.ANEWLOOK. AT

·· .. ,·

MODERN INDIAN HI~STORY (From 1707. to the Modet..;-Tini~s) · · · · ·

' . >. 1, ~· :: . : • • .' 'r; \-I

SPECIAL FEATURES' ··

**** Who's Who in Modern India . l,;,_:_i·.i: 1j 10'"'.·.:·._I':

****~.Objectivei:'ypelnforniation · · · ., ··· ,::r .. J)" . 1

',' . I I,, ' • • \ .•l I· "I.

******Concise Encyclopedia oflndian Freedom Struggle · .·•· .. :. ··

.· ... " B.L.GROVER . . '

Head of the Department of History

·Hans Raj College, Univer~ity°of Delhi . . . . . . . ' .

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;Twenty Third Revised Hindi and Marathi Edition.of the book are also available· ,, ' ' ,

CONTENTS Chapter ': ,.;,' ' .. -· ·· Page"

:<,.

1.

.··,...

2 •.

t f"·

Th~ British Conquest oflndia: An Overview and Approach ·· · <; · ; ,,; ·•' ··~' .. Triangular Struggles in North and South India. Historical Forces and Factors for British Successes .. British Conquest oflndia-Accidental or Plarmed.?. ; .. ~ritish Rule in India-A Blessing or a Curse ? Se_~ect Opinions. De~line and Disintegration of the Mughal Empire.

Later Mughal Emperors Later Mugruil Nobility P~rties at the Mughal Court Role of the saiyid Brothers in Later Mughal Politics

· Estimate of the Saiyid Brothers

Select Opinions The Rise of Mew States . Nizams of the Deccan Oudh Rajielrui and Bangash Pathans, Beqgal· The Rajputs, TheJats, The Marathas Foreign Invasions from the North-West Nadir Shah's Invasion, 1738-39 Ahmad Shah Abdalils Invasions

.·:,.-'

' . ...

' '~· . . . ' . . •. . . '' '.• '•' ~ . . .

;· ~'.::~· ; j •• ~~_.'-· .•

~ _i . • •

,· ·.~ •• ; • I' ' ••• '

' ' '::.•'•

··'"···.: .•. ,.

; 1 ,> " J' ~ I O llf1 '' ~

Causes of the Downfall of the Mughal Empit;e ·.: : , ., , , . ., . . . ;', ...... .

Selectqpinions .:.•,·;.:···; i·.>. ·····.·,, , .. .,, Social and Economic C:onditions in the Eight~e,~~pegtqcy .. , . , , . , .

Ach.ie~ements of the Early Peshwas }. . '·, ''·' ··.·····.

aalajiVlSh~th,1713-20 , .v .;·:·· Es~te ofB.alaji Vishwanath Select Opinions . ~ .. , BajiRao 1, 1720-40 Estimate 9fBaji Rao Select Opinions Balaji Baji Rao, 1740-61 Estimate ofbalaji Rao

· Select Opinion$

The.ThirdBattle ofPanipat, 14 January 1761 Causes of Maratha· defeat Pqlitical significance of the Battle 0£Panipat;t1:;;:;

(ix) ',!.

~ r~ ''> ' , • c ,~}I'.,

. ·"

1-20 .·

1

2 2 .. 3· 5·:

5 6·

'6

7. ·7

7. ··s. ·9

9 li 12 16'

18 21--33

21 2.l 23,1

24 26 26 ']J

29 29 31 31 32

(x)

Chapter

3.. . Maratha Administration UJ1der the Peshwas

TheRajaofSatara The peshwa·

The Central Administration

The Provincial and District Administration Local or Village Adininist;i"ation Town Administration

Administration of Justice · ·The Revenue Administration The Maratha Military System EmpIOyment of foreigners

· Select Opinions

4.. Angio-French Rivalry in the Carnatic

. The First Carnatic War

.The. Second Camatic War . · , The Third Carnatic War

Causes for the Failure of the French· · .:~ Select Opinions ·

5::0 .The Rise of the English Power in Bengal ... "

'; . .I'.

The Black Hole

The Battle of Plassey

Importanace of the Battle of Plassey Deposition of Mir Jaffar

Treaty with Mir Kasixn, september 17 60 1

Mir Kasim as an Administrator

Mir Kasim and the East India Company : .. The Battle of Buxar and its importance

Select Opinions on the Battle of Plassey Select Opinions on the battle of Buxar Career and Achievements ofDupleix Dupleix as an Administrator · ·· . Dupleix as a diplomat

Dupleix as a Leader · , , .Recal ofDupleix

... · .. '·PoiiticalideasofDupleix

\ ~--··

Dupleix 's Place in History ·.select Opinions

Clive's Second Governorship of Bengal, 1765-6'1

Clive's sett~ement with Oudh and Shah Alam II· · · · Settlemenkt of Bengal-The dual System· . Clive 's justification of the Dual System . ' . . . .

i'

1'. I

.. •••

....

....

Page

34:..;40

34 34 35 35 36 36 36.

37 38 39 39

41-48

41 42 43·

-44 47

.. 49-58

49

50 51 52 52 53 54 ... 56 56 57

.. · ·.·· .59-63 ••• 59

. ·.····

.. ,· :: ' : .. ~ ·;. ..

6)

61 . 61 61 62;

62 64-69

64 65 65

(x1)

Chapter 'Page

8.

9.;

10.

11.

Evil effects of the Dual System Clive's Administrative Refonns Estimate of Clive Select Opinions

• ;~;. (i6

OJ . \ •.. ; 68

..•.. ••• (£), Warren Hastings, 1772-85 ·

Administrative Refonns I : ' ~

. ~· ' 70-82 70 70 Revenue Refonns

JudicialRefonns Col1111l(:rcialRefoiltlS

'· ',•'

The Regulating Act and Conflict in the Council TheTrialofNandKumar, 1775 External Relations under Warren Hastings . Relations with Shah Alam II Relations with Oudh The Rohilla War 1774 The Fitst anglo-Maratha War, 1776~82 · The Second Anglo-Mysore War, 1780-84 · · The Affairs of Chait Singh and begums of Oudh Estimate of Warren Hastings Select Opinions . . . , Administrative Reforms of Cornwallis; 1786-93

Judicial Refonns . Police Refonns · · . ·, : · ·. .. ,

Revenue and Commercial Refonrui Permaneriet Settlement of Bengal, 1793 . Cornwallis completed the work ofWarrne Hastings Estimated of Cornwallis . Sefoct Opinions Lord 'Wellesley, 1798-1805

The Subsidiary Alliance System . : Advantages· of the Subsidiary. Alliance system to lhe Company Disadvantages of the Subsidiary Alliance System to. India11 Sta~e; · · Wellesley and the French Menace · · ·

· Estimate ofWellesley Select Opinions , , Mysore Under Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan

The FirstAnglo-Mysore war, 1767-69 The SecondAngl~~Mysore War; 1780-84 The Third Anglo-Mysore War, 1790-92 TheFourthAnglo-Mysore War, 17~9 • · · · ' Administration of Tipu Sultan

' Estimate of Tip\l Sultan Se.lect Opinions · ·

-1· ,,.

> •• ·~· '

/ ...

71 1l 1l 73

' 74 75 75 75

" 76 .~· . .: : 79

" ... ,

:• .... :

: ... •'

•.•• \

', .~.·· '

79 &'.> .

81 83-91

83 85 85 86 8')

ro . 91

'92-101 92 .

"'' .-'·

93 94 95

. \':! ···:: 100 100

- l02-107

102 .. ,,'

, i ;" :('','.'

103 103 104 104

'106

107

(xii)

Chapter

t'i;~' Lord Hastings and Establishment of British Paramount~y in India· ; .\cige. .

:. /~.~ ... '.108-116

t .•

•· ..

13.

,,, .

·': I

14.

The Anglo-Nepal War, 1814-18 . ; Lord Hastings and the Indian States

' The Pindaris

· ; · Hasting's Policy towards the Marathas ' ···.,;:., ', '

Relations with the Rajput States

The Treatment ofMughal Emperor.

Hastings' Administrative Reforms

Estimate of hastings

Select Opinions

AngIO-Maratha Struggle for Supremac)'. ...

· The FirstAnglo-Maratha War, 1775-82

- ~ ,,. . ... .

. "> '._) .!'.·' ,•••

. . 'I ,- ......

/1: ..... ... > f

... _,,,,,, .. '.·':' ••.. ! l ".

. f.,: : :. J , : ' .. ~ ~ ... ' ; ~ ' : ' • • ' ; • ';. •• '. ~-

108

lO'J 10')

11.L 113 114 115

115

117, "'•\

The SecondAnglo-Maratha War, 1803-1805

T~e Treaty ofbassein, 31 December 1802 ; .. ( 117

TheThirdAnglo-Maratha War, 1817-1818 ;:· ,\ ';

Causes for the defeat of the Marathas . ,,·•.:,,.'

Select Opinions

William Bentinck, 1828-35

Abolition ofSati and cruel rites Suppression.oflnfanticide and child sacrifices ··· •·

···.··

: '' ·l •••• ·1

118 121 121·

124 ~:;'p6-131 ...

126 127

Suppression of Thugi · Removal ofh~liatirig.distinctiOns in recruitment to Public Services: '··. · ·

Liberal policy towards the P.res~ . . · · : · '' • ' ~ ·. ·

127

1~8.. 123·

· ·Educational Reforms

Financial Reforms

Judicial Reforms

... ~ ·.- - .

,· l.

! {,If , .. ·- " ~ ,•

. '".-.-.

: - t : ~: '' ~ :-

128

129 . 130

;y ... Policy towards Indian States Li; · Estimate ofBentinck · ', I ·.: ·, ~I '

130 ;,

130

15~

~ \', .

16}

'<:

Select Opinions

The Annexation of S!11d · • '' ·

The Commerci~lT;e~tY ofl 83i . . ' . ' .

Auckland's policy towards the Amirs of Sind Ellenborough and the annexation of Sind

Annexation of Sind sequel to 'the Afghair War. · •· ··seiect Opinions · · .

,'.', l~~ ~ .... Career and Achievements ofRanjit Singh , ·

1

EarlycareerofRanjitSingh , '-'": :;,, ' R~~ations wi_th the Dogras and the Nepalese

R~~ations with the Afghans :

Relations with the Eriglish

Administration ofRanjit Singh . ' .

·. \.

' ; ' ': ~ I

130 . -.;:; 132-138

'. t' ..· ' __ , ' )' '· . ""' 132

~ ' 1 I ' • ~ ' /_,.'.;, /.

.• ;

.. ;,

;1

:

133 134 137'.

,._ '.; 137

. ;:~·t39-146 .

''!' ;••• 139 . ' ,',·!-·

'·- .' 140 ,. 140 •••r'

... .. 141

... 142

(xiii)

Chapter •·.Land Revenue arid Justice .. , .. ·.: .. ,. '" .. ·. ,'' .,,_;:·•;, .

Military Administration Estimate ofRanjit Singh Select Opinions

17;· ThePanjabafterRanjitSinghandAnglo-Sikh'W~~s · ·

18. ''

. ThePanj~bPolitics after 1839

· The First Anglo-Sikh War, 1845-:46

The Treaty of Lahore, 9 March 1846

.The Second Anglo-Sikh War, 1848-49

The An,nexation of the Punjab Select Opinions Lord Dalhousie, 1848-56

The Second Sikh War The Annexation of Lower Burma The Doctrine of Lapse

Observations on The.Doctrine of Lapse

The Annexation of Oudh

Lord Dalhousie 's Reforms

Dalhousie 's Responsibility for the Reyolt of 1857

Estimate of Dalhousie

Select Opinions 19. Changes in Agrarian Structure: New Land Tenures and Land

Revenue Policy

'j j

.\·

Pre-British Agrarian Structure

British Land Revenue System and Administration

The Permanent Zamindari Settlement

The Mahalwari System

Land Settlements in North-Western Provinces and Oudh

. The Ryotwari System

Thomas Munro and the Madras Settlements Land Settlements in Bombay

Disintegratjon of Village Economy

Changes in Administrative Structure and Policies.

under the East India Company

· Influence of contemporary British Administcative .. < ..•

Models and Imperial Interests

The Home Government

The Govemmnet oflndia

The Financial and Revenue Administration Organisation of the Civil Service

..

';_

'; ,

.. ;

: ., Page'

14Jt

143 144

145 . :;~~ l47-153

... ;

147 ..

; ~· ! 148

149

150 :· ...

151 .r:!.• . •1.r ..

152 ~~· l54-166

·!·:,

' : ' .. /

1 .»

• ~ 'J J ,. ' •

.,.j'

154

154 155 157

158 ~''

162"

164 ' 164 '

165

.... 167-171

' ... . 167

.·····

·. ··~: ; ,•''·

167

168 168

169

169< 170

170

171

.,. "'" ; ' •. ~;172-182

'!· ,.;, ··'1)•' i:r.:···.~· ..~~ ~

••• .. 172 : :

"~ 173 . ' ... ... 173

.~. ' 174

.... 176

I• r

Chapter

Judicial Reorganisation Changes in EconomicPolicy

(xiv)

Social Legislation and Educational Policy Linkages between Educational Policies and British

> ·: ·. Colonial Interests ' .. ~- .•: .,, ...

~bal Revolts, Civil Rebellions, popular Movements

and Mutinies, 1757-1856 l .

,.,1 • ,•

... ,. _,, -

·:Page 176 178 179

1811

: ;',ii; ; . • !(;;.'I~~. 183-186

,,,:; . 183 Revolts in Bengal and Eastern India Revolts in South India :1 ;,.··,: .. ·,i. '~:·:;:,,_<:.:.'!' 185

;·':' The Wahabi Movement Sepoy Mutinies

22. . . <The Revolt of1857

Nature and Character of the Revolt Rural Base of the Revolt Causes of the Revolt

; >: '::J. · .. ) ~ 185 ,:j; ;/~ ' .. ,;;.•'. 186 ;·· ::- '. ir~: 187-202r

, : .... •:'; ·~. ··,.,, ,;'· ·~ .:d;·" 187

The Beginning and Spread of the Mutiny and Revolt::;;-• '

188 192

196 Causes of the Failtire of the Revolt Impact of the Revolt

'•-\_ Select Opinions , . . ., ·1 : ; • 1 • · '·, ! :·;!'_ ;., ., 201

Administrative Reorganisation under the Crown, 1858-1947 ,'.:'.' :;i ,·;:;.;; 203-209

\ .

New Administrative set-up The Secretary of State arid the India Office : The Government oflndia Reorganisation of the Army Administrative Decentralisation;. . , ·;

· Local Bodies ,, · · Econorllic Policy

24~1

......

Civil Services , ·" 1

Relations with Princely States An Overview India Under Lytton and Ripon

Lytton and Free Trade Financial Reforms

" ·: , TheFamineof1876-78

The Royal Titles Act, 1876 '' . ,.

.: ' ~ ~ . , : ·~

) f 7 ·,1 _; ! . : ~ :: ; <.

. ' .l .

The Vernacular Press Act and The Arms Act, 1878. · .!l ,

"·-·

The Statutory Civil s'ervice Estimate of Lytton Select Opinions Lord Ripon's Reforms . Resolution on Local Self-Government

,_, -· .::-.

.! ,,, -" .

I >' f ;:J:;),< 203

. .. ,

203;

2<» 2<» 205

206

206

20F

208

< i ''. :OTf :.:., ·.:- 210-219

::··; ·'' ' ' :; ;;, •.! 210

'~ ' '

,, \'•'~'1

', '.}.~}~~.~·

210~

211 211

211-12 212 213 213 214

215

Chapter. ,

Educational Reforms . The Ilbert Bill Controversy 1883-84 Estimate ofRipon Select Opinions ·

(xv)

25. Lord George Nathaniel Curzon, 1899-1905

Adrninistrative Reforms The Partition of Bengal, 1905

The Foreign Policy of Curzon Curzon-Kichener Controversy and Resignation of Curzon Estimate ofCurzon· Select Opinions

26. Anglo-Afghan Relations

Circumstances leading to the First Afghan War Estimate of Auckland's Policy John Lawrence's Policy of Masterly Inactivity Estimate ofLawrence's Policy Afghan Policy. under Mayo and Northbrook · Lytton and the Second Afghan War Estimate ofLytton's Policy Anglo-Afghan Relations from Ripon to World War I ·

27. The North-West Frontier

The Sind Frontier and Jacob's Policy The Panjab Frontier The Forward Policy The Durand Agreement Curzon's Policy

28. The Indian States

East India Company's Struggle for Equality, 1740-65 TheRingFencePolicy, 1765-1813 Policy of Subordinate Isolation, 1813-57 Indian States under the Crown Policy of Subordinate Union, 1857-1935 Curzon and the Indian States · ·

The Chamber of Princes Policy ofEqual Federati~n, 1935-47 Integration and Merger of States

The Reorganisation of States

29. History of the Growth and Development of Education in India

Early efforts to foster Oriental learning

Growing popularity of\yesterri learnillg and Rain Mohan Roy Orientalist-Anglicist Controversy

·;Page

. ... 216 216 218 218

' ' - 220-231

... 220

... 222 224

.... 227 ·228

••.• 229

·-'232-242 : { 232

234

... 235

... 236 238 238 240 242

- 243-247

... 243 ; 244 ...

245 246 246

-'248-256

... 248 249 249

... 251

·····. : 251

253 ... 254 ... 255 ... 255

256 ·~·257-266

257 <-·. 257

258

l

"-,•.-

. c4#fater ··:o'-Page \;;::. °Charles Wood's Despatch on Education, 1854

The Hunter Education C~unAfssion, 1882-83 • Tlie Indian Universiti~s Act: 1904 · · · ; ·.

;~.,n·;-__ :~·:'.1 Y;. h~~-1Dh:;~.11.:~~T-: 259.

;;z:; Go~emmentResolutiononEducationPolicy, February,19l3 · h·,'.: ·:: _tt~£ .. f0 '.'..:!11i~SadlerUniversityCo~ssion, 19172197:0::-'.1 . . · L·;.';· -

. -. . . '

· :,<~. r4C~artogCommittee, 1929 .,.LTt:f:~·:;:~ -~~"1t~·2J;~fn(:1;;.:/~

2(i()

261 262 26i 264

Wardha Scheme of Basic Education

Sargeant Plan of Education .. , Radhakrishnan ·commisslonnl 9;i849; i;

.:.'T.. 264 ·;:.";' 264

. . . .

• I ' • •

~~-ll .• '(':.~-'.~:·. C/1;;_:(/) ·:::..:~:,;;~:,.i;;;~~F:."".:~;.'':_~ 264 · .. · ·university Grants Commission ·

Kothari Education Conlmi.ssioti, 1964-66 ..

. --'.~ C ~;ttional Policy ofEducation ·.:,"

265 265 . .266:

Jo;: The History of the Indian Press

:~;_: E~~l~ History of the indi~n Press

•;:"Hr. ::i:'.U1 l<:ii~r ~;,;; c.J · ,:,:;:.·,r;;~;i,:·• .... ;·~67-272 :,:·!,r:::;):>:Jf, :io ·:. '>:1 .. ;~] 267

.~~'"'

The Censorship of the Press Act, 17~9:ib·1I ~:ir~~J.:::~11·~0 Adam's Licensing Regulations, 1823 · ·

Metcalfe and Liberation of the Indian Press;: 1835. 1.:. •

The Licensing Act, 1857 The Registratton, Act, 1867 Lyttcm and the Vernacular PressAct;J 878

;\t'.--L:.TheNewspapers Act, 1908. The Indian Press Act, 1910 . . Th~ Indian Press (Emerg~ncy Po~~rs) A~t, 19.31 ,

rh_e Press Enquiry Committee : ~11: · T~.e Press (Objectionable Matters) Act, 1951 . 3E" Cultural Awakening, Religious and Social Reforms

'.;~!;'>..:~The Weste~ I~pact . . ,.,. ~. ·;. ·f'-,

~- i ..

. '. .~'. •_:.,. '.

The Categories of Social Reform Mpvem.entsp? :~<~ : ~'l'~ •::t? :~', U"~ · / ;, '.; ) ;; ; :, ll '. : ;;;;7{

TheBrahmoSamaj f.:rn1-·~iJ\"! ;r.<ii:l'i:.<)ru'•1 ·;,;,;

ThePrarthanaSamaj -:>:·Lt~''. if,;.:)1(:·1·: ::;S!:i'l'

The Arya Samaj

· The Ramakrishna Movemnet

The Theosophical Movement Muslim Reform Movements

The Wahabi Moyement

The Aligarh Movement

The Decoband School

. "'~'.• ·:.-c,:;Sikh Reform Movements:}!) ;:,.:;;'~;:.:•J;:l ''" L-.·'.;:'::p;:(•': ;:_:,•::if;"':{ ,, .;: . 1

Parasi Reform Movements lrln: hL .: .. -~7-: :,: ?l:'.l' .: \; ..•. ~;-S~~ial RefomiMov~m~nts ~n the, 19th and 20th Centuries · ·

,., • '. •' ,~'"'·,~·- .. ··-~-.f<.{~.~,., .. ,,.,...~,--.'.·1·-,----~ .. ··~~ .... ;>--.. ·-,-· .. -1.

267 268

268 269 269

269 210:,

270 271 272

272.

273'·

274 274

276 276

278 279 280 280'

.280 281 28L 282.

282

.. (xvi/) ,, )- '

Chapter

32•·· Lower Caste Movements in Modem India J.,·.:

'Page .· ... 287~291 '

i .

33.

-,.

·,

'·1.

. ',,, ,/ ~ ~ ..

The. Changing Scenario

Reactions against Brahaminieal domination

TheJustice Party and Naicker ··' , . , , , Annadurai and the DMK

Narayan Guru and the SNDP

Jyotirao Phule and the Satya Shodhak Samaj

Ambedkar's Dynamic Role

Ii:· ·• ,\·,:t!:

The Mandal Commission and Reservation in Central . '« 1 • ."·' • '·) •.

-. ·-,r~~·

····:.;.;".' ... ,\'•

'287 . 2537 . '287

287

'288

'288

288

GovernmentJobs ····· · · · .... : ·· -;.< , . ' . . '

The Growth and Development of the India National Movement · · • · ·; ·' • '289

< .. ·292-326 Factors Favouring GroWth oflndian Nationalism · ·· ;, · · ·" . , .

Growth of Modern Political Ideas and Political Association's . · 1,, " '. · '

:,:;;;;;. 292 . . '

l • '. ! ~.-~ , .

· Political Associations in Bengal Presidency . "· . . : .. ; ?; .•• n

P()litical Assocaitioris in Bombay Presidency ·; ; . , . . . ,.._.

Political Associations in Madras Presidency'; . . ;; . , , ... ; .. · ,, .. Trends Towards a Grand United National Political ~r~~nisa,tion Organis~_tion ·:;. , Foundation of the Indian Natio~al Congress . . · · ·. " ' .. · · · .' ..

. . ., • • •. "1 .;.i.." "'!,_.: ·'--<:~.:. '..il_; c.~:').:}\-~ The First Phase, 1885-1905 · . .· , .....

•. , > ,. : ; .... :.J') ·J: ' ·.:·;; ~·-· Assessment of the Policies ~fthe Moderates· ·

Select Opinions

· TheSecondPhase, 1905-1919

Causes for the rise of Extremism

The Objectives and Methods of the Extremist Group The Extremist Programme of Action · · · · ' · >, • • ' ....

Assessment of Extremism

Select Opinions .. 'Indian Nationalists and World War T·

The Home Rule Movement

The Revolutionary Terrorist Movemenb• · .

Revolutionary A~tivities in Maharashtra

, .. •. . ·~ '. '

'-··:· ·-~··

.The Rand Murderat Poona, 1897 · . ;. . . ~ i .J .• : : .: ... - " . '::.-·: -~" .J. • ;. •

Shyamji's Krishnavarma and establishment of the India House at ~ondo~

India House at London

Revolutionary Movement in Bengal

The Ghadr Movement

Second Phase of Revolutionary Terrorism

. The Third Phase or the Gandhian Era, 1. 919-4 7

The Non-Cooperation Movement · ·

The Civil Disobedience Movement

The Great War and the Constitutional Deadlock '

Assessment of Gandhi's role in India's Struggle for Irideperiderice · · ··.. .,~ ::''

Phases in the Political-Economic Prograillifte. ~fthe lnciiallNatlori'ai' r '"., ., ii• i: i '::·

congress

297

29]~

298

299 299

300

301

303

303

304

305

307

308

309

310

311 311

311

312

312

312

313

314

314

316

316

318

318

320

. 322

;~

Chapter Page

34. - Eminent National Leaders oflndia

RammohanRoy, 1774-1833

35.

Rammohan 's Role in Modernization oflndia

Dadabhai Naoroji, 1825-1917

Gopal Krishna Gokhale, 1886-1915

·Bal Gangadhar Tilak, 1857-1920

LalaLajpatRai, 1865-1928

Mahatma Gandhi, 1869-1948 . .. Estimate of Gandhi and Select Opinions

Jawaharlal Nehru, 1889-1964

The Left Movements in India

Definition of the Left

Circumstances favouring the growth of Left Ideologies in India ·

The Communist Party oflndia

Transfer of Power Negotiations and Communists Multi~National Plan The Congress.Socialist Party ·

·Minor Leftist Parties

',,.

' '

Growth oflndustrial Working Class and the Trade Union Movement 'ii.

,·;·

37.

! ~ ;.

i.

The Trade Union Movement First World War, Left Awakening and Organised Trad~ lJi·ionism

The Meerut Conspiracy Trial

Popular Governments in Provinces and Trade Unionism

'ImpacJ of the Second World War ·

Peasant Revolts and Agrarian Movements

Recuring Famines and Peasants

The Santhal Rebellion, 1855-56

Peasant Participation in the Revolt of 1857

Bengal Indigo Cultivato~s' Revolt, 1860 .

: ; .. The Deccan Riots, 187 5

'1,'

Panjab Peasants' Discontent and the Panjab Land Alienation Act, 1900' i

The Indian 1National Congress·and the Peasants · ·· ·

Gandhiji and Peasant Struggles • ·

Champaran and Kaira Satyagrahas

The Mappila (Moplah) Uprising, 1921

Formation ofKisan Sabhas

Peasant Struggles .on the Eve of Indi~n Independence

· The Development; of Famine Policy

Famines in Ancient and Medieval India . '

Famine under th~ Company's Rule . : ,

j ,··

Famines under the Crown Adminis.tnition,:1858 to 194 7 ·. The Orissa Famine, 1866

'::'',.

... 327-338

327

327

329

331 . '

332

333

334

335-36

336

••• 339-343

339

339

339 341

341

342

~.; 344-347

344 345

346 346 346

... 348-354

. .... '•••

...

34!f 348

349

349

349

350

350

351

351

351

352

353 .•.• 355-358

... ··,

355

355 355

356

39.-

'.i , .

'.'f

40.

.. ,.-

41 •. ,

··:

::;::

42~ ... ·

43. ·•

(xix)

The Famine of1876-78 , .\•. 356

Recommendations of the Strachey Commission, 1880 : ·

TheFaminesof1896-97and1899-1900 · ·.:

. . . i '. ~ .. , : , .. • I, · "'' 356

Recommendations of the MacDonnel Commission

Benga1Famineof1942-43 ,.:

The Self-Sufficiency Target

The Growth of Local Self-Government in India

Early history ofinunicipal institutions in India

Mayo's Resolution.of 1870

Ripon's Resolutionof1882

The Decentralization Commission Report, 1908

TheResolutionofMayl918, , ... >•.: , ,!,'.:, '"

Local Self~Government under Dyarchy and the

Government oflndia Act, 1935

Growth of the Constitution under the Co~pany's Rule,

Beginnings of Company's Political Power in Bengal ... ·. ··

The Regulating Act of 1773 · ' ..

.. The AmendingActof1781 ., . :.

.·.,.;

.·· ... ·,

.. ;. 357

j, '.f;;

.•: ...

!!· • ,, ·.,t-_ . ~- !

. '• ~

' ,- ~

357

357

358

360

360

361

362

,., . ' ·.,, ;.. 362-63

'n ;.. 364-375

364

365 :J,',: ·. :·, •••

~!. i; 367

Pitt's India Act of 1.784

TheActof1786 -:; ·· .. · ·

The Charter Act of 1793

The Charter Act of 1813, j

The Charter Act of 1833

The Charier Act of 1853

" . . . ~ ! ' ~ . : ~ 368

The Act for the Better Governmentoflndia;:l858 ·'.1' ,,, •··

· Growth of the Representative Governmnet in India

The Indian Councils Act, .. 1861

, l ~ , I ' -

369

369

370

370

372

373

<~. 376-388

i'.' 376

TheindianCotincilsAct;1892'. ': · •; ·; "'"''' ... 378

The lndian Councils Act, 1909 (The Minto~ Morley Reforms)' .: ,, 381

SelectOpinions ,.;,,•. •;::· ' ''· ... · .. · · ··· ., · ~(. 385

Chait showing' the Growth of the Central Legislature · ·' · ·:. 386

. The Road to Responsible Government-I ;,,:;,:; "·' " '· · · ' .'·'.'"<:elf~ 389~399 · The Government oflndia Act, 1919 (The Monfugu-Chelinsford Reforn:ls)"' :; 'I.:, 391

Introduction of :byarchy in the Provinces': ; : : • '' · · · ' · · · · · · · •. · 394

GeneralReviewoftheActof1919 "' ' •." i· · :: ~;: 397

Resume~~alientFeatures of the Governinentoflndfa Act; 1919 ·. : • · ''. · ''.::, 397 TheRoadtoResponsibleGovernment~II ·:.: ::' > ,,;_. '.~ ·.•i; 400-412

Circuinstances leading to the passing hfthe Government oflndia Atf;:1935 '.,; 400

TheSimonComrillssion,1927-30 " '·' >."'•··•· ·" ·.. 401·

TheNehruReport,1928 .!.:- ... ·:.::'. 401

The Round Table Conferences, 1930-32'" .. • '''::. .. ~ .. 402

I '

··-~

Chapter.'

''

.Provisions of the Act ofl 935 .• •

Federal Structure at the Centre

Provincial Autonomy

.Working ?f Provinci~ Autonomy

General Observations

. .. Indian Reaction to the Act of 1935;

;(XX)

' . r~ . \ \ -<.,- ' , ''

·:·, _,t;,_:

···,· .... , ...

·Page

403

404

405 408

400 400~

Resume-SalientFeaturesoftheGovernmentoflndia-Act; 1935 <.' 'r:?:i .,, 410

44. :TheTransferofPower

.The 'August Offer', 1940

{• l··:·;:•li .. •,, < •• .'413-426

• ' ~: - ·~ • ~ .• • 1 ; '.' , • \

TheCrippsMission, 1942 '.'.·.I.• · .,. · .;; .. ;:,

The Quit Indir. 'Resolution and the August Revolt'.1942' TheWavellPian, 1945· :'::.:1 L~~ ~. :, · ;,~

.The Cabinet Mission Plan, 1946

; Attlee's Announc.ement; 20February194T .' :•. · '·

.The Mountbatten Plan, 3June1947 ·.· , · : 1 ! : • · ·' ;

·:nie Indian lndependece Act, 194 7 . · ; : i.· 1, . 45. Growth ofCommunalism and the Partition oflndia .. : : "._, .

.The Communal Triangle · ·

'· ,,

... ,_)I

... "!

413

414

416

418

420

424

424

425 : ... 427-436

··;.: ... Sir Syed Ahmad Khan; Drift from Nationalism t'.> Commun~lism: ·, · · ' ·1

· · ·

427

427

428 Communalism in the Writing of Indian history , .. ' ·

The Simla Deputation ( 1 October, 1906) and Acceptan~e · t ' ' ' '·

of the Principle of Communal Electorates ·,1· :_) .·,·.

~.i·i. Foundation of the Muslim League

',., Congress Ministries and the MtislimLeague;l937-39 · ", · ·

·, ;; ,·:- "?;; \ < .The Two Nation Theory and the Oemand fo~ Pakistan

,, , ~ · ; The Hindu Mahasabha 1 ' ; '

, '.fhe Second World War and Furtherance of the Pakistan Plan

Mountbatten's Plan of Partition oflndia/ · ·' ·" ·; '·· '· · .!>;,_ .. :' ·• Was the Partition of India Inevitable and Unavoidable?

. ~·. '

S_elect Opinions ·

· r: a~: .46;- ·~ Indian Economy Under Colonial Rule 1. : , , · , ,

'.~,;~ Indiaµ Economyon the eve of British co~quest: .• · ,,,! > •• _,_\.

, . Karl Marx on Britain's Dual role in India, ::1.·~ .

. ~ ! •

". . ..

,; '

429 430

431 43'f;

432

433

435

435

435 ... ·'f" .;;.; 437-452.·

437

438 , . 'fhee Phases ofEconomic Exploitation :. : ·:' ,) ',J·: , -'..':.. ~--' i { ',..·~-~ 439

439

440·

•·

0

TheMercantilistPhase,, ,:>:,;•;;,;· .r;· .. ·o.: "'·'

. :. -:. ·:,,. The Drain of Wealth ';··; . ' -······ Deindustrialization : Decline oflndian Handicrafts : · 1:, '.' ~. , . , , ' · , .·' 443 Ruralization oflndian Economy

C:ommercialization of Indian Agriculture

~ntry of British Finance Capital in India : ' ·

('

I'

. ~ .. ·~. '• 445

446 447

. . . ~1 Rise of Modern Industry : Colonial Situation and State Policy '·>'.'' 'Rise ofindian National Bourgeoisie ·

. ,tf* Growth ·oflndian Capitalist Enterprise

1.{H­v• Impact of First World War

.Protection during Inter-Wars period (1918-39)

'.,:~}:: Industrial Development State Policy and India Capitalist Class'( 1939~4 7)

British Legacy of Poverty and Underdeveloped Economy i:,1:1" . .· . ' . ' .

47. The Constitution of the Indian Republic [}f,t~ . ., /:_;; ..... ){. '}:>'.:, ;'··::·~ .....

M;: *"'-T?r. ~~eamble Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy

r1i. Fundamental Duties

The Union Executive 0J~ {'~.~·,,·~-: ....

The Supfeme Court oflndia-

Govemment of the States n\1

An Overview of the New Constitution ~-~ej'.

Select Opinions ~- ~:·· l ·

4~:·, The Iinpai:;t and Legacy ofBritish Rule in India

:-}l'.L. T~r ~~lance-Sheet Debate i.:.'.. . ,. , , . ~,. Nature of British Conquest \ ~;.~"'

Karl Marx on Britiain's Role in India : ~ ...

448

449

449

450

450

451

451

... .453-459 '

453.

453

454

454 456

456

457

458

. ' -- . 460-468

4(i()

4(i()

461 Political Impact ofBriti~h Il~l~· hi India . · ·

British Impact on Law and ~¥ni~trat~C>1?- '. .·':, · ' ., ..

British Impact on Education;·orientalStudi~s"~nd Indian Renaissance _ . .. ..

462

463

464

465 ~i(t~

Social and Cultural Impact -' . · . . - ...

Economic Impact \" f;' , _ Se led' Opinions

49~·,: Nehnivian Era: First Phase oflndepellde~~~l.947~64 .. <: ~: ~) 'J.i~ . The Indian Independe,~p~,;}ct,)~47 , ~ •. -_

Inauguration of Indian Independence

End of British Paramountcy, oyer 111dian . . ..... '··· '

Princely States and Integration of States

.'•·.

.':>' •.. • T~r,. f~ll out of Muslim League's Rejection of Cabinet MissionPlart , ,

Early Problems. ofldeperidence

"' _:'(.>•'· Radcliffe's Boundary Award and the P'-!-njab Ca~age Problems connected with Division of Resources of Civil Government

':···}'.'',. •' .. ., Problems Arising out of Division of Military Forces. and Equipi;nent ,

Murder of Mahatma Gandhi ·

Emergence of Nehru as the Undisputed Leader r .'.· -~, <'. ; ·.·.'~ ·.1 : : ; • • ~ • . •

-;,.f'': Parameters ofNehruvian Socialism

Economic Dislocation

Planning for J\11-round Development ,.,. ..

466 467

... 469-483

469

... . 469

. . I ~·· '

· .. ''

470

479, .

471

471 472 473

473

474

474

475

476

(xxi1)

FirstFive-yearPlan, 1955-56 · · : .... ' Second Five-year Plan, 1956-57 to 1960-61 ThirdFive-yearPlan, 1961-62to 1965-66 Nehru's death, May 1964 ForeignPolicyofNon-Alignment , • . Relations with Neighbour-States :Pakista·n.

China

The Chinese Attack, 1962 Nepal, Burma and Sri Lank Nehru's Achievements and Failures : An Overview ,

50. Literary, Artistic a.nd Cultural Movements in Modem India

Bengali Literature

Hindi Literature

Urdu Literature

Tamil Literature

Marathi Literature

Punjabi Literature

Art and Architecture

Film Industry

Theatre Associations Writers' Organisations Rabindranath Tagore

Willigm Radice Writes 1 ' .•

.. Prem Chand

Professor Alok Rai Writes Appendices

A.· 'Karl Marx on the British Rule in India B. Karl Marx on the Future Results of the British Rule in India C Karl Marx on the Indian Revolt D. The Role of Classes during the Revolt of 1857 E E

_G

List of Governors, Governors-General and Presidents . . Chronology of Principal Events. , ,. Who's who in Moder~ Indla .

'· ••• :r ..

~ . . ...

477 477 477 478 478 478

480 481 481 482.

.;. 484-494

484

485

485 485

486

487 487 488 488

489

490

490

492

493

495

499 503 5(X)

H I.

Activities of the Christian Missions During British Rule Objective Type Information ih Wars fought during Modern indian History ...

. · ·. ! ;.. . 1r··· ; . f : .·'·'.' "" , • : ., , ,: : •

508 510 519 523 526

. J. The People's Movements iri the Pri-ncelyStates· · · · · · ·

Emergence of Political co'n~cio~sne~s in Princely States Princely States' Role in British Policy of 'Divide and Rule' Peoples' Movements in States and Princes' Reactions

~ . ' . World War II and States' Peoples' Participation in India's Freedom Struggle ·

Subhas Chandra bose and the l.N.A. L ConCise Encyclopedia of Indian Freedom Struggle

527 528

529 536

(xxiil)

LISTOFMAPSWITHDFSCRIPTIVENOTFS 1. The French Wars in the Carnatic 42

2. India, 1772-85 (Warren Hastings' time) 77 3. India in 1805 (Extension ofBritish Dominion under Wellesley (1798-1805)) ... 98

4. India in 1818 (Extension of British Dominion under Lord Hastings) 120

5. Sind and the Punjab 133 6. India in 1856 (Expansion ofBritish Dominion under Dalhousie) 159

7. ExpansionofBritishD'ominioninlndia, 1765-1857 · l©

8. The Spread of Mutiny and Civil rebellion, 1857-58 197

9. The North-West Frontier 244