Inside this issue:

Association News

Wetlands, Coastal Communities and Sea Leval Rise

Utilizing New Technology & GIS to Improve Permitting Programs

Toad Before Christmas Poem

Welcome New Members!

ASWM ~ Dedicated to the protection and restoration of the Nation’s wetlands

December 2009Vol. 19 No. 5

Association News By Jeanne Christie, Executive Director

Winter is here and the turkeys have returned to the bird feeder after a long absence. We call them the group of nine—not unlike Santa’s eight reindeer plus the easily identified Rudolf. The difference is that the ninth bird is known not for his nose, but his tail. Well really it’s the lack of the tail. He is missing all of his tail feathers. They scurry across the yard on top of the hard packed snow. I can hear them clucking outside the windows of our office, sometimes twice a day. If we open the door, they scatter and fly into the pine trees. I always find it remarkable that they can achieve lift-off. They are such awkward flyers I’ve often suspected they find it surprising as well.

Board of Directors

Peg Bostwick, ChairLynda Saul, Vice Chair

David Davis, Secretary/TreasurerCollis AdamsRichard Gitar

Maryann McGrawJanet Morlan

Alan Quackenbush

fJeanne Christie, Executive Director

Jon Kusler, Esq. PhD., Assoc. Director

WETLAND NEWSJoinVolunteerDonate

Utilizing New Technology and GIS to Improve Permitting Programs by Leah Stetson, ASWM and Jon Soderberg, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

“Improving,” or “streamlining,” wetland permitting programs refers to strategies, processes and data systems that make the wetland permitting process more efficient, e.g. faster, smoother and easier to understand for the applicant and regulatory staff while maintaining the same level of protection for wetlands and aquatic resources. States are constantly making changes or improvements to their permitting programs. In the past ten years, some states, for example, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Virginia, Wisconsin and Maine, have established task forces to streamline their permitting programs and in the case of Minnesota, legislators amended wetland laws to streamline the approval and permitting process with the intent of improving the permitting program. The term “streamlined” can refer to improving predictability, consistent decisions, explainable differences, and providing a more transparent, practical process.

Wetlands, Coastal Communities and Sea Level Rise by Jeanne Christie, Executive Director

One of the consequences of climate change which has received a lot of attention is sea level rise. Current estimates of two to five feet by the end of this century have been widely published, but in the abstract it is hard to understand what this really means.

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Turkey with no tail

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This is the last issue of Wetland News for 2009. If you have not renewed your membership, we urge you to do so now for 2010. If you have any questions about the status of your membership, please contact Laura Burchill at laura@aswm.org or (207) 892-3399.

Floodplain Policy. This fall the Association of State Wetland Managers (ASWM) has been collaborating with the Association of State Floodplain Managers and many other members of the floodplain and conservation communities on sharing ideas about the future direction of floodplain policies. In the coming year there will be significant opportunities to weigh in on national policy including revisions to the Principles and Guidelines for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Civil Works Projects, http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/ceq/initiatives/PandG changes to the national flood insurance programs http://www.fema.gov/pdf/business/nfip/nfip_breakout_session_content_analysis.pdf and possibly a new floodplain executive order http://www.velaw.com/uploadedfiles/vesite/resources/WP-ENV-2009_07_28-FederalFloodplainManagement.pdf.

Natural hazards and floodplain policies have a big impact on wetlands and other water resources because floodplain policies have the capacity to provide significant incentives or disincentives to loss, alterations and degradation of water resources. The Federal Emergency Management Agency has recently been directed to do a better job incorporating natural resources protection in the floodplains into its policies and programs by both the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the courts. These decisions in conjunction with the escalating costs of protecting developed areas near the shore from rising sea level and larger flood events from climate change may lead to major changes in floodplain programs that are likely to also affect wetlands and other water resources.Atlantic Salmon: http://www.kitsapsun.com/news/2008/oct/19/fema-joins-the-salmon-protection-effort/ Key Deer: http://www.esablawg.com/esalaw/ESBlawg.nsf/d6plinks/KRII-7DB2DS

Climate Change. The International Climate Change Summit in Copenhagen ended on December 18 amid concerns over whether the agreement would be sufficient to prevent the average world temperature from increasing by more than two degrees. If the nations of the world can cooperate to achieve that goal, then the worst effects of climate change can be averted according to a press release issued by the United Nations. http://unfccc.int/files/press/news_room/press_releases_and_advisories/application/pdf/pr_cop15_20091219.pdf.

There is an important addition to this agreement and that is a commitment to preserving existing carbon stores that are being lost through activities such as deforestation. While this new part of the agreement is directed to reducing deforestation in developing countries, the elevation of this issue is likely to create debate and discussion about the importance and desirability of other natural stores of carbon, including forested as well as other types of wetlands. Official site of the International Talks: http://unfccc.int/2860.php .

At ASWM we have seen a dramatic increase in the number of reports and studies that are being conducted about wetlands and climate change. In fact we are now adding to our wetlands and climate change webpage every week with a feature article or links. http://www.aswm.org/science/climate_change/climate_change.htm

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Look closely: our snowflakes are made from different wetland plants’ leaf patterns!

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Jeanne Christie photo

Jeanne Christie photo

One common issue among state and federal wetland permitting programs that can cause delays is the submittal of an incomplete permit application. In response, states have implemented various strategies and developed new technology to help permit applicants submit a complete application. Two ways that state wetland programs have improved the permit process seem to go hand-in-hand: consolidated permitting and utilizing science & technology. Increasingly the Internet and web-based tools have presented an opportunity for states to create electronic/online applications, or geo-spatial wetlands mapping layers to support the permit process and provide for a more efficient decision making process. In some cases an online application can be for an individual regulatory agency, e.g. wetlands, but in other cases, it can be for combined, or joint-filing permits, e.g. state wetland or water quality permits and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) Section 10 and 404 permits. Because these strategies and tools are intrinsically intertwined, it is key to think about how the processes and systems function separately as well as how they could be used together to improve wetland permitting programs.

Who benefits from an improved permitting program? The public, the business community, the applicant, the regulatory staff in both state and federal agencies—all benefit from an improved (or streamlined) wetland permitting program.

Consolidating (or Joint) Permitting Programs

-Programmatic General Permits

Programmatic General Permits (PGPs) are a type of regulatory permit developed by the Corps which may authorize states, local governments, tribes, or other federal agencies with comparable regulatory programs to the Corp’s Section 10 and 404 programs to issue permits on the Corps’s behalf. This effectively reduces the public’s need for duplicate permits and provides for the most effective protection of aquatic resources. With the creation of State Programmatic General Permits (SPGPs) and Regional General Permits (RGPs), state and federal agencies have been working toward improving the process of implementing these new permitting tools. While some states continue to rely on the Corps Nationwide permits, other states have developed SPGPs and RGPs to consolidate their permitting programs. Corps districts work with these states to develop the SPGPs and RGPs, which deal with minimal impacts to wetlands (not all regulated activities are covered by these types of permits.)

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Looking Ahead to 2010. The coming year promises to be an active one for wetlands policies, programs and regulations. ASWM is looking forward to working with states, members, and other partners on a range of activities including the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Enhancing State and Tribal Programs Initiative http://www.epa.gov/OWOW/wetlands/initiative/, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers on revisions to the wetland plant list https://rsgis.crrel.usace.army.mil/apex/f?p=703:1:2398456865385372 (ignore the certificate warnings and open the webpage), and the Federal Geographic Data Committee on implementation of the wetlands mapping standard http://www.aswm.org/fwp/wetlands_mapping_standard/index.htm.

Have a wonderful holiday and we look forward to sharing information and working with you in the coming New Year.

Jeanne Christie photo

Utilizing New Technology, continued from p. 1

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For more information about state programmatic permits, visit: http://www.aswm.org/swp/pgp/index.htm

-AssumptionMichigan and New Jersey both have assumed the Section 404 (Clean Water Act) programs, which is another form of consolidation. For more information, see Expanding States’ Role in Implementing Sec. 404 CWA Assumption: Necessary, Wise and Workable http://www.aswm.org/swp/assumption/expanding_states_role_implementing_section_404_cwa_assumption_rev%27d_july_09.pdf.

-Combining Types of Permits (Joint-Permitting)Within a state environmental agency, sometimes the staff in a wetland permitting program will coordinate with the staff in a different program, for example, storm water and erosion. The two programs may choose to pursue joint permitting, e.g. wetlands and stormwater and/or onsite sewage treatment. This is a new area that states are beginning to pursue.

Utilizing Science & Technology to Standardize the Wetland Permit ProgramsConsistent, comparable geospatial data can support improved permitting. The recently published federal Wetlands Mapping Standard provides a national standard for mapping wetlands. It can be used by state and federal agencies for incorporating wetland mapping layers into their permitting process. For example, state regulatory staff will be able to identify project locations on a wetland mapping layer. More information on the federal wetlands mapping standard is available on ASWM’s new webpage at: http://www.aswm.org/fwp/wetlands_mapping_standard/index.htm In addition to recent developments in wetland mapping, states and federal agencies, such as the Corps, are developing new online databases to track wetland permitting as well as to identify opportunities to combine wetland permit applications (electronically).

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ National Database

The Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) has developed and deployed a national Regulatory Database (ORM2) in all 38 Corps districts to collect and manage its regulatory program information in 2007. ORM2 is a robust geospatial database and regulatory action tracking tool. The database tracks information/data associated with the Corps’ regulatory program processes and allows the Corps to manage work in a web-based format. This system is a vast improvement over past databases used by the Corps. Development of the current national geospatial database included conversion and incorporation of historic data from local district databases, including RAMS, and combining these data into one system. The ORM2 system provides many features and capabilities to Corps’ regulators and management as well as to our state and federal partners. The key advancement in ORM2 is that all activities are tracked spatially. Unlike previous systems, ORM2 tracks regulatory actions where they occur in the landscape and by the type of aquatic resources present. The tool supports a watershed approach to mitigation from a landscape perspective. ORM2 expands the Corps ability to analyze work and impacts on a large scale and can support making managerial decisions on permitting and resources needed to effectively work with state and local partners in the field. ORM2 also provides the field with geospatial tools including an expanded mapping program, Corps Map2, which provides data layers for regulators to better visualize the location of their projects and associated aquatic resources. In addition, ORM2

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Utilizing New Technology, continued from p. 3

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has increased reporting capabilities that many districts did not have in the past. This allows for districts and headquarters to generate program performance reports in real time, in a standard format, promoting consistent data reporting nationwide at all levels of the Corps’ organization. Since its deployment in 2007, the Corps has made several system enhancements, notably the manner in which the Corps tracks impacts and mitigation data for permit decisions. This critical upgrade allows for better tracking of the amount, Cowardin class, and location of impacts and mitigation in the watershed. The ORM2 database continues to evolve. The system is flexible to allow future enhancements to support electronic application submittals and the flow of data between agencies while providing for consistent mandatory data collection in the Corps Regulatory Program. Furthermore, the system has been developed to be consistent with the federal wetlands mapping standard. Currently, information/data on permit and jurisdictional decisions are provided to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on a nightly basis. Future initiatives will include exploration of additional capabilities for sharing data among federal and potentially state and tribal agencies. On the public side, the Corps is working on the development of an electronic application system for the Corps’ standard permit application form (ENG 4345) that ties directly to ORM2. It is anticipated that the system will allow the public to apply online using the ENG 4345 and will provide them the ability to check the status of their electronic application. In the future it is hoped that the online application form can be expanded to include joint federal/state application forms.

Next StepsAs with any advancements and interaction between agencies, the leg work must be done early and processes well thought out. Joint applications, regional permits and state programmatic programs between the Corps and the states can be powerful tools. Key things to consider in developing online tools are timing and order issues such as 1) who receives the permit first, 2) when does the states’ 401 certification occur, 3) which agency tracks specific data, 4) how is compliance addressed in joint efforts and what information can be shared between states and federal agencies as well as the public. These are some of the issues that can be pursued to improve wetland permitting.

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Time To Renew Your ASWM MembershipThe Association of State Wetland Managers is not recession-proof and like many other nonprofit organizations we are expecting a difficult year. Each year we must raise funds to keep the Association going through a combination of grants, service fees, membership renewals and donations. Please help us by renewing your membership for 2010. If you would also like to make a charitable donation, you will be helping ASWM to add new topics to our webpages, publish Wetland Breaking News and bring people together to develop consensus about public policy and wetland and water resources management.

Join ASWM http://www.aswm.org/member/index.htm

Donate to ASWM http://www.aswm.org/donate/index.htm

A useful study which provides a concrete opportunity to better understand how sea level rise will affect coastal communities and coastal resources was recently published in the journal Environmental Research Letters (http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1748-9326/4/4/044008/erl9_4_044008.pdf?request-id=259a596e-0a44-4ccf-85a6-8ad7b9e018ea ). It includes sea level rise planning maps (http://plan.risingsea.net/) for eastern seaboard states from Massachusetts to Florida, which distinguish the developed lands that are likely to be protected from a rising sea from those lands likely to be available for the inland migration of coastal ecosystems.

According to the study about 60% of the land vulnerable to sea level rise is likely to be developed and protected, about 10% is conservation land; the remaining 30% is mostly farms and forests in rural areas. The study is based on the most current available zoning and planning information from local governments, supplemented by site-specific assessments by local officials where the land use data was out of date. The study assumes that areas identified for development now or in the future will be developed and that property owners or governments will decide to expend the funds necessary to protect these areas against sea level rise. It shows where wetlands and other coastal resources are located between the tidal waters and built out areas of coastal communities. It provides a visual picture of the extent of potential loss of wetlands and other resources assuming that current policies continue.

Although the study looks at which areas would be protected with current policies, the primary motivation for the study was to encourage a a dialogue on which areas should be protected. The authors suggest that such a dialogue may be motivated soon because the cumulative impact of automatically issuing permits for shore protection structures is consistent with the goals of the Clean Water Act, in which case a more balanced approach to shore protection may be necessary to satisfy the current law. It is likely that communities will make changes, perhaps to preserve natural resources or because they cannot afford the cost of armoring the coastline, or for other reasons.

The study is a good example of the kind of information that is needed for long-term infrastructure planning as sea level rises. According to the authors a few communities in Florida are using the sea level rise planning maps as a strawman to plan which communities to protect and where to let ecosystems migrate inland. The advantage of maps like these is that it helps people move beyond the abstract concept of inundation of all low-lying lands along the coast to a map that shows in detail which lands could be affected. Although EPA allowed the authors to publish the study and associated planning maps, EPA has not yet released the

data set that was used to generate the maps. Hopefully this information will be available soon to provide communities with additional data that they can integrate into their own geographic information systems to assist future planning efforts.

State Specific Summaries can be found at: http://risingsea.net/ERLThe GIS Data Set will be available at http://risingsea.net/ERL/data.html as soon as EPA releases it (not yet available).

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Wetlands, Coastal Communities, continued from p. 1

Jeanne Christie photo

Jeanne Christie photo

Wetland News 7

The Toad Before Christmas

by J.C. Beane

‘Twas a night close to Christmas, and all through the South, A warm rain was falling, after long weeks of drouth.

It didn’t seem much like a night in December-- ‘Twas as warm and as humid as I could remember.

With the gathering clouds of a big thunder storm, Conditions were prime for amphibian swarm.

And I, in my pickup, was driving home late, Not knowing I’d have an encounter with Fate.

As I rode through the mist, over hills and ‘round curves, My driving was fraught with occasional swerves,

As with vigilant caution I scanned the wet roads, Taking serious care not to squash any toads.

And every so often I’d come to a stop, (All the while at the risk of being pulled by a cop)

To move off a peeper or pickerel frog That had hopped on the road in the gathering fog.

And as I drew nearer my home warm and dry, The raindrops continued to fall from the sky,

When suddenly something did cause me to veer. It wasn’t a possum. It wasn’t a deer.

An unusual creature moved onto the road-- It was dressed all in red, but it hopped like a toad!

I slammed on my brakes and stared into the night, And I knew in a moment that something weren’t right,

For there on the pavement before me there sat A toad that was wearing a Santa Claus hat!

I shook my head thrice and looked back at the road. It wasn’t, it couldn’t, it must be a toad!

It had a toad’s face, and it had a toad’s belly That shook when it hopped, like Ambystoma jelly.

It was larger than normal, and had an odd look, Like nothing I’d noticed in any toad book.

My heart began pounding-I’d nearly squashed flat This “Christmas Toad” wearing the Santa Claus hat!

I looked at the Toad, and he looked back at me, Then he took a short hop, then another, then three.

And afraid that he might disappear in the night, I pulled off on the shoulder and grabbed my flashlight.

I leapt from my truck and ran after the Toad, Who by this time had made his way off of the road.

He headed off into a fairly thick wood, So I plunged in as well (though I couldn’t see good).

Straight on the Toad hopped, through the darkness before us, Toward a slightly unusual spring peeper chorus.

And I thought that perhaps this was all just a dream As I followed the Toad with my dim flashlight beam.

But I saw him ahead and continued to follow As he headed on down toward a dark little hollow.

And I thought I could hear, as I followed along, The Christmas Toad humming a Christmas Toad song.

And through the wet trees I pursued like a fool, ‘Til I came all at once to a huge woodland pool.

And around the pool’s edges (it gave me the creepers!) Rang a “Jingle Bells” chorus of hundreds of peepers.

And almost I thought I’d been played for a joke, Then the Toad reached the edge of the pool -- and he spoke!

“Merry Christmas, my friends!” the Toad suddenly cried (And abruptly the jingle bell frog chorus died).

“I bring you good tidings, your spirits to lift, And for all you amphibians, here is a gift!”

And with that he reached into his huge vocal sac And he pulled out a scepter of red, green, and black.

He waved it around like a magic toad wand, And things started happening all over that pond!

In the depths of the pond the Toad planted some grasses For the A. maculatum to attach their egg masses.

He whipped up some leaf beds (I watched the Toad make’em!) As shelter for larval Ambystoma opacum.

For the redbacks and slimies, he laid out some logs, And he tossed out some bugs for the pickerel frogs.

For gray treefrogs to cling to, he made some tree roots; Filled the pond with crustaceans, to feed hungry newts.

For the peepers to sing from, he planted some Trillium, And some hummocks of moss for the Hemidactylium.

And thus he proceeded, in his gift-giving mode, ‘Til at last I saw one lone American toad,

Sitting all by himself at the edge of the pond, And the Christmas Toad stopped waving his magic wand.

“I come to you last,” said the Toad to his kin. “And what might I give you for Christmas, my friend?

Perhaps some fat beetles, or nice tasty flies?” But the old toad just sat there (he looked rather wise).

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And he slowly and pensively lifted his head And he looked at the Christmas Toad. Here’s what he said:

“There’s only one thing, sir,” I heard the toad say, “And that’s for the humans to all go away.

For long years untold they’ve tormented us all, Cut many a highway, built many a mall.

For intelligent creatures, they’ve acted as fools! They’ve cut all our woods down! They’ve filled in our pools

They’ve polluted our waters with oil and hog feces; They’re endangering virtually all other species!

When all that we want is to be left alone! I beg of you, Christmas Toad, make them all gone!”

“But the Christmas Toad sighed, and he shook his old head. “I’m afraid I can’t do that,” he pointedly said.

“We’re all part of Nature,” I heard the Toad say. “What happens will happen, and that’s Nature’s way.”

“But we were here first!” said a Hemidactylium, Who was guarding her eggs ‘neath the moss by the Trillium.

“That’s right!” piped a peeper. “We’ve lived on this Earth For countless long eons -- we know what it’s worth.

The humans don’t have enough sense to enjoy it! They’d rather exploit it! They’d rather destroy it!”

“They’re terrible creatures!” a chorus frog said. “Nothing else will be safe ‘til the last human’s dead.

“For a long time the Christmas Toad silently sat With the rain dripping off of his Santa Claus hat.

He sat there so long I thought I’d go insane. Then at long last the Christmas Toad spoke once again:

“They may think they are different...,” he quietly explained (And the longer he lectured, the harder it rained),

“But though they act different, they’re really the same. They’re still living creatures -- still part of The Game.

A toad and her tadpoles, or a man and his wife-- They are all just a part of the great stream of Life.

And if all of the toads and the humans were dead, Life would still find a way,” the old Christmas Toad said.

“And besides,” (he seemed almost reluctant to say)

“I can only give gifts -- I can’t take them away. . .

But I do have one gift that might help you to cope. “And he pulled from his vocal sac one last thing: Hope.

“Hope,” he said, “is the gift that I give to all toads -- Hope that not all of you will be killed on the roads;

That there’ll always be places -- the kind that toads need:

Moist forests to live in, and clean pools to breed.

I will give to all toads an insatiable drive To eat, live, and breed, and to try and survive.

And as long as the Earth’s here I’m reasonably sure That amphibians, somewhere, will somehow endure.

“The other toad blinked once-the gift he’d accept, And into the water he turned and he leapt.

And as the last ripple came up to the shore The spring peeper chorus erupted once more.

And with one final wave of his magic toad wand, The Christmas Toad turned from the ephemeral pond,

And he hopped and he hopped, on back through the wet wood, And I knew that in moments he’d be gone for good,

And all that I’d seen and heard there on that eve Would be nothing that anyone else would believe.

But he suddenly turned as he passed on his way And I thought for a moment he’d have more to say.

He stopped at the foot of a huge holly tree, And the Christmas Toad sat there, and looked straight at me.

Then at once he inflated his great vocal sac (At the size of which I was quite taken aback),

And he sat there and let out a great, piercing trill (I had never heard nothing remotely that shrill).

And then suddenly out from the woods to my left Flew a miniature sleigh, and eight tiny red eft!

And the Toad he hopped in, and he sped out of sight, Leaving me all alone in the dark, rainy night.

I trudged out of the woods and walked back to my truck, (The ground was so muddy, I almost got stuck).

And I slowly drove home, and made ready for bed, With the voice of the Christmas Toad still in my head.

And later that evening, as sleepless I lay, Thinking over the words that I’d heard the Toad say,

It occurred to me that I would always remember The things I’d observed on that night in December,

And I thought that outside, way up over my roof, I could hear tiny sleigh bells (though I had no proof).

And I swear I could hear, as I drifted to sleep: “Merry Christmas to all, and look Bufo you leap!”

The Toad Before Christmas, continued from p. 7

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Wetland News Staff

Jeanne Christie, Assistant Editor

Sharon Weaver, Web Lay-out, Design

Leah Stetson, Editor

Laura Burchill, Proof-reader, Design

© Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. http://www.aswm.org

Wetland News 9

Bruce BarberDale Blanton, OR Dept. of Land Conservation & DevelopmentJay Charland, OR Dept. of Land Conservation & DevelopmentAndrew ColeJames Curatolo, Tioga County Soil & Water Conservation DistrictLee DeHihns, Alston & Bird LLPMichael J. Glessner, Stantec Consulting Services, Inc.Jennifer Grand, Ducks Unlimited, Inc.Scott Jecker, Whitenton Group, Inc.Jim JohnsonHarold Klaege, Kansas Alliance For Wetlands and StreamsReid E. Lichwell, Stantec Consulting Services, Inc.Marti Louther, Sound TransitMichelle Measday, Dewberry-GoodkindJacquelyn Monday, Association of State Floodplain ManagersVivian NewmanAmanda Punton, OR Dept. of Land Conservation & DevelopmentNicole L. Sanford, Stantec Consulting Services, Inc.Karen Schneller-McDonald, Hickory Creek Consulting LLCJayme Shiner, Whitenton Group, Inc.Suzanne Slear, Environmental Concern, Inc.Mike Smith, MO Dept. of ConservationAllegra L. Spalding, Stantec Consulting Services, Inc.Janet Sternberg, MO Dept. of ConservationThomas Tetreau, Stantec Consulting Services, Inc.David Thorne, MO Dept. of ConservationJeremy Waddell, Tioga County Soil & Water Conservation DistrictJeffrey Weber, OR Dept. of Land Conservation & DevelopmentChris Yearick, Tioga County Soil & Water Conservation DistrictJonathon Yearick, Tioga County Soil & Water Conservation DistrictMelissa Yearick, Tioga County Soil & Water Conservation District

Good tidings from all of us at ASWM Welcome New Members!

The National Wetlands Newsletter is proud to offer a special discount to ASWM members for 2010 for both first-time and returning subscrib-ers. In addition to receiving six issues per year, the Newsletter now has its full archives online, as well as options for institutional subscriptions that come with IP recognition. To learn more please visit: http://www.wetlandsnewsletter.org/aswmoffer.cfm.(If link does not work, copy/paste in your browser.)

December 2009