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ASTM D1298

Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products y!ydrometer Method

Si"ni#cance and $se

Accurate determination of the density, relative density (specic ravity!, or A"# ravity

of petroleum and its products is necessary for the conversion of measured volumes to

volumes or masses, or $oth, at the standard reference temperatures of 1%&' or )&*

durin custody transfer+

This procedure is most suita$le for determinin the density, relative density (specic

ravity!, or A"# ravity of lo viscosity transparent li-uids+ This procedure can also $eused for viscous li-uids $y alloin su.cient time for the hydrometer to reach

temperature e-uili$rium, and for opa-ue li-uids $y employin a suita$le meniscus

correction+ Additionally for $oth transparent and opa-ue /uids the readins shall $e

corrected for the thermal lass e0pansion eect and alternate cali$ration temperature

eects $efore correctin to the reference temperature+

hen used in connection ith $ul3 oil measurements, volume correction errors are

minimi4ed $y o$servin the hydrometer readin at a temperature close to that of the

$ul3 oil temperature+

Density, relative density, or A"# ravity is a factor overnin the -uality and pricin ofcrude petroleum+ 5oever, this property of petroleum is an uncertain indication of its

-uality unless correlated ith other properties+

Density is an important -uality indicator for automotive, aviation and marine fuels,

here it aects storae, handlin and com$ustion+

1+ Scope

1+1 This test method covers the la$oratory determination usin a lass hydrometer in

con6unction ith a series of calculations, of the density, relative density, or A"# ravity

of crude petroleum, petroleum products, or mi0tures of petroleum and nonpetroleum

products normally handled as li-uids, and havin a 7eid vapor pressure of 1)1+2% 3"a

(1+9 psi! or less+ :alues are determined at e0istin temperatures and corrected to

1%&' or )&* $y means of a series of calculations and international standard ta$les+

1+2 The initial hydrometer readins o$tained are uncorrected hydrometer readins and

not density measurements+ 7eadins are measured on a hydrometer at either the

reference temperature or at another convenient temperature, and readins are

corrected for the meniscus eect, the thermal lass e0pansion eect, alternate


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cali$ration temperature eects and to the reference temperature $y means of the

"etroleum Measurement Ta$les; values o$tained at other than the reference

temperature $ein hydrometer readins and not density measurements+

1+ 7eadins determined as density, relative density, or A"# ravity can $e converted to

e-uivalent values in the other units or alternate reference temperatures $y means of

#nterconversion "rocedures (A"# M"MS 'hapter 11+%!, or Ad6unct to D12%)


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1+ Scope1+1 This test method species a procedure for the determination of the 3inematicviscosity, , of li-uid petroleum products, $oth transparent and opa-ue, $y measurinthe time for a volume of li-uid to /o under ravity throuh a cali$rated lass capillaryviscometer+ The dynamic viscosity, , can $e o$tained $y multiplyin the 3inematicviscosity, , $y the density, , of the li-uid+CT@ 1E *or the measurement of the 3inematic viscosity and viscosity of $itumens, seealso Test Methods D21=) and D21=1+CT@ 2E #S 1) corresponds to Test Method D%

F

)+1+2 The result o$tained from this test method is dependent upon the $ehavior of thesample and is intended for application to li-uids for hich primarily the shear stressand shear rates are proportional (Cetonian /o $ehavior!+ #f, hoever, the viscosityvaries sinicantly ith the rate of shear, dierent results may $e o$tained fromviscometers of dierent capillary diameters+ The procedure and precision values forresidual fuel oils, hich under some conditions e0hi$it nonCetonian $ehavior, have$een included+1+ The rane of 3inematic viscosities covered $y this test method is from )+2mm2Bs to)))))mm2Bs (see Ta$le A1+1! at all temperatures (see + and +!+ The precision hasonly $een determined for those materials, 3inematic viscosity ranes and temperaturesas shon in the footnotes to the precision section+1+ The values stated in S# units are to $e rearded as standard+ The S# unit used in thistest method for 3inematic viscosity is mm2Bs, and the S# unit used in this test methodfor dynamic viscosity is m"aGs+ *or user reference, 1 mm2Bs H 1)

m2Bs H 1 cSt and 1m"aGs H 1 c" H )+))1 "aGs+1+% +ARIGIMercury has $een desinated $y many reulatory aencies as aha4ardous material that can cause central nervous system, 3idney and liver damae+Mercury, or its vapor, may $e ha4ardous to health and corrosive to materials+ 'autionshould $e ta3en hen handlin mercury and mercury containin products+ See theapplica$le product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS! for details and @"AJs e$siteIhttpEBB+epa+ovBmercuryBfa-+htmIfor additional information+ >sers should $eaare that sellin mercury andBor mercury containin products into your state orcountry may $e prohi$ited $y la+1+ This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any,

associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establishappropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.

ASTM StandardsDSpecications and peratin #nstructions for


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D1="ractice for ?a$oratory Lias Detection >sin Sinle Test 7esult from StandardMaterial@1Specication for ASTM ?i-uidinnits (S#!httpEBB+nist+ovBpmlBpu$sBsp811Binde0+cfm

ASTM @%)2

Standard Test Method for Selection and $se of ASTM Standardsfor the Determination of -lash Point of Chemicals y Closed Cu'Methods

Si"ni#cance and $se%+1 The /ash point measures the response of the sample to heat and /ame undercontrolled la$oratory conditions+ #t is only one of a num$er of properties that must $econsidered in assessin the overall /amma$ility ha4ard of a material+%+2 As a result of physical factors inherent in the apparatus and procedure, the closedcup /ash point does not necessarily represent the minimum temperature at hich amaterial can evolve /amma$le vapors, and the a$sence of a /ash point does notuarantee non/amma$ility (see Appendi0 N1 and Appendi0 N2!+%+ *lash point is used in shippin and safety reulations to dene /amma$le andcom$usti$le materials+ Test Methods D%, D9, and D2=8 are specied as testmethods for determinin the /ash point of these materials+%+ #f the process or handlin conditions dictate the usae of a /amma$le material at

temperatures ranin upard from % to 1)&' $elo the closedcup /ash point, then a/amma$le vapor miht $e present a$ove the li-uid+ #n such cases, it may $e moreappropriate to use the temperature limit of /amma$ility (as determined $y Test Method@122! instead of /ash point+%+% Small scale methods involvin e-uili$rium procedures and only one /ame pass perspecimen are preferred+1+ Scope1+1 This test method covers the determination of the /ash point of li-uid and solidchemical compounds /ashin from $elo 1) to =)&' (1 to =))&*!+ The proceduresand apparatus in Test Methods D%, D9, D2=8, D828, and D91 are to $e used+Modication to these procedures are specied for tests on solids and viscous li-uids+

The sinicance of the results o$tained is discussed alon ith possi$le sources oferror and factors that miht cause interference+

1+2 Suestions for adaptin this procedure to mi0tures of chemicals are included(see Appendi0 N2!+1+ This test method should $e used to measure and descri$e the properties ofmaterials, products, or assem$lies in response to heat and /ame under controlledla$oratory conditions and should not $e used to descri$e or appraise the re ha4ard orre ris3 of materials or assem$lies under actual re conditions+ 5oever, results of thistest method may $e used as elements of a re ris3 assessment that ta3e into accountall of the factors that are pertinent to an assessment of the re ha4ard of a particularend use+
http://gorefdoc%28%27d6617%27%29/http://gorefdoc%28%27d6617%27%29/http://gorefdoc%28%27e1%27%29/http://gorefdoc%28%27e77%27%29/http://gorefdoc%28%27e1137e1137m%27%29/http://www.nist.gov/pml/pubs/sp811/index.cfmhttp://gorefdoc%28%27d6617%27%29/http://gorefdoc%28%27e1%27%29/http://gorefdoc%28%27e77%27%29/http://gorefdoc%28%27e1137e1137m%27%29/http://www.nist.gov/pml/pubs/sp811/index.cfm


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1+ +arnin".Mercury has $een desinated $y @"A and many state aencies as aha4ardous material that can cause central nervous system, 3idney and liver damae+Mercury, or its vapor, may $e ha4ardous to health and corrosive to materials+ 'autionshould $e ta3en hen handlin mercury and mercury containin products+ See theapplica$le product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS! for details and @"AJs e$site FhttpEBB+epa+ovBmercuryBfa-+htm for additional information+ >sers should $eaare that sellin mercury andBor mercury containin products into your state may $eprohi$ited $y state la+1+% This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any,associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establishappropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. See also Section 8+

ASTM StandardsD%Test Method for *lash "oint $y Ta 'losed 'up TesterD92Test Method for *lash and *ire "oints $y 'leveland pen 'up TesterD9Test Methods for *lash "oint $y "ens3yMartens 'losed 'up TesterD2=)Methods of Samplin "etroleum and "etroleum "roductsD11)Test Method for *lash "oint and *ire "oint of ?i-uids $y Ta pen'up ApparatusD2=8Test Methods for *lash "oint of ?i-uids $y Small Scale 'losed'up ApparatusD82=Test Method for @stimation of Solu$ility of


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+ This test method may $e used for evaluation of insulatin li-uids in e-uipment thatis desined to $e lled ith unprocessed li-uids as delivered $y a vendor++ This test method is not recommended for evaluation of the $rea3don voltae ofli-uids used in e-uipment that re-uires the application of vacuum and lterin of the oil$efore $ein placed into service+ Test Method D181 should $e used to determine the$rea3don voltae of ltered and deassed li-uids++% This test method is used in la$oratory or eld tests+ *or eld $rea3don results to$e compara$le to la$oratory results, all criteria includin room temperature (2) to)&'! must $e met+1+ Scope1+1 This test method descri$es to procedures, A and L, for determinin the electrical$rea3don voltae of insulatin li-uid specimens+ The $rea3don test uses ac voltaein the poerfre-uency rane from % to % 54+1+2 This test method is used to 6ude if the dis3 electrode $rea3don voltaere-uirements are met for insulatin li-uids, as delivered from the manufacturer, thathave never $een ltered or dried+ See Specication D8=, Specication D%2,Specication D8=1 and


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1+% The values stated in either S# units or inchpound units are to $e reardedseparately as standard+ The values stated in each system may not $e e0acte-uivalents; therefore, each system shall $e used independently of the other+'om$inin values from the to systems may result in nonconformance ith thestandard+1+ This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any,associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establishappropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.

ASTM StandardsD92"ractices for Samplin @lectrical #nsulatin ?i-uidsD181Test Method for Dielectric Lrea3don :oltae of #nsulatin ?i-uids >sin :D@@lectrodesD222%Test Methods for Silicone *luids >sed for @lectrical #nsulationD28Terminoloy 7elatin to @lectrical #nsulatin ?i-uids and sed in @lectrical ApparatusD%2Specication for Silicone *luid >sed for @lectrical #nsulationD%222Specication for 5ih *ire"oint Mineral @lectrical #nsulatin ilsD8=1Specication for Catural (:eeta$le il! @ster *luids >sed in @lectrical Apparatus

ASTM D1)

Standard Test Method for Corrosiveness to Co''er fromPetroleum Products y Co''er Stri' Test

Si"ni#cance and $se%+1 'rude petroleum contains sulfur compounds, most of hich are removed durinrenin+ 5oever, of the sulfur compounds remainin in the petroleum product, somecan have a corrodin action on various metals and this corrosivity is not necessarilyrelated directly to the total sulfur content+ The eect can vary accordin to the

chemical types of sulfur compounds present+ The copper strip corrosion test isdesined to assess the relative deree of corrosivity of a petroleum product+1+ Scope1+1 This test method covers the determination of the corrosiveness to copper ofaviation asoline, aviation tur$ine fuel, automotive asoline, cleaners (Stoddard!solvent, 3erosine, diesel fuel, distillate fuel oil, lu$ricatin oil, and natural asoline orother hydrocar$ons havin a vapor pressure no reater than 12 3"a (18 psi! at=+8&'+ (+arnin"ISome products, particularly natural asoline, may have a muchhiher vapor pressure than ould normally $e characteristic of automotive or aviationasolines+ *or this reason, e0ercise e0treme caution to ensure that the pressure vesselused in this test method and containin natural asoline or other products of hihvapor pressure is not placed in the 1))&' (212&*! $ath+ Samples havin vaporpressures in e0cess of 12 3"a (18 psi! may develop su.cient pressures at 1))&' to

rupture the pressure vessel+ *or any sample havin a vapor pressure a$ove 12 3"a (18psi!, use Test Method D188+!1+2 The values stated in S# units are to $e rearded as the standard+ The values inparentheses are for information only+1+ This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any,associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establishappropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatoryrequirements prior to use. *or specic arnin statements, see 1+1, =+1, and Anne0 A2+
http://gorefdoc%28%27d923%27%29/http://gorefdoc%28%27d1816%27%29/http://gorefdoc%28%27d1816%27%29/http://gorefdoc%28%27d2225%27%29/http://gorefdoc%28%27d2225%27%29/http://gorefdoc%28%27d2864%27%29/http://gorefdoc%28%27d2864%27%29/http://gorefdoc%28%27d3487%27%29/http://gorefdoc%28%27d3487%27%29/http://gorefdoc%28%27d4652%27%29/http://gorefdoc%28%27d4652%27%29/http://gorefdoc%28%27d5222%27%29/http://gorefdoc%28%27d5222%27%29/http://gorefdoc%28%27d6871%27%29/http://gorefdoc%28%27d6871%27%29/http://www.astm.org/Standards/D1838.htmhttp://www.astm.org/Standards/D1838.htmhttp://www.astm.org/Standards/D130.htm#s00002http://www.astm.org/Standards/D130.htm#s00025http://www.astm.org/Standards/D130.htm#an00004http://gorefdoc%28%27d923%27%29/http://gorefdoc%28%27d1816%27%29/http://gorefdoc%28%27d2225%27%29/http://gorefdoc%28%27d2864%27%29/http://gorefdoc%28%27d3487%27%29/http://gorefdoc%28%27d4652%27%29/http://gorefdoc%28%27d5222%27%29/http://gorefdoc%28%27d6871%27%29/http://www.astm.org/Standards/D1838.htmhttp://www.astm.org/Standards/D130.htm#s00002http://www.astm.org/Standards/D130.htm#s00025http://www.astm.org/Standards/D130.htm#an00004


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ASTM StandardsD9Specication for *uel ilsD9=%Specication for Diesel *uel ilsD1%%Specication for Aviation Tur$ine *uelsD188Test Method for 'opper Strip 'orrosion $y ?i-ueed "etroleum (?"! se in Test Methods for"etroleum "roducts and ?u$ricants@1Specication for ASTM ?i-uidin

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