kggkctlvk litkrbkpkibkick. Rdls

plcturk orfuks gnr prkskrvotlni ng gakxl`lalty `y ?) ovnlblif ligaotkb

rkpnrts ng oùsk oib groub, in eottkr dnw pnaltlcoaay uskgua sucd

kxoffkrotlni elfdt `k li tdk sdnrt rui: oib, 0) gliblif oatkriotlvks tn

kxtkrioa nvkrslfdt oib cnitrna ng bktolas os o rkspnisk tn tdnsk skrvlck


38/46

Litkfrlty 34

prnvlbkrs wdn slepay aocj litkfrlty.

Bkoalif wltd tdnsk wdn aocj litkfrlty

[ignrtuiotkay, os o cniskqukick ng tdk sncloa bkvoauotlni ng pknpak

wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks, skrvlcks coi ottroct pknpak wdn ork

nutrlfdt oùslvk nr ikfakctgua. O usk oib ikfakct usuoaay rksuats grne

aozlikss oib skag-ckitkrkbikss, ùt lt coi `k oi kxprksslni ng crukaty.Vdotkvkr lts entlvk, lt ls slepay wrnif oib `kst skki oib trkotkb os oi

nggkisk ofolist tdk aow.

Rdkrk ork ot akost tdrkk cnepnikits ng oi kggkctlvk pnalck pnwkr.*

Glrst, o cakor oib wkaa puàlclzkb buty tn rkpnrt tdk oùsk oib ikfakct ng

vuaikroàk pknpak, licaublif prntkctlni ng wdlstakànwkrs oib tdk wkaa

puàlclzkb lepnsltlni ng gliks nr ntdkr pkioatlks ni outdnrlzkb pknpak

wdn gola tn rkpnrt anif-stoiblif pottkris ng oùsk wdlcd tdky dovk o

buty tn jinw o`nut (soy, tdk bkitlst wdn dos oi livkstekit li o iurslif

dnek, tdk `norb cdolr nr blrkctnr ng o ini-prnglt ofkicy, nr tdk oùskb

nr ikfakctkb pkrsnis cosk eoiofkr). Os port ng tdklr nrlkitotlni tn

wnrj, ikw stogg sdnuab dovk tdk nppnrtuilty tn rkvlkw tdk gocts oib tdk

blspnsltlni ng o vorlkty ng cosks ng oùsk oib ikfakct, pkrdops li tdk

gnreot ng o truk crlek RW sdnw. Skcnib, tdk copoclty gnr tlekay

livkstlfotlni oib kggkctlvk prnskcutlni. Aow kignrckekit nvkranob, oib

wlbksprkob liskisltlvlty tn tdk dueoilty ng pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa

blso`laltlks oenif aow ngglckrs oib prnskcutnrs, eoy orfuk gnr livkstl-

fotnrs, oib kvki prnskcutnrs bkblcotkb tn tdls octlvlty.

*Rdls blscusslni ls vkry sjktcdy `kcousk nur purpnsk ls tn liblcotk blrkctlni, int tn su`stltutk gnr tdk bkòtk oib

kxpkrlekitotlni ikckssory tn pnalck oùsk oib ikfakct. Gnr kxoepak, wk ikfakct tdk vltoa lssuk ng prntkctlif tdk

uimustay occuskb.

Rdk tdlrb, oib pkrdops enst prnàkeotlc, cnepnikit ng oi kggkctlvk

rkspnisk tn oùsk oib ikfakct ls tdk copoclty tn fkikrotk oatkriotlvk

osslstoick oib, li tdk cosk ng pknpak dnuskb `y tdklr oùskrs, oatkriotlvk

alvlif orroifkekits. Lio`lalty tn crkotk oatkriotlvks doestrlifs kggnrts ot

prntkctlni. Vdki systke eoiofkrs coi nggkr in ntdkr, sogkr rnng tn

sakkp uibkr, pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks ork dnstofks tn

tdnsk wdn wnuab oùsk nr ikfakct tdke. *Xoligua prkssurks cnistroli

tdls copoclty= frnwlif oib licrkoslifay urfkit woltlif alsts, seoaa

licrkosks li uirkstrlctkb guiblif, oib bkoas tdot torfkt frnwtd li

systke copoclty tn portlcuaor caossks ng pknpak (k.f. rkslbkits ng oi

listltutlni wdlcd ls pkrelttkb tn cnitliuk rkcklvlif gkbkroa guibs nicnibltlni ng pnpuaotlni bkcalik, nr rkslbkits ng iurslif dneks blslitkr-

kstkb li ekktlif rkqulrkekits tn prnvlbk octlvk trkotekit tn pknpak

wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks). Oaa ng tdksk prkssurks ng

nvkrcneeltekit cnitrlùtk tn eoiofkrloa prnàkes tdot coi `kcnek


39/46

Litkfrlty 3

Flvki tdot tdk lispkctnrs prkskitay dovk tdk outdnrlty tn lbkitlgy enst lg int oaa ng tdk

prnàkes surgockb `y tdk kxtkrioa tkoe, oib flvki tdot tdk lispkctnrs ork copoàk ng

corrylif nut tdklr butlks (libkkb, eoiy ng tdke ork dlfday sjlaakb pknpak wdn ork pkrsni-

oaay cneelttkb tn leprnvlif algk gnr pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks), bnks lt eojk

skisk tn cnicaubk tdot tdls cosk mustlglks enrk rkfuaotnry outdnrlty, enrk livkstekit li

lispkctlnis oib lispkctnrs, nr enrk trolilif gnr lispkctnrs>

Lg ynu dob `kki ni o woltlif alst gnr skrvlcks gnr tdk ykors tdksk sltuotlnis wkit

uieoiofkb, wnuab ynu gkka tdot tdk puàlc eniky spkit ni cnepaloick octlvltlks gnr tdls

prnvlbkr wos wkaa spkit>

Lg nggkrkb o dnek `y tdls prnvlbkr, wnuab ynu gkka skcurk oib cnegnrtoàk `kcousk

lispkctnrs vlslt rkfuaoray>

Vdki tdk systke bkvkanps tdk copoclty tn trkot crlelioas os crlelioas,

tdot akovks tdk rkst ng us= wkaa litkitlnikb oib goaalàk pknpak wdn ikkb

tn akori tn `k enrk kggkctlvkay litkrbkpkibkit.

@kcousk wk dovk frnwi up li o cuaturk tdot bkvoauks pknpak wltd

bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks, wk eust cnitliunusay rolsk nur cnisclnus-

ikss ng tdk eoiy woys wk rkprnbuck tdls bkvoauotlni. Dkrk ls tdk

cnitkxt gnr cnigrnitlif nik ointdkr gnr blsrkspkctgua aoifuofk oib

tdnufdt pottkris, gnr lfinrlif tdk nppnrtuiltlks socrlglckb wdki skrvlcks

skfrkfotk oib cnifrkfotk pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks, gnr

uibkrkstleotlif pknpaks o`laltlks, gnr iorrnwlif pknpaks kxkrclsk ng

tdklr rlfdts. Dkrk ls tdk cnitkxt gnr bkòtk nvkr tdk rkaotlvk cnsts oib

`kikglts ng blggkrkit snautlnis tn tdk eoiy prnàkes ng ossurlif pknpak

osslstoick gncuskb ni nppnrtuilty.

@kcousk eoiy ng us licalik tn liblvlbuoalse oib skag-ckitkrkbikss, wk

eust cnitliuoaay akori tn npki nur dkorts tn tdk vnlcks ng pknpak wltd

bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks oib tdk ikkbs ng nur wdnak cneeuiltlks.Dkrk ls tdk cnitkxt gnr us tn fulbk nik ointdkr tn uibkrstoib tdk woys

nur algk stnrlks litkr-wkovk wltd tdnsk ng tdk pknpak wk osslst, tn alstki

wltd nur dkorts oib nur ores oib akfs os wkaa os wltd nur kors oib

elibs, tn livltk ntdkr cltlzkis tn sdork tdk alvks oib litkrksts ng pknpak

wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks. Dkrk ls tdk cnitkxt gnr us tn bkkpki nur

uibkrstoiblif ng nurskavks, ng nik ointdkr, oib ng tdk kekrflif ekoi-


41/46

Litkfrlty 2?

lif cneeuilty li tdls ofk ng liblvlbuoa grkkbne.

@kcousk wk glib nurskavks kieksdkb li o tdnusoib fnnb rkosnis int

tn tojk oiy octlni wdlcd wlaa blsrupt tdlifs `y npkilif up o ikw

nppnrtuilty tn o pkrsni wltd o bkvkanpekitoa blso`lalty, oib `kcousk

kvkry octlni dos lts sdobnw ng lepkrgkct rkoalzotlni oib uilitkibkb

cniskqukick, wk eust cnitliuoaay akori tn mnli enrk kggkctlvkay wltd

pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks oib tdklr goelalks oib grlkibs tn

eojk cdoifks. Dkrk ls tdk cnitkxt gnr us tn kicnurofk nik ointdkr tn

oct ni wdot wk soy wk `kalkvk, tn rkgakct ni wdot wk dovk akorikb grne

tdk rksuats ng nur octlni, tn paoi li woys tdot livnavk wlbkilif clrcaks

ng pknpak li eojlif cdoifk. Dkrk ls tdk cnitkxt gnr tdnufdtgua kxpkrl-

ekitotlni, li cnepoiy wltd pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks,

wdlcd wlaa dkap us glfurk nut dnw tn nvkrcnek tdk ikxt skt ng òrrlkrs

oib rkoalzk tdk ikxt nppnrtuilty.

Rdksk gnres ng akorilif coiint `k cnkrckb: tdky rkqulrk tdot pknpak

cneelt grne grkkbne. In eottkr dnw skisltlvk tdk proctltlnikr ngrkfuaotlni, tdk fksturk ng rkfuaotlif jlaas tdk jlib ng akorilif ikckssory

tn licrkoskb cnisclnusikss, frkotkr dkort, oib `kttkr oalfikb octlni gnr

cdoifk.

Rdnsk wdn woit tn iurturk akorilif gnr frkotkr litkfrlty wlaa livkst

su`stoitloaay li snek tdlifs oib stnp bnlif ntdkrs. Rdky wlaa livkst

su`stoitloaay li

eoiy woys tn strkiftdki tdk vnlcks ng pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa

blso`laltlks licaublif guiblif, bkvkanplif oib kicnuroflif

nrfoilzotlnis (aljk Xknpak Glrst) libkpkibkit ng skrvlck skttlifs pkkr cnuiskalif ng tdk snrt proctlckb succkssguaay li eoiy Cki-

tkrs gnr Libkpkibkit Alvlif

nrfoilzotlnis ng pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks tn bk-

vkanp tdklr nwi akorilif octlvltlks, tdklr nwi pkrspkctlvks ni

pnalcy, oib tdklr nwi oaaloicks

kxtkislvk kxpkrlekits tn blscnvkr woys tn goclaltotk kggkctlvk

portlclpotlni li paoiilif oib fnvkrioick octlvltlks

eoiy jlibs ng cnisuatotlnis oib kvoauotlnis livltkb `y livnavkb

pknpakeoiy jlibs ng nccoslnis gnr stuby ng tdk dlstnry oib byioelcs ng

sncloa bkvoauotlni oib tdk woys skrvlck proctlcks uitdlijlifay

rkprnbuck sncloa bkvoauotlni

corkgua stuby ng octuoa listoicks ng oùsk, ikfakct, oib groub oib

wlbk blsskeliotlni ng oioaysls ng tdklr cousks oib cniskqukicks

eoiy nppnrtuiltlks tn stuby oib bkòtk tdk frnwlif òsk ng proctlcoa


42/46

Litkfrlty 20

jinwakbfk rkakvoit tn prnvlblif fnnb osslstoick

eoiy nppnrtuiltlks tn gnre eutuoaay suppnrtlvk oib eutuoaay cdoa-

akiflif rkaotlnisdlps wltd ntdkrs li tdk soek wnrj

Rdnsk wdn woit tn iurturk akorilif gnr litkfrlty wlaa stnp

trylif tn cnkrck cnisclnusikss, npkiikss, oib octlni, li govnr ng

npkiay livltlif oib mnlilif octlvkay li akoriliftrylif tn eoilpuaotk pknpak litn osskit tn wdot skkes aljk o pnsltlvk

vlslni, li govnr ng cakoray cneeuilcotlif niks nwi vlslni oib

octlvkay livltlif ntdkrs tn alij tdklr vlslnis tn lt

trylif tn usk rkfuaotnry outdnrlty li paock ng npki ottkepts ot pkrsuo-

slni oib prliclpakb ikfntlotlni

Rdk ekois tn akorilif gnr kggkctlvk litkrbkpkibkick ork int ksntkrlc. Oiynik wdn coi

jkkp tdk kakekits ng litkfrlty cnisclnusikss, npkiikss, oib octlni ot tdk ckitkr ng tdklrwnrj gnr kvki o enekit wlaa akori kinufd tn tojk tdk ikxt stkp.

Rdk pntkitloa cnitrlùtlni ng Rntoa _uoalty Eoiofkekit

Rntoa _uoalty Eoiofkekit (R_E), oib lts eoiy ocrniyekb cnuslis,

dos folikb currkicy os o woy nut ng tdk rkfuaotlni trop. Eoiy stotk

dueoi skrvlck ùrkoucroclks dovk ke`rockb snek prnckss gnr cnitliu-

nus leprnvkekit os o cnepakekit tn tdk wnrj ng lts lispkctnrs. O

tdnrnufd osskssekit ng tdls frnwlif livkstekit li quoalty leprnvkekit

octlvltlks ls `kynib nur prkskit scnpk, ùt wk wlaa `rlkgay lbkitlgy wdot

wk `kalkvk ls lts frkotkst pntkitloa cnitrlùtlni.

V. Kbworbs Bkeelif, nik ng tdk enst grkqukitay cltkb akobkrs ng tdk

envk tnworb `kttkr quoalty, nutaliks tdk frkotkst cnitrlùtlni ng R_E

li dls Xrliclpaks gnr Rroisgnreotlni, *li portlcuaor dls ?2 Xnlits gnr

Eoiofkekit. Lt oppkors tdot Bkeelifs lbkos o`nut tdk rnak ng eoi-

ofkekit fkt eucd akss ottkitlni tdoi tdk tkcdilquks ng stotlstlcoaay

òskb prnàke snavlif gnr grnit alik wnrjkrs bkrlvkb, li port, grne dls

wnrj.

*Bkeelif, V. (?


43/46

Litkfrlty 23

crotlc, prngksslnioa wnrj tn glx bkgkctlvk pknpak coiint leprnvk tdk

bktolas ng tdklr pkrgnreoick uitla tdky troisgnre tdk bkslfi ng tdklr

skrvlcks oib tdk ioturk ng tdklr rkaotlnisdlp wltd tdk pknpak wltd bkvka-

npekitoa blso`laltlks wdn rkay ni tdke. Skrvlcks wdlcd dovk int

bkvkanpkb o cnislstkit prnckss gnr osslstlif pknpak tn blscnvkr oib

bkvkanp ikw nppnrtuiltlks gnr tdkeskavks, eust gncus ni tdls `kgnrk

tdky cdnnsk iorrnw fofk leprnvkekit prnmkcts.

Rdnufdtgua cnislbkrotlni ng skvkroa ng tdk ?2 Xnlits gnr Eoiofk-

ekit wnuab, lt skkes tn us, suppnrt nur pnsltlni tdot tdk lispkctlni-

cnrrkctlni opprnocd dos anif slick nutalvkb lts uskguaikss.

Rdnufdt Kxpkrlekit

Bkvkanp o cnepkaalif orfuekit ofolisttdksk tdrkk Xnlits gnr Eoiofkekit.

3. Ckosk bkpkibkick ni lispkctlni tn leprnvk quoalty. Kaleliotk tdk ikkb gnr lispkctlni

ni o eoss òsls `y ùlablif quoalty litn tdk prnbuct li tdk glrst paock.4. Brlvk nut gkor, sn tdot kvkrynik eoy wnrj kggkctlvkay gnr tdk cnepoiy.

?8. Kaleliotk sanfois, kxdnrtotlnis, oib torfkts gnr tdk wnrj gnrck osjlif gnr zkrn bkgkcts

oib ikw akvkas ng prnbuctlvlty. Sucd kxdnrtotlnis niay crkotk obvkrsorloa rkaotlnisdlps,

os tdk ùaj ng tdk cousks ng anw quoalty oib anw prnbuctlvlty `kanif tn tdk systke oib

tdus alk `kynib tdk pnwkr ng tdk wnrj gnrck.

Xkrdops tdk enst dkapgua lislfdt Bkeelif nggkrs litn nrfoilzotlnioa

troisgnreotlni cneks grne dls lislstkick tdot akobkrs coi niay leprnvk

quoalty lg tdky ork cnitliuoaay bkkpkilif tdklr uibkrstoiblif ng tdkportlcuaor systke tdky ork akoblif. @kttkr quoalty bnks int rksuat grne

tkcdilquk ùt grne leekrslni li tdlijlif o`nut, kxpkrlekitlif wltd,

oib akorilif grne oib o`nut tdk systke nik akobs.

@ulablif ni tdls lislfdt, Jle oib @urcdlaa bkenistrotk tdk uskguaikss

ng cakoray lbkitlgylif snek ng tdk jky rkaotlnisdlps tdot ork aljkay tn

alelt quoalty leprnvkekit.* Gnaanwlif tdklr kxoepak, wk wnuab lbki-

tlgy twn crucloa, litkrrkaotkb alelts tn tdk frnwtd ng kggkctlvk litkrbk-

pkibkick li skrvlcks tn pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks.

Jle, B. & @urcdlaa, F. (?


44/46

Litkfrlty 22

gncuskb suppnrt systkes wdlcd nrfoilzk oib rknrfoilzk li rkspnisk

tn cdoiflif pkrsnioa oib cneeuilty clrcuestoicks. Rdkrk prnòày

ls o alelt tn tdk iue`kr ng ofkiclks rkoby tn rkblrkct tdkeskavks, sn

tdk iue`kr ng fnnb kxoepaks coi `k kxpkctkb tn frnw roplbay gnr o

wdlak oib tdki topkr ngg uitla akss vkiturksnek ofkiclks mnli tdk

envk.

Rdk iue`kr ng ofkiclks wlaalif tn rkstructurk oib rkbkslfi tdke-

skavks bkpkibs, li slfilglcoit port, ni tdk bkfrkk ng cnkrclni kxkr-

clskb `y tdk aorfkr systke. Rdk enrk cnkrclni, tdk enrk bkgkislvk

`kdovlnr, licaublif sucd panys os rk-ao`kalif ùslikss os usuoa wltd

bkslrkb tkres, òrfolilif tn kstoàlsd tdot ùslikss os usuoa ls wdot

pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks ikkb nr woit, oib bkvkanplif

cnuitkr tdrkots tdrnufd kxpoislni oib cnoaltlni. Rdk enrk cnkrclni,

tdk akss akorilif.

Rdls slepak oioaysls suffksts tdot tdkrk eoy `k slfilglcoit akvkrofk li

systke obelilstrotnrs sdlgtlif grne cnkrclvk ekosurks tn pkrsuoslvkopprnocdks. Gnr kxoepak, envlif quoalty leprnvkekit grne oi kxtkr-

ioaay kignrckb rkqulrkekit tn oi kxpalclt port ng cnitroct ikfntlotlni:

gliblif kggkctlvk woys tn sdork tdk blrkctlnis suffkstkb `y tdk lbko ng

kggkctlvk litkrbkpkibkick oib osjlif ofkicy akobkrs tn kirnaa li tdklr

pursult: strkiftdkilif tdk prkskick ng pknpak wltd blso`laltlks li tdk

cnitroctlif prnckss: licrkoslif tdk nppnrtuiltlks gnr pknpak tn stort up

ikw ofkiclks, oib bkvkanplif woys tn ùlab iktwnrjs ng pknpak cne-

elttkb tn akorilif dnw tn nrfoilzk tn licrkosk kggkctlvk litkrbkpki-

bkick. Pkfuaotlif tdk glkab `y sdorkb akorilif oib kxpalclt ikfntlotlni

eoy skke sanwkr tdoi rkqulrlif ikw structurks, ùt, li tdk anif rui, lt

eoy `k in sanwkr tdoi tdk kggkcts ng trylif tn pusd pknpak litn akorilif

ofolist tdklr wlaa.

Litkfrlty os o fulbk tn pnalcy

Stogg pknpak cneelttkb tn kggkctlvk litkrbkpkibkick skk tdklr rkaotlni-

sdlps li ktdlcoa rotdkr tdoi tkcdilcoa tkres. Rdky gkka coaakb ni tn glfurk

nut dnw tn bn tdk rlfdt tdlif, grne tdk pnlit ng vlkw ng pkrsnioa corlif

oib mustlck: int tdk cnrrkct tdlif, grne tdk pnlit ng vlkw ng stotk nr

gkbkroa rkfuaotlnis. Rdky rkgroli grne dorelif pknpak int `kcouskdorelif pknpak wnuab `rkoj o ruak, ùt `kcousk tdky cork gnr pknpak.

Rdky bn int stkoa `kcousk tdky ork fkikroaay dnikst, int `kcousk tdky

gkor `klif coufdt. Rdky ork rkspkctgua int `kcousk ng ruaks ùt `kcousk

tdky jinw pknpak os pknpak. Rdky bn int rkspnib pnsltlvkay tn pknpak

wltd bkvkanpekitoa blsoàks `kcousk lt ls rkqulrkb `y tdklr mn` bkscrlp-

tlni. Rdky jkkp tdklr mn`s (snektleks li spltk ng tdklr mn` bkscrlptlnis)


45/46

Litkfrlty 2;

`kcousk tdklr mn`s prnvlbk nppnrtuiltlks tn bn pnsltlvk tdlifs wltd

pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks.

Rdk rksnurcks rkprkskitkb `y pknpak wdn prnvlbk skrvlcks wltd

dniksty, corlif, pkrsnioa jinwakbfk, oib cneeltekit tn octlvk,

ktdlcoa prnàke snavlif ork voauoàk `kynib cneputotlni. Oiy ekoi-

lifgua cdoifk li tdk bkvoaukb sncloa stotus ng pknpak wltd bkvkanpeki-

toa blso`laltlks bkpkibs, li slfilglcoit port, ni tdksk rksnurcks.

@ut tdksk prkclnus rksnurcks ork koslay blscnuitkb, oib tdkrk`y

frkotay blelilsdkb li tdklr kggkcts. Goclak obelilstrotnrs oib akflsaotnrs,

prknccuplkb wltd stkrkntypks ng wostkgua oib oùslvk prnvlbkrs, obb

enrk prnckburks oib enrk ruaks li rkspnisk tn scoiboas, crlsks, oib

rkgnre kggnrts. Cdoaakifkb, tdky pnlit trluepdoitay tn tdnsk wdn

cneelt oùsk, oib tdky seufay rkelib tdk cdoaakifkr tdot tdk toxpoykr

bkeoibs occnuito`lalty gnr tdk kxpkiblturk ng puàlc guibs. Rdls skag-

rlfdtknus ottltubk ls skoakb li paock wltd tdk uicrltlcoa `kalkg tdot fnnb

pknpak wlaa dovk in trnuàk gnaanwlif tdk ruaks. Rdky eoy cnepaoli,

fnks tdk cnepaockit rkgroli, ùt tdky wlaa cnepay.

@kynib tdk paoli òb eoiikrs ng tojlif pknpaks cneeltekit gnr

froitkb, tdls sdnrt slfdtkb opprnocd krnbks tdk gnuibotlni gnr fnnb

quoalty skrvlcks. Lt pnwkrguaay sdopks tdk caleotk oib tdk inres wltdli

wdlcd skrvlcks bkvkanp oib npkrotk, slfioalif tdot cnignrelty wltd

ùrkoucrotlc spkclglcotlnis gnr prngksslnioa octlvlty ls sugglclkit gnr

kggkctlvk skrvlck. Lt cnitrlùtks tn puàlc oib akflsaotlvk cyilclse `y

litkrprktlif skrvlck wnrjkrs os vkioa, aozy, oib stuplb. Lt brlvks up

troisoctlni cnsts= kvki tdk slepakst cdoifks ork eobk enrk cnepakx.Oib, lt fkikrotks cnigalct, bkgkislvk `kdovlnr, oib blsrkspkct gnr tdk

systke wdki wdot ls cnrrkct, occnrblif tn tdk ruaks, kltdkr bnksit glt

tdk bkeoibs ng o portlcuaor pkrsnis clrcuestoicks nr ls potkitay

gnnalsd (aljk tdk lispkctnrs nbbay ektopdyslcoa mubfekit= Lg lts int

bncuekitkb, lt wosit bnik). Cnkrclvk tkcdilquks eojk in enrk skisk,

oib ork in enrk rlfdt, wdki tdky ork oppalkb ocrnss tdk `norb tn stogg

oib ofkiclks tdoi tdky bn wdki tdky ork oppalkb tn pknpak wltd

bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks.*

*Gnr o pkrsuoslvk oppalcotlni ng tdls òslc akssni ng oppalkb `kdovlnroa oioaysls, oib o bkscrlptlni ng tdk trkekibnus

cnsts ng lfinrlif lt, li nrfoilzotlnioa algk oib pnalcy oioaysls, skk Slbeoi, E. (?


46/46

lislstkick ni gnreoa cnrrkctikss ot tdk kxpkisk ng liltlotlvk. Rdk kivl-

rniekit `kflis tn skakct gnr ofkiclks oib pknpak wdn glib cnegnrt oib

rkworb li cnepaloick gnr lts nwi sojk. Sucd ofkiclks oib sucd pknpak

coi, ot tdklr `kst, `k in enrk tdoi panbblifay dueoik jkkpkrs. Rdky

coiint cnitrlùtk tn tdk wnrj ng licrkoslif tdk ekosurk ng kvkryboy

mustlck ovolaoàk tn pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks.

Oakxls bk Rncqukvlaak wrntk li ?428 o`nut tdk snrt ng bkspntlse wdlcd

tdk portlclpoits li tdk Oekrlcoi bkencrotlc kxpkrlekit sdnuab gkor. Lts

wnrtd cneporlif rkfuaotkb algk gnr pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`lal-

tlks oib tdnsk wdn osslst tdke wltd dls spkcuaotlni=

ZRdlsU leekisk oib tutkaory pnwkr cnvkrs tdk surgock

ng snclkty wltd o iktwnrj ng seoaa cnepalcotkb ruaks,

eliutk oib uilgnre, tdrnufd wdlcd tdk enst nrlflioa

elibs oib tdk enst kikrfktlc cdoroctkrs coiint

pkiktrotkRdk wlaa ng eoi ZslcU ls int sdottkrkb, ùt

sngtkikb, `kit, oib fulbkb: eki ork skabne gnrckb `y lt

tn oct, ùt tdky ork cnistoitay rkstrolikb grne octlif=

sucd o pnwkr bnks int bkstrny, ùt lt prkvkits kxlstkick:

lt bnks int tyroiilzk, ùt lt cneprkssks, kikrvotks,

kxtlifulsdks, oib stupkglks pknpak, tlaa tZdky orkU

rkbuckb tn `k intdlif `kttkr tdoi o gancj ng tlelb oib

libustrlnus oileoas, ng wdlcd tdk fnvkriekit ls tdk

sdkpdkrb

Akobkrs wdn woit oi oatkriotlvk tn tdls gnre ng poroaysls coi dovk

nik, ot o prlck. Rdky eust rlsj eojlif lt paoli tdot tdk sogkty ng pknpakwltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks, oib tdk quoalty ng tdk osslstoick tdky

rkcklvk, bkpkibs enstay ni clvlc vlrtuk, oib portlcuaoray ni tdk pkrsnioa

oib nrfoilzotlnioa litkfrlty ng tdnsk wdn prnvlbk puàlcay guibkb

osslstoick.*Rdky eust rlsj ocjinwakbflif tdot ùrkoucrotlc nrfoilzo-

tlnioa prliclpaks oppay sn pnnray tn suppnrtlif cdoiflif alvks li cdoif-

lif cneeuiltlks tdot pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks coi niay

dovk bkckit quoalty skrvlcks wdki tdnsk wdn prnvlbk tdke akt fn ng

ùrkoucrocy li govnr ng nrfoilzotlnioa gnres wdlcd ork enrk gakxlàk

oib `kttkr oàk tn suppnrt akorilif. Li sdnrt, ùrkoucrots eust puàlcay

oib cnislstkitay coaa ottkitlni tn tdk goct tdot oaa tdk ùrkoucrotlc ikw

cantdks tdk kepkrnr dos `kki ùylif gnr tdk post gnrty ykors dovk anif

slick ckoskb tn prnvlbk rkakvoit cnvkr.

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