ativni 2.3 riot^ kxia[ yy[li s>si[fni[shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/2551/10/10...20...

$: Ativni 2.3 riOT^ kxia[ Yy[li s>Si[Fni[shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/2551/10/10...20 j[ni m&²y h[t&ai[ n)c[ m&jb hti : {1} c)Kl) til&kimi> uµc_ir mi´y(mk SiLin)$
15

p\krN - 2

p*v[< Yy[li>> s>Si[Fni[n) sm)xi

2.1 p\Ativni

2.2 rijy {g&jrit} kxia[ Yy[li> s>Si[Fni[

2.2.1 a[m.a[D`. kxia[ Yy[li>> s>Si[Fni[

2.2.2 p)a[c.D). kxia[ Yy[li> s>Si[Fni[

2.3 riOT^ kxia[ Yy[li s>Si[Fni[

2.4 (vd[Smi> Yy[li> s>Si[Fni[

2.5 p\At&t s>Si[Fnn) (v(SOTti

2.6 ups>hir

16

p\krN – 2

p*v[< Yy[li> s>Si[Fni[n) sm)xi

2.1 p\Ativni

s>Si[Fn a[k a[v) p\(k|yi C[ k[ j[mi> p\vt<min p(rAY(tni[ a¿yis hiY Frti

ph[li> s>b>(Ft x[#imi> p*v[< Yy[li> s>Si[Fni[ni[ ghn a¿yis krvimi> aiv[ C[. j[ s>Si[Fk

miT[ pYdS<kn&> kiy< kr[ C[. pi[tini s>Si[Fn miT[ (dSis*cn kr[ C[.

p*v[< Yy[li> s>Si[Fni[ni a¿yis oiri s>Si[Fn h[qLni> x[#imi> k[Tl&> an[ k[v&>

K[DiN Yy&> C[ t[ni[ ApOT ²yil aiv[ C[. aivi a¿yis oiri p&ri[gim) s>Si[Fki[a[ lxmi>

riK[l h[t&ai[, aivÆyk mi(ht)n) p\\i(¼t miT[ upyi[gmi> l)F[li> siFni[, Äyip(vÅv an[

nm*ni ps>dg) miT[n) p\(v(Fai[ tYi p\i¼t Yy[li> (nOkPi[<n[ lgt) mi(ht) upl¾F Yiy

C[. a[ni aiFir[ s>Si[Fk pi[tini s>Si[Fnn&> miLK&> an[ $pr[Ki t]yir kr[ C[.

aim, s>Si[Fkn[ pi[tin) smAyi a>g[ U>D) s*z an[ j$r) mig<dS<n p*v[< Yy[li

s>b>(Ft si(hRyni[ a¿yis krviY) p\i¼t Yiy C[. j[ kyir[k s>Si[Fkn[ nv)n a(Bgm

trf p\[r[ C[. a[Tl&> j n(h pN smy, S(kt an[ niNi>n[ pN bciv Yiy C[.

ai bibtn[ ´yinmi> riK) s>Si[Fk[ p*v[< Yy[li s>b>(Ft s>Si[Fni[n) sm)xi hiY

Frvini[ upk|m Av)kiyi[< hti[. hv[ pC)ni p(rµC[di[mi> p\At&t s>Si[Fnni an&s>Finmi>

rijykxia[, riOT^kxia[ an[ (vd[Smi> Yy[li> s>Si[Fnn) sm)xi rj* krvimi> aiv) C[.

2.2 rijy {g&jrit} kxia[ Yy[li s>Si[Fni[

2.2.1 a[m.a[D`. kxia[ Yy[li> s>Si[Fni[

rijy kxia[ Yy[li> s>Si[Fni[n[ b[ (vBigi[mi> vh[c) Skiy. j[m k[ a[m. a[D`.

kxia[ Yy[li> s>Si[Fni[ an[ p)a[c. D). kxia[ Yy[li s>Si[Fni[ j[n) (vAtZt mi(ht)

n)c[ m&jb dSi<v[l C[:

17

{1} S&kl {1981}1

a[ “rijki[T an[ s&r[ºWngr (jÃli miý(mkmi>Y) uµc_ir

miý(mk SiLimi> p(rvt<n pim[l) SiLiai[n) smAyiai[ni[ a¿yis” (vPy pr

a[k s>Si[Fn kiy< hiY Fy&< ht&>.

si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T)mi> a[m.a[D`. kxia[ hiY Friy[l p\At&t s>Si[Fnni h[t&ai[ ai

m&jb hti.

{1} rijki[T an[ s&r[ºWngr (jÃlin) uµctr miý(mk SiLiai[n) (SxN kiy<

s>b>F) smAyiai[ni[ a¿yis krvi[.

{2} rijki[T an[ s&r[ºWngr (jÃlin) uµc_ir miý(mk SiLiai[n) Bi](tk

s&(vFiai[n[ lgt) smAyiai[ni[ a¿yis krvi[.

{3} rijki[T (jÃlin) uµc_ir miý(mk SiLiai[n) Bi](tk an[ (SxNkiy< s>b>F)

smAyiai[n) s&r[ºWngr (jÃlin) uµc_ir miý(mk SiLiai[n) Bi](tk an[

(SxN kiy< s>b>(Ft smAyiai[ siY[ t&lni krv).

s>Si[Fk[ mi(ht) a[k#i)krN miT[ p\Åniv(lni[ upyi[g kyi[< hti[. p\Åniv(lmi> #iN

(vBigi[mi> an&k|m[ SiLin) simiºy mi(ht), Bi](tk an[ (SxNkiy< s>b>(F s&(vFiai[

a>g[n) (vgti[ an[ ai>kiDik)y mi(ht) m[Lvvi s>b>(Ft klmi[ ht).

p\At&t s>Si[Fnni nm*nimi> hiYvgi nm*nini[ upyi[g kr) s&r[ºWngr an[

rijki[T (jÃlin) k&l 65 uµc_ir miý(mk SiLiai[ p]k) 47 SiLiai[ni[ (ndS<mi>

smiv[S krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. p\At&t s>Si[Fn sv[<xN p\kirn&> ht&>. bh&(vkÃp p\kirni

p\Åni[ni u_iri[mi> (v(BºtiY) ckisN) krvi kievg< ksi[T)ni[ upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[

hti[.

p\At&t a¿yismi> p\i¼t mi(ht)n[ aiFir[ aý[ti oiri n)c[ m&jbni> tirNi[ Ô[vi>

mÇyi> :

{1} b>n[ (jÃlin) mi[TiBign) SiLiai[mi> (vXin p\vihni s>dB<mi> p&Atki[ p*rt)

s>²yimi> hti. jyir[ simiºy p\vihni s>dB< p&Atki[ p*rt) s>²yimi> n hti.

{2} rijki[T (jÃlin) 30 Tki an[ s&r[ºWngr (jÃlin) 55 Tki SiLiai[ yi[³y

liykitviLi (Sxki[ m[Lvvimi> m&Æk[l) an&Bvit) ht).

18

{3} Sir)(rk (SxNni p\iyi[(gk kiy< miT[ b>n[ (jÃlin) 40 Tki SiLiai[mi> m[dinn)

p*rt) Ô[gvie ht).

{4} s&r[ºWngr (jÃlin) SiLiai[mi> (vXin p\vihmi> mi[TiBig[ Anitk D)g\)Fir)

(Sxki[ kim krti hti. jyir[ rijki[T (jÃlin) SiLiai[mi> (vXin p\vihmi>

mi[TiBig[ an&Anitk pdv)Fir) (Sxki[ kiy<rt hti.

{2} pT[l {1983}2 a[ “vlsiD (jÃlini p\iY(mk aýipn m>(dri[ni til)miY)<ai[n)

smAyiai[ni[ a¿yis” a[ (vPy pr a[m.a[D`. kxia[ d(xN g&jrit

y&(nv(s<T), s&rtmi> s>Si[Fn hiY Fy&< ht&>.

j[ni m&²y ud[Si[ ai p\miN[ hti:

{1} p\(SxN kiy<k|mmi> rh[l) #i&T)ai[ Si[F) kiy<k|mn[ vF& sFn an[ sfL bnivvi

miT[ (ndiniRmk s*cni[ krvi>.

{2} (Sxk-p\(SxN kiy<k|mmi> B(vOymi> aivniri k[Tli>k p(rvt<ni[ni[ a¿yis

krvi[.

{3} a¹yipkgNmi> rh[l) Äyivsi(yk #i&T)ai[ Si[F) s&Firi s*cvvi.

mi(ht) a[k#i krvi miT[ upkrNi[ n)c[ m&jb hti> :

mi(ht) a[k#ikrN krvi miT[ aý[tia[ vlsiD (jÃlini aýipn m>(dri[ni

p\Ym an[ b)Ô vP<ni tmim p\(SxNiY)<ai[n[ aivr) l)Fi hti. j[mi p&$P

p\(SxNiY)<ai[n) s>²yi 153 an[ A#i) p\(SxNiY)<ai[n) s>²yi 154 ht). mi(ht) a[k#i

krvi miT[ p\Åniv(lni[ upyi[g kr) p\i¼t mi(ht)n&> v]Xi(nk r)t[ aY<FTn ky&‡ ht&>. k&l

78 (vFini[ni[ smiv[S kyi[< hti[.

s>Si[Fnni m&²y (nOkPi[< ai m&jb p\i¼t Yyi> hti> :

{1} (vPyvir piq-aiyi[jnn) smj s>ti[Pp\d n)vDt) nY).

{2} a¿yisk|m Äy(kt_vni svi‡g) (vkisn[ pi[Pk jNiti[ nY).

{3} viAt(vk Jvn siY[ (vPyi[n) upyi[(gtini[ an&b>F jLviti[ nY).

{4} smy myi<di ýinmi> riK) a¿yis p\vZ(_iai[n&> aiyi[jn Yt&> nY).

{5} SiLimi> (SxNkiy< krti (Sxki[ni[ an&Bv diS<(nk piqmi> aivti[ nY).

19

{6} k[Tlik (vPyi[ p\(SxNiY)<ai[n) kxin[ an&$p n hti>.

{3} pT[l {1990}3 a[ “Frmp&r til&kin) p\iY(mk SiLiai[n) smAyiai[” (vPy pr

a[m.a[D`. kxia[ v)r nm<d d(xN g&jrit y&(nv(s<T), s&rtmi> s>Si[Fn hiY

Fy&< ht&>>.

j[ni m&²y ud[`Si[ ai p\miN[ hti :

{1} Frmp&r til&kin) p\iY(mk SiLiai[mi> mkini[n) s&(vFiai[ an[ vg<K>Di[ mi(ht)

p\i¼t krv).

{2} p\iY(mk Atr[ rmt-gmt m[dini[ an[ upyi[gmi> l[vimi> aivti> siFni[n) mi(ht)

p\i¼t krv).

{3} p\iY(mk kxi trfY) p\i¼t shyi[gn) smAyin) tpis krv).

p\At&t s>Si[Fk[ mi(ht) a[k#i)krN miT[ p\Åniv(lni[ upyi[g kyi[< hti[. s>Si[Fk[

nm*ni tr)k[ Frmp&r til&kin) 219 SiLiai[mi>Y) 80 SiLiai[ ps>d kr) ht). mi(ht)

a[k#i)krN miT[ 80 aiciyi[<n[ p\Åniv(l aipvimi> aiv) ht). ai s>Si[Fnmi> sv[<xN

pÛ(tni[ upyi[g kyi[< hti[.


{1} p\iY(mk SiLiai[mi> alg p\iYniK>D, p\yi[gSiLi, uwi[gK>D an[ (SxkK>Dni[

aBiv Ô[vi mÇyi[ hti[.

{2} mi[TiBign) p\iY(mk SiLiai[mi> rmtni> m[dini[ Frivt) ht). pr>t& (k|k[T,

b[D(mºTn, T[blT[(ns, f*Tbi[l j[v) rmti[ni> siFni[ a[kpN p\iY(mk

SiLiai[mi> Ô[vi mÇyi n hti.

{3} ai kxia[ biLki[ gr)b p(rvirmi>Y) aivti hi[viY) Gr[ a¿yisn) p*rt)

sgvD mLt) n ht).

{4} pT[l {1995}4

a[ “c)Kl) til&kimi> uµc_ir mi´y(mk (SxN (vkis an[

smAyiai[” (vPy pr a[m. a[D`. kxia[ v)r nm<d d(xN g&jrit y&(nv(s<T),

s&rtmi> s>Si[Fn hiY Fy&< ht&>.

20

j[ni m&²y h[t&ai[ n)c[ m&jb hti :

{1} c)Kl) til&kimi> uµc_ir miý(mk SiLin) vi(Njy SiLimi> BNti

(vwiY)<ai[n) (v(vF smAyiai[n) ÔNkir) p\i¼t krv).

{2} c)Kl) til&kimi> uµc_ir miý(mk SiLiai[n) vZ(Ûni[ a¿yis krvi[.

{3} c)Kl) til&kimi> uµc_ir miý(mk SiLiai[ni uwi[gK>D, g\>Yilyi[, m[dini[,

p\yi[gSiLi vg[r[n) ÔNkir) p\i¼t krv).

p\At&t s>Si[Fk[ nm*ni tr)k[ c)Kl) til&kimi> e.s. 1994-95ni S]x(Nk vP<mi>

#iN (vXin p\vih an[ 12 simiºy p\vihn) k&l 15 uµc_ir miý(mk SiLiai[ni[

smiv[S kyi[< hti[. mi(ht) a[k#i)krN miT[ a](thi(sk dAtiv[J si(hRy an[ smAyi

ai[LKk|m mipd>Dn) s>rcni kr) ht). p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> sv[<xN pÛ(tni[ upyi[g kyi[<

hti[.

s>Si[Fnni m&²y tirNi[ ai m&jb p\i¼t Yyi hti> :

{1} s>Si[Fn oiri ÔNvi mÇy&> k[ c)Kl) til&kimi> uµc_ir miý(mk SiLiai[mi>

Bi](tk vh)vT), S]x(Nk, ai(Y<k vg[r[ smAyiai[ Ô[vi mL[ C[.

{2} c)Kl) til&kimi> uµc_ir miý(mk (SxNni air>Bni vP<ni k&l 5 uµc_ir

miý(mk SiLiai[ ht). di[Q diyki dr(myin a[mi> 90.00 Tkini[ vFiri[ Yti> ai

s>²yi 15 pr phi[c) ht).

{3} s>Si[Fn oiri mil*m pD[ C[ k[, SiLin[ miºyti aipt) vKt[ Bi](tk siFni[n[

ýinmi> l[vimi> aivti nY). mi[TiBign) SiLiai[mi> ap*rti siFni[ C[.

{5} tL[kr {1985}5

a[ “dmN (jÃlin) p\iY(mk (SxN (vkis an[ smAyiai[”

(vPy pr a[m. a[D`. kxia[ v)r nm<d d(xN g&jrit y&(nv(s<T), s&rtmi>

s>Si[Fn hiY Fy&< ht&>. j[ni m&²y ud[`Si[ ai p\miN[ hti :

{1} dmN (jÃlin) p\iY(mk SiLimi> BNti (vwiY)<ai[n) (v(vF smAyi a>g[

ÔNkir) p\i¼t krv).

{2} dmN (jÃlin) p\iY(mk SiLini (Sxki[n) S]x(Nk ÄyivAii(yk liykit,

an&Bv vg[r[n) ÔNkir) m[Lvv).

21

{3} dmN (jÃlin) p\iY(mk SiLiai[ni uwi[gK>D, g>\Yilyi[, p\yi[gSiLi, rmtn&>

m[din vg[r[n) ÔNkir) p\i¼t krv).

{4} dmN (jÃlin) p\iY(mk SiLiai[n) Bi](tk smAyi, vh)vT) smAyi, S]x(Nk

smAyi an[ ai(Y<k smAyiai[ ÔNv).

p\At&t s>Si[Fk[ nm*ni tr)k[ dmN (jÃlimi> aiv[l) 26 p\iY(mk SiLini aiciyi[<

an[ 9 m)Dl SiLini aiciyi[< mL) 35 aiciyi[<n) ps>dg) kr) ht). 130 p\iY(mk

SiLini (Sxki[ an[ 85 m)Dl SiLini (Sxki[ mL) k&l 215 (Sxki[n[ ps>d kyi< hti.

upkrN smAyi ai[LKyid) k|mmi>pd>D rcni krvimi> aiv) ht).

s>Si[Fnni> m&²y tirNi[ ai m&jb p\i¼t Yyi> hti>> :

{1} (vwiY)<ai[ Ôt[ p&Atkilyni[ upyi[g kr)n[ mi(ht) m[Lvvi T[viy[li nY).

{2} vg< (SxN miT[ Bi](tk siFni[ FN)vir upl¾F hi[ti nY).

{3} (Sxki[ s[(mniri[, s[vikil)n vgi[< k[ s[vi (vAtrN kiy<k|mi[mi> uRsihB[r Big

l[ti hti.

{4} (vwiY)<ai[ Avi´yiykiy< (m#in) ni[Tmi>Y) k[ gieDmi>Y) utiri krti hti.

{5} vg<mi> (vwiY)<ai[n) s>²yi vFir[ hi[viY) (SxNn) g&Nvti Ô[Kmit) ht).

{6} miL) {2000}6 a[ “s&rt Sh[rn) ngr p\iY(mk (SxN s(m(t s>ci(lt p\iY(mk

SiLini aiciyi[<n) p\Sisk)y smAyiai[” (vPy pr a[m. a[D`. kxia[ v)r

nm<d d(xN g&jrit y&(nv(s<T), s&rtmi> s>Si[Fn hiY Fy&< ht&>.


{1} s&rt Sh[rn) mhingrpi(lki s>ci(lt p\iY(mk SiLini aiciyi[<n[ pjvt)

p\Sisk)y smAyiai[n) ÔNkir) m[Lvv).

{2} aiciyi[<n[ pjvt) (vwiY)< s>b>F) smAyiai[n) ÔNkir) m[Lvv).

{3} aiciyi[<n[ pjvt) (Sxk s>b>F) smAyiai[n) ÔNkir) m[Lvv).

{4} aiciyi<n[ pjvt) ai(Y<k smAyiai[n) ÔNkir) m[Lvv).

{5} aiciyi<n[ pjvt) Bi](tk s&(vFi s>b>F) smAyiai[n) ÔNkir) m[Lvv).

{6} aiciyi<n[ pjvt) v]y(ktk smAyin) ÔNkir) m[Lvv).

22

p\At&t s>Si[Fk[ nm*ni tr)k[ s&rt Sh[rn) p\iY(mk SiLiai[ p]k) 55 SiLiai[n)

ps>dg) Ye ht). kievg< m*Ãyn) gNtr) Ye ht). sv[<xN p\kirn&> s>Si[Fn ht&>.


aiciyi[<n) (vwiY)< s>b>F) smAyiai[

{1} (nÀn m´ym vg<ni (vwiY)<ai[ SiLimi> aivti hi[viY) apÄyyn&> p\miN (vS[P

ht&>.

{2} (vwiY)<ai[ a¿yisn) siY[ mj*r) kim krti hi[viY) vg<mi> a(ny(mt rh[ti

hti.

{3} AY(gttin&> p\miN mÇy&> ht&>.

{4} uRsv-ujvN)mi> (vwiY)<ai[ uRsihY) Big l[ti hti.

(SxN s>b>F) smAyiai[

{1} (Sxki[n) bdl)n[ kirN[ S]x(Nk kiy<n[ asr Yt) nY).

{2} (Sxki[ (vwik)y p\vZ(_i (sviyn) kimg)r)mi> vF& ÄyAt rh[ti hi[viY) (SxNkiy<

avri[Ftit&> ht&>.

{3} (Sxki[n) s>²yi vg<mi> p\miNmi> ai[C) ht).

{4} vh)vT) kiy<mi> (Sxki[ shyi[g aipti hti.

ai(Y<k smAyiai[

{1} smij trfY) niNi>k)y shiy p\i¼t Yt) nY).

{2} SiLimi> mh[min aiv[ Ryir[ Avigt miT[ srBri Kc< mLti[ nY).

{3} vil)m>DLi[ si>AkZ(tk kiy<k|m miT[ni[ Kc< uqivti nY).

{4} SiLin) ÔLvN) miT[ niNik)y shiy mL[ C[.

Bi](tk smAyiai[

{1} (Sxki[ miT[ alg vg<K>D n hti[.

{2} d<Æy-âiÄy siFni[ ap*rti hti.

{3} SiLimi> rmt-gmtn&> m[din n ht&>.

{4} SiLimi> p)vin&> ci[²K& piN) mL) rh[t&> ht&>.

23

{7} prmir {2001}7

a[ “nm<di (jÃlin) p\iY(mk (SxN-p\(SxN ki[l[jni an[

smAyiai[ni[ a¿yis” (vPy pr a[m. a[D`. kxia[ v)r nm<d d(xN g&jrit

y&(nv(s<T), s&rtmi> s>Si[Fn hiY Fy&< ht&>. j[ni m&²y ud[`Si[ ai p\miN[ hti.

{1} nm<di (jÃlin) p\iY(mk (SxN\-p\(SxN ki[l[Ô[mi> aýipki[n) p\(SxN a>g[n)

smAyiai[ ÔNv).

{2} nm<di (jÃlin) p\iY(mk p\(SxN ki[l[Ô[n) Bi](tk s&(vFiai[ni[ a¿yis krvi[.

{3} nm<di (jÃlin) p\iY(mk (SxN\-p\(SxN ki[l[Ô[mi> yi[Ôt) sha¿yis p\vZ(_iai[

a>g[ a(Bp\iyi[ m[Lvvi.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> nm*ni tr)k[ (jÃlin) b[ p\iY(mk (Sxk-p\(SxN ki[l[Ô[n[

ps>d kr) an[ mi(ht) a[k#i)krN miT[ upkrNmi> a(Bp\iyiv(l an[ smAyi ai[LK

yid) k|mmipd>Dn) rcni kr). p\At&t s>Si[Fn sv[<xN p\kirn&> ht&>.

s>Si[Fnni m&²y tirNi[ ai m&jb p\i¼t Yyi> hti> :

{1} p\(SxNiY)<ai[n) s>²yi vF& hi[viY) (SxNn) g&Nv_ii Ô[Kmit) ht).

{2} aýipki[ an[ p\(SxNiY)<ai[ Bi](tk s&(vFiai[Y) s>ti[P an&Bvti hti.

{3} aýipki[ sha¿yis p\v&(_iai[ yi[jvimi> mdd$p Yti hti.

{8} ci[pDi {2006}8 “s&rt Sh[rn) an&di(nt p\iY(mk (SxN p\(SxN ki[l[Ô[ni[

(vkis an[ smAyiai[ni[ a¿yis” (vPy pr a[m. a[D`. kxia[ v)r nm<d

d(xN g&jrit y&(nv(s<T), s&rtmi> s>Si[Fn hiY Fy&< ht&>. j[ni m&²y ud[`Si[ ai

p\miN[ hti :

{1} s&rt Sh[rn) an&di(nt p\iY(mk (SxN-p\(SxN ki[l[Ô[n) Bi](tk s&(vFiai[

s>b>(Ft smAyiai[ a>g[ aýipki[ an[ p\(SxNiY)<ai[ni a(Bp\iyi[ m[Lvvi.

{2} s&rt Sh[rn) an&di(nt p\iY(mk (SxN-p\(SxN ki[l[Ô[n) smAyiai[ a>g[

a(Bp\iyi[ m[Lvvi.

{3} s&rt Sh[rn) an&di(nt p\iY(mk (SxN-p\(SxN ki[l[Ô[ni p&Atkily s>b>(Ft

smAyiai[ a>g[ a(Bp\iyi[ m[Lvvi.

24

{4} s&rt Sh[rn) an&di(nt p\iY(mk (SxN-p\(SxN ki[l[Ô[mi> Avi¹yiykiy<

s>b>(Ft smAyiai[ a>g[ a(Bp\iyi[ m[Lvvi.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> s>Si[Fk[ nm*ni tr)k[ s&rt Sh[rn) b[ an&di(nt p\iY(mk

(Sxk-p\(SxN ki[l[Ô[ni 15 a´yipki[ an[ 200 p\(SxNiY)<ai[n[ ps>d krvimi> aiÄyi

hti. mi(ht) a[k#i)krN miT[ smAyi ai[LKk|m mipd>D an[ a(Bp\iyiv(ln) rcni

krvimi> aiv) ht). p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> sv[<xN pÛ(tni[ upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

s>Si[Fnni m&²y (nOkPi[< ai m&jb p\i¼t Yyi hti> :

{1} s&rt Sh[rn) an&di(nt p\iY(mk (Sxk-p\(SxN ki[l[Ô[mi> Bi](tk s&(vFiai[

s>ti[Pp\d jNiy ht).

{2} s&rt Sh[rn) an&di(nt p\iY(mk (Sxk-p\(SxN ki[l[Ô[mi> p\(SxNiY)<ai[n)

s>²yi vF& hi[viY) (SxNn) g&Nv_ii FT) ht).

{3} s&rt Sh[rn) an&di(nt p\iY(mk (Sxk-p\(SxN ki[l[Ô[mi> til)m dr(myin

e_ir p\vZ(tai[ni BirNn[ kirN[ g\>Yily vi>cn ai[C& Yt&> ht&>.

{4} s&rt Sh[rn) an&di(nt p\iY(mk (SxN-p\(SxN ki[l[Ô[mi> Avi´yiykiy<mi>

p\(SxNiY)<ai[ mi[T[Big[ utiri[ krti hti.

{9} pT[l {2007}9 a[ “nvsir) (jÃlimi> p\iY(mk (SxNni[ (vkis an[ smAyiai[”

(vPy pr a[m. a[D`. kxia[ v)r nm<d d(xN g&jrit y&(nv(s<T), s&rtmi>

s>Si[Fn hiY Fy&< ht&>. j[ni m&²y ud[`Si[ ai p\miN[ hti :

{1} nvsir) (jÃlin) p\iY(mk SiLiai[n) Bi](tk s&(vFiai[ a>g[n) vZ(Ûni[ a¿yis.

{2} nvsir) (jÃlin) p\iY(mk SiLiai[mi> p&Atkily s>b>(Ft smAyiai[ a>g[

a(Bp\iyi[ m[Lvvi.

{3} nvsir) (jÃlin) p\iY(mk SiLiai[mi> srkir) n)(t a>g[ni a(Bp\iyi[.

{4} nvsir) (jÃlin) p\iY(mk SiLiai[mi> v(hvT) smAyiai[ a>g[ni a(Bp\iyi[

m[Lvvi.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> s>Si[Fk[ nm*ni tr)k[ 80 SiLiai[n[ ps>d krvimi> aiv) ht).

j[mi> 80 aiciyi[< an[ 320 (Sxki[ mL) 400 pi#ii[n[ nm*ni tr)k[ ps>d krvimi> aiÄyi

25

hti. mi(ht) a[k#i)krN miT[ upkrN tr)k[ smAyi ai[LKk|m mipd>D,

a(Bp\iyiv(ln) rcni kr) ht) an[ sv[<xN pÛ(t apniv) ht).


{1} nvsir) (jÃlin) p\iY(mk SiLiai[mi> Bi](tk s&(vFiai[ p*rti p\miNmi> ht).

{2} nvsir) (jÃlin) p\iY(mk SiLiai[mi> p&Atkilyni[ Ô[ea[ t[Tli[ upyi[g Yti[

hti[.

{3} nvsir) (jÃlin) p\iY(mk SiLiai[mi> srkir) n)(t (SxNn) g&Nv_iin[

ag\AYin aip[ C[.

{4} nvsir) (jÃlin) p\iY(mk SiLiai[mi> (Sxki[n[ (bn(vwik)y srkir) kiyi[<

krvi> pD[ C[.

{10} riqvi {2009}10

a[ “nsviD) til&kini p\iY(mk (SxNn) smAyiai[” (vPy

pr a[m.a[D`. kxia[ v)r nm<d d(xN g&jrit y&(nv(s<T), s&rtmi> s>Si[Fn hiY

Fy&< ht&>. t[ni m&²y ud[`Si[ ai p\miN[ hti :

{1} nsviD) til&kin) p\iY(mk (SxNn) a¹yyn-a¹yipn s>b>F) smAyiai[

ÔNv).

{2} nsviD) til&kin) p\iY(mk (SxNn) vh)vT) s>b>F) smAyiai[ ÔNv).

{3} nsviD) til&kin) p\iY(mk (SxNn) Bi](tk s&(vFi s>b>F) smAyiai[ ÔNv).

{4} nsviD) til&kin) p\iY(mk (SxNn) g&Nv_ii s&FirNi kiy<k|m a>g[n)

smAyiai[ ÔNv).

s>Si[Fk[ mi(ht) a[k#i)krN miT[ ai[LKyid) an[ siÈyp#ikni[ upyi[g kyi[<

hti[. p\Åniv(lmi> pi>c (vBigi[mi> an&k|m[ SiLin) a¹yy-a¹yipn, vh)vT) s>b>(Ft

mi(ht), Bi](tk an[ p\vZ(_i s>b>F) (vgti[ an[ ai>kDik)y mi(ht) m[Lvvi s>b(Ft

klmi[ ht).

p\At&t s>Si[Fnni nm*ni hiYvgi nm*nini[ upyi[g kr) nsviD) til&kin) k&l

125 SiLiai[ni[ (ndS<mi> smiv[S krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. p\At&t s>Si[Fn sv[<xN p\kirn&

26

ht&>. ai[LKyid) prni a(Bp\iyi[ni pZYÊrN miT[ Tkivir)ni[ upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[

hti[.


{1} a´yyn-a´yipn s>b>F) smAyi a>g[ni tirNi[

• (SxNkiy<mi> (Sxki[ p\yi[gSiLini[ upyi[gi[ ai[Ci p\miNmi> krti hti.

• (SxNkiy<mi> Ô[Diy[li (vwiY)<ai[ni[ piyi[ nbLi[ hti[.

• (Sxkmi> piqyk|m p*ri[ krvi pr Bir rh[ti[ hti[.

{2} vh)vT) s>b>F) smAyiai[ a>g[ni tirNi[

• (Sxki[n[ v[tnY) s>ti[P n hti[.

• p\iY(mk (SxNmi> vh)vT) tjXi[ oiri (Sxki[n[ vh)vT) mig<dS<n mLt&>

ht&>.

• (SxNkiy< upri>t (Sxki[n[ c*>TN), vAt) gNtr) j[vi riOT^)y kiy<mi>

ri[kvimi> aivti hti.

{3} Bi](tk s&(vFi s>b>F) smAyiai[ a>g[ni tirNi[.

• SiLimi> p&Atkilyni[ aBiv Ô[vi mÇyi[ hti[.

• SiLimi> rmt gmt n&> m[dinn&> yi[³y x[#ifL n ht&>.

• SiLimi> p)vini> ci[²Ki piN)n) s&(vFini[ aBiv hti[.

{4} (SxNn) g&Nv_ii s&FirNi kiy<k|m a>g[ni> tirNi[.

• SiLi kxia[ S]x(Nk upciriRmk kiy<k|mi[ Yti> n hti.

• vg<K>D (SxNn) g&Nv_ii s&FirNi miT[ (vwiY)<ai[n[ vF& ki[c)>g miT[

vil)ai[ Ôg\t hti.

27

2.2.2 p)a[c.D). kxia[ Yy[li> s>Si[Fni[

{1} d[sie {1966}11

a[ “ Evaluation of secondary of Gujarat,

Saurashtra, Kutch” (vPy pr a[k s>Si[Fn a¿yis p)a[c.D). kxia[

mhiriÔ syiJriv y&(nv(s<T) vDi[dri hiY Fyi< hti[. p\At&t s>Si[Fnni h[t&ai[

ai m&jb hti :

{1} g&jrit rijyn) vt<min mi´y(mk SiLiai[n) (AY(tn&> sv[<xN krv&>.

{2} mi´y(mk SiLiai[ s>b>(Ft smAyiai[ni[ a¿yis krvi[ an[ smAyiai[ni

(nrikrN miT[ni> s*cni[ dSi<vvi>.

p\At&t a¿yismi> mi(ht) a[k#i)krN miT[ (SxN (vPyk vi(P<k ah[vili[,

(v(vF simi(yki[, t[mj a](thi(sk si(hRyni[ upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. SiLiai[n)

Bi](tk s&(vFiai[, S)Kvvimi> aivti kiy<k|mi[ an[ s>AYik)y aiyi[jn miT[ $b$

m&likiti[ gi[qv) ht). nm*ni $p[ 127 SiLai[n[ ps>d krvimi> aiv) ht). s>Si[Fn

upkrN tr)k[ p\Åniv(lai[ni[ upyi[g kyi[< hti[. (Sxki[ t[mj aiciyi[<n) $b$

m&likiti[ gi[qv) ht). SiLin) gNtr) kr)n[ (jÃli p\miN[ t[ni[ t&lniRmk a¿yis

hiY Frvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

a¿yisni p\m&K tirNi[ ai p\miN[ hti :

{1} mi[TiBigni (Sxki[mi> (SxNni h[t&ai[ p\Ry[ sBintini[ aBiv hti[.

{2} (Sxki[ (SxNn) upyi[(gti an[ h[t&lx)tin) bibti[mi> Ô[ea[ t[Tli ÔgZt n

hti.

{3} bF) SiLiai[mi> simiºy r)t[ Bi](tk s&(vFiai[ s>ti[Pkirk ht).

{4} (Sxki[n) ps>dg) kiydi m&jb Yt) Ô[vi mL) ht).

{5} SiLin) sBimi> vh)vT) an[ S]x(Nk smAyiai[n) cci<-(vcirNi Yt) Ô[vi

mL) nh)>.

{6} s>AYiai[ni m*Ãyi>kn miT[ ci[kks p\kirni kiy<k|mi[ni> aiyi[jnni[ aBiv Ô[vi

mÇyi[.

28

{7} SiLiai[ni (hsibn) ckisN) miT[ (vS[P s&(vFini[ aBiv Ô[vi mÇyi[.

{2} d[vgi[vDi an[ prm[Åvrn {1971}12

a[ S]x(Nk s>Si[Fn an[ til)mn) riOT^)y

s(m(t trfY) a[k s>Si[Fn kiy< hiY Fy&< ht&>. upri[kt s>Si[Fnni m&²y

h[t&ai[ n)c[ m&jb hti.

{1} m]s&r rijymi> (SxNni p\Ry[k tbkk[ S]x(Nk (vkisni[ a¿yis krvi[.

a´y[tia[ pi[tini a¿yis miT[ mi(ht) p\i¼t krvi (SxNp>ci[ni ah[vili[,

(SxNni (v(vF p\kirni simi(yk, a(Kl Birt)y sv[<xN ah[vili[, (SxN s>b>F)

Birtni g\>Yi[ an[ a](thi(sk si(hRyn[ lgti g\>Yi[ni[ smiv[S kyi[< hti[.

a¿yisni m&²y (nOkPi[< ai m&jb p\i¼t Yyi hti :

{1} p*v[< p\iY(mk kxin[ srkir trfY) ai(Y<k shiy aipvin) n)(tni[ aBiv Ô[vi

mÇyi[ hti[.

{2} King) p\iY(mk SiLiai[mi> vh)vT) smAyiai[ UB) Yt) Ô[vi mL) ht).

{3} mi´y(mk (SxN s>AYiai[mi> (vwiY)< s>²yin) vZ(Û siY[ srkir trfY) ai(Y<k

shiyn) vZ(Û krvin) n)(t Ô[vi mL).

{4} y&(nv(s<T) kxia[ p(rv(t<t Yy[li a¿yisk|mi[Y) S]x(Nk p\g(t s>ti[Pkirk

Ô[vi mL).

{5} T[k`(nkl an[ F>Fik)y (SxNx[#i[ as>ti[Pkirk p\g(t Ô[vi mL).

{6} rijymi> p\Ry[k Atr[ (v(vF S]x(Nk siFni[ an[ s&(vFiai[ni[ aBiv Ô[vi mÇyi[

hti[.

{3} kip(Dyi {1984}13

“ A Study of the Devlopment of primary

Education in the state of Gujarat After Independence” (vPy

pr a[k s>Si[Fn p)a[c.D). kxia[ d(xN g&jrit y&(nv(s<T), s&rtmi> hiY Fy&<

ht&>. upri[kt (vPyni h[t&ai[ ai m&jb hti :

{1} g&jrit rijymi> Fi[rN 1 Y) 7ni p\iY(mk (SxNn) p\g(tni[ ²yil m[Lvvi[.

{2} e.s. 1947 Y) e.s. 1980 s&F)ni vPi[< dr(myin g&jrit rijymi> p\iY(mk

(SxN x[#i[ Yy[l) p\g(tn) mi(ht) a[k#i krv).

29

aý[ti p\At&t a¿yismi> mi(ht) a[k#i krvi miT[ k[LvN)kiri[ni a¿yisp*N<

l[Ki[, (SxNp>ci[ni (v(vF ah[vili[, k[LvN)kiri[ an[ s>cilki[ oiri yi[Ôy[l) cci<-

sBin) (v(vF ni[>Fi[> upri>t (v(vF S]x(Nk sim(yki[ni[ upyi[g kyi[< hti[. g&jritni

k[Tlik l¾F p\(t(Oq(t k[LvN)kiri[n) $b$ m&likiti[ oiri pN mi(ht) a[k#i krvimi>

aiv) ht).

aý[ti hiY Fr[l a¿yisni m&²y (nOkPi[< ai m&jb hti :

{1} aºy rijyi[n) t&lnimi> g&jrit rijymi> p\iY(mk (SxNn) p\g(t s>ti[Pp\d

rh[vi pim) ht).

{2} e.s. 1050-51 Y) 1979-80 dr(myin SiLimi> BNti Ci[kriai[ni an[

Ci[kr)ai[n&> p\miN 12.1 Y) 21.1 vµc[ rh[vi piÀy&> ht&>.

{3} e.s. 1950-51 Y) 1979-80 dr(myin A#i) (Sxki[n) Brt)mi> ni[Fpi#i vFiri[

Ô[vi mÇyi[ hti[.

{4} p\iY(mk (SxN piCL p\(t vP< srkir trfY) $(pyi 313 liK j[Tli[ Kc<

krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

{5} p\iY(mk SiLini (Sxki[ miT[ til)m an[ aºy s&(vFiai[ vFirvimi> aiv) hi[vi

Cti> (SxNn) g&Nv_iin&> Fi[rN p\miNmi> Ô[ea[ t[Tl&> s>ti[Ppd rh[vi piÀy&> n

ht&>.

{4} rimniYn {1984}14

a[ “ A study of the Devlopment of the

Primary Education in Tamilnadu during post Independence

period” (vPy pr d(xN g&jrit y&(nv(s<T), s&rtmi> p)a[c.D). kxia[ a[k

a¿yis hiY Fyi[< hti[.

aý[tia[ n)c[ m&jbni h[t&ai[ njr smx ri²yi hti> :

{1} aizid) pC) t(mlniD&mi> p\iY(mk (SxNni (vkisni[ a¿yis krvi[.

mi(ht) a[k#i)krN miT[ vAt) gNtr)ni ah[vili[, (v(vF (SxNp>ci[ni

ah[vil, (SxNn[ lgti g\>Yi[ vg[r[n) mdd l)F) ht). upri>t (SxN aiyi[jki[,

s>AYini ÄyvAYipki[ aiciyi[<, (Sxki[ pis[Y) pN mi(ht) a[k#i krvimi> aiv) ht).

30

s>Si[Fnni m&²y tirNi[ n)c[ m&jb p\i¼t Yyi hti :

{1} p\iY(mk SiLiai[, (Sxki[ an[ biLki[n) s>²yimi> siri[ a[vi[ vFiri[ Yvi siY[

g&Nv_iini Fi[rNi[ n)c[ jti> jNiyi hti.

{2} an&din l[t) King) p\iY(mk SiLiai[n) s>²yi e.s. 1960-61 mi> 6137 ht) t[

FT)n[ e.s. 1980-81 mi> 4914 Ye ht).

{3} t(mlniD& rijymi> e.s. 1948-49 mi> 15,303 p\iY(mk SiLiai[ ht). j[ e.s.

1981-82mi> vF)n[ 33,323 Ye ht). aim p\iY(mk SiLiai[n) s>²yimi> ni[>Fpi#i

vFiri[ Yyi[ hti[.

{4} e.s. 1956-57 an[ e.s. 1981-82 vµc[ (Sxki[n) srKimN)mi> (S(xkiai[n)

Brt)ni[ dr U>ci[ rHi[ hti[.

{5} e.s. 1956-57 an[ 1981-82 vµc[ 1.8 Tkini dr[ p\iY(mk (Sxki[n) s>²yimi>

vFiri[ Yyi[ hti[.

{6} a¿yismi> smi(vOT s>²yiai[mi> p\(t vP[< Ci[kr)ai[ krti> Ci[kriai[n&> p\v[Sn&>

p\miN vFt& rH& ht&>.

{5} piDv) {1995}15

a[ “ Di>g (jÃlimi> Avi>#yi[_ir p\iY(mk (SxNni[ (vkis an[

smAyiai[ni[ a[k a¿yis ” (vPy pr p)a[c.D). n) pdv) miT[ v)r nm<d d(xN

g&jrit y&(nv(s<T), s&rtmi> s>Si[Fn hiY Fy&< ht&>. j[ni h[t& ai m&jb hti :

{1} Avit>#y p\i(¼t pC)ni vPi[< dr(myin Di>g (jÃlimi> p>ciyt (SxN s(m(t

s>ci(lt p\iY(mk SiLiai[ni (vkisn) mi(ht) m[Lvv).

{2} Di>g (jÃlimi> p\iY(mk SiLiai[n) p&Atkily s>b>(Ft smAyiai[n) mi(ht)

m[Lvv).

{3} Di>g (jÃlimi smij kÃyiN Kitin) miºytiviL) aiâm SiLiai[n) (vgti[

m[Lvv).

{4} Avit>#yi[_ir pC)ni vPi[<mi> Di>g (jÃli p>ciyt (SxN s(m(t s>ci(lt p\iY(mk

SiLiai[ni k&mir an[ kºyin) vZ(Û ÔNv).

31

{5} Avit>#yi[_ir pC)ni vPi[<mi> Di>g (jÃli p>ciyt (SxN s(m(t s>ci(lt p\iY(mk

SiLiai[ni (Sxki[n) vZ(Û ÔNv).

{6} Di>g (jÃlimi> p\iY(mk (SxN m[Lvti> SiLimi> a(ny(mt rh[ti> biLki[ni

kirNi[ ÔNvi.

{7} Di>g (jÃlimi> p\iY(mk SiLiai[n) Bi](tk an[ ai(Y<k smAyiai[ ÔNv).

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> s>Si[Fk[ n)c[ m&jbni> upkrNi[ (vksiÄyi> hti>.

{1} Birt srkir oiri n)mvimi> aiv[li (v(vF (SxNp>ci[ni ah[vili[.

{2} a[n.s).e.air.T). oiri p\gT Yy[l sv[<xN a¿yisi[.

{3} g&jrit rijy an[ Di>g (jÃli p\iY(mk (SxN s(m(t oiri p\gT Yy[l si(hRy.

upri>t smAyi ai[LK miT[ p\Åniv(ln) rcni krvimi> aiv) ht).

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> s>Si[Fk[ nm*ni tr)k[ Di>g (jÃlin) 360 p\iY(mk SiLiai[mi>Y)

100 p\iY(mk SiLini aiciyi[< 200 (Sxki[, 200 p\(t(n(F$p vil)ai[ SiLiai[mi>

a(ny(mt rh[ti 500 biLki[ an[ vh)vT) a(Fkir)ai[ tYi k[LvN)kiri[n[ ps>d kyi<

hti. p\At&t s>Si[Fn miT[ a](thi(sk an[ sv[<xN pÛ(t apniv) ht).


{1} Di>g (jÃlimi> Avit>#yi[_ir p\iY(mk (SxNni aml)krN smy[ 6 p\iY(mk

SiLiai[ ht). e.s. 1993 ni vP<mi> 360 SiLiai[ Ye ht).

{2} p\iY(mk Atr[ p\ir>(Bk S]x(Nk vP< dr(myin 12 (Sxki[ hti, j[ e.s. 1993ni

S]x(Nk vP<mi> 1055 (Sxki[n) s>²yi Ye ht).

{3} C[Ãli pi>c vP<mi> e.s. 1988 Y) 1993ni vP< dr(myin p\(tvP< k&mir an[

kºyiai[n) SiLiai[mi> vZ(Û Ô[vi mL). pr>t& vg<vir (vwiY)<ai[n) s>²yimi>

p\(tvP< FTiDi[ Ô[vi mÇyi[.

{4} Di>g (jÃlini (Sxki[ miT[ s[vikil)n til)m vgi[<n) ÄyvAYi Ô[vi mL). t[ai[n[

(jÃli bhir pN til)m) s[(mniri[mi> Big l[vi miT[ mi[klvimi> aivti hti.

32

p\iY(mk (SxNn) smAyiai[mi>Y) p\i¼t Yy[li> p\m&K tirNi[ :

{1} Di>g (jÃlin) mi[TiBign) p\iY(mk SiLiai[ pik>& mkin Frivt) ht), pr>t& aºy

Bi](tk s&(vFiai[ni[ aBiv hti[.

{2} SiLimi> (Sxki[n[ j p&Atkilyn) jvibdir) si[pvimi> aiv) ht). (v(vF

si(hRy, p&Atki[ an[ aºy s&(vFiai[ (vwiY)<n[ p\i¼t Yt) n ht).

{3} SiLimi> p\yi[gSiLi, r[D)yi[, T[(l(vzn k[ aºy d<Æy-âiÄy siFni[ p\i¼t n hti.

{4} ai kxia[ SiLimi> Bi[jnn) yi[jni p\i¼t Yt) ht).

{5} p\iY(mk kxia[ dr[k Fi[rN miT[ upkrN Kr)dvi sha¿yis p\vZ(_iai[ krvi

k[ºWSiLini s>m[lnmi> Big l[vi jt) vKt[ ai(Y<k shiy (SxN s(m(t oiri

aipvimi> aivt) n ht).

{6} pT[l {2007}16

a[ “k[ºW Si(st didri an[ ngr hv[l)mi> Avit>#yi[_ir p\iY(mk

(SxNni[ (vkis an[ smAyiai[ni[ a[k a¿yis” (vPy pr p)a[c.D).n) pdv)

miT[ v)r nm<d d(xN g&jrit y&(nv(s<T), s&rtmi> s>Si[Fn hiY Fy&< ht&>.


{1} k[ºW Si(st didri an[ ngr hv[l)mi> Avit>#yi[_ir p\iY(mk SiLiai[mi> k&mir

an[ kºyiai[n) vZ(Û ÔNv).

{2} Avit>#yi[_ir didri an[ ngr hv[l)mi> (jÃli p>ciyt s>ci(lt p\iY(mk

SiLiai[mi> Bi](tk s&(vFiai[ni[ a¿yis krvi[.

{3} k[ºW Si(st didri an[ ngr hv[l)mi> Avit>#yi[_ir p\iY(mk SiLiai[mi> p\vt<min

(SAt s>b>F) smAyiai[ni[ a¿yis krvi[.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> s>Si[Fk[ nm*ni tr)k[ k[ºW Si(st didri an[ ngr hv[l)mi>

(jÃli p>ciyt s>ci(lt k&l 241 SiLiai[mi> (SxN kiy< krti 820 (Sxki[, 10

p\iY(mk (SxNx[#i[ni a(Fkir)ai[, 21 p\iY(mk k[ºW SiLini aiciyi[< tYi 500

a(ny(mt rh[ti biLki[n[ ps>d krvimi> aiÄyi hti.

33

mi(ht) a[k#i)krN miT[ dAtiv[J si(hRy, m&likitp#ik tYi smAyi ai[LKk|m

mipd>Dni[ upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. ai s>Si[Fn a](thi(sk an[ sv[<xN p\kirn&>

ht&>.

s>Si[Fn m&²y (nOkPi[< ai m&jb p\i¼t Yyi hti> :

{1} didri ngrhv[l)n) p\iY(mk SiLiai[mi> a¿yis krti k&miri[ an[ kºyiai[mi>

e.s. 1961-62 Y) e.s. 2005-06ni smygiLi dr(myin si>(²yk vZ(Û Ô[vi

mL) ht).

{2} Avit>#yi[_ir didri an[ ngrhv[l)mi> (jÃli p>ciyt s>ci(lt SiLiai[n) Bi](tk

s&(vFiai[ s>ti[Pkirk ht).

{3} didri an[ ngrhv[l)mi> (jÃli p>ciyt s>ci(lt Avit>#yi[_ir p\iY(mk

SiLiai[mi> (SAtn&> piln krvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>. Cti> pN upli Fi[rNni

(vwiY)<ai[n) g[r(SAt asr n)cli> Fi[rNni (vwiY)<ai[ pr Ô[vi mL) ht).

2.3 riOT^ kxia[ Yy[li s>Si[Fni[

{1} STERT17

AT[T e(ºATTy*T ai[f a[jy&k[Snl r)sc< T^(n>g trfY)

“Teacher Education at Primary Leval in Rajasthan” (vPy

a>g[ e.s. 1966mi> a[k a¿yis hiY Frvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

p\At&t s>Si[Fn sv<[xN pÛ(tY) krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. t[ni[ m&²y ud[S` rijAYin

rijy aiv[l) p\iY(mk (Sxk-p\(SxN s>AYin&> Äyipk (c#i ail[Kvin& ht&>.

p\At&t a¿yismi> rijAYinn) k&l 47 srkir) p\(SxN s>AYiai[mi>Y) 42

s>AYiai[ 16 King) p\(SxN s>AYiai[mi>Y) 8 s>AYiai[n[ nm*nimi> ps>d krvimi> aiv)

ht). ps>d kr[l k&l pcis s>AYiai[mi>Y) 14 s>AYiai[ g\iÀy (vAtirn), 23 ngr

(vAtirn) ht). p\Åniv(l oiri mi(ht) a[k#i krvimi> aiv)> ht).

s>Si[Fnni m&²y (nOkPi[< ai m&jb hti> :

34

{1} p\(SxN s>AYiai[ni[ a¿yisk|m p\iY(mk an[ mi´y(mk (SxN (vBig, rijy

srkir trfY) FDvimi> aiÄyi[, j[n&> dr[k s>AYimi> aml)krN Yt&> ht&>.

{2} b[ tZt)yi>S p\(SxNiY)<ai[ Sh[r) (vAtirmi>Y) aivti hti.

{3} k[Tl)k s>AYini p\(SxNiY)<ai[ piqyk|mn[ vF& pDti[ mh_viki>x) minti hti.

{4} s>AYin) pis[ pi[tin) p\iyi[(gk SiLiai[ n ht).

{5} p\(SxNiY)<ai[ uwi[g kiy<n[ vF& Kci<L an[ k(qn minti hti.

{6} pcis p\(SxN s>AYiai[mi>Y) 37 s>AYiai[ni mi(lk)ni mkin hti.

{2} kmlÀmi {1969}18

a[ p)a[c.D). kxia[ k[rili y&(nv(s<T), k[rilimi> a[k

s>Si[Fn hiY Fy&< ht&>. j[ni[ (vPy hti[- “History and problem of

primary Education in Kerala.”

p\At&t a¿yisni m&²y h[t&ai[ ai m&jb hti.

{1} k[rili rijymi> p\iY(mk (SxNn[ asr krt) m&²y smAyiai[ni[ a¿yis krvi[.

{2} k[rili rijymi> p\iY(mk (SxNni[ e(this ÔNvi[

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> s>Si[Fk[ srkir) aiXip#ii[, srkir) ah[vili[ an[ miºy

si(hRyni[ mi(ht) p\i¼t krvi upyi[g kyi[< hti[. ai upri>t mlbirni k[Tli>k

li[kg)ti[ pr (vÅl[PNiRmk a¿yis hiY Frvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. nm*nimi> rijyn) (nÀn

p\iY(mk kxin) 70 SiLiai[n[ ps>d krvimi> aiv) ht). Fi[rN 1 Y) 8 p\iY(mk

(SxNni[ a¿yis krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. mi(ht) p*(t< aY[< $b$ m&likiti[ pN gi[qvvimi>

aiv) ht).

s>Si[Fnni m&²y tirNi[ n)c[ m&jb p\i¼t Yyi hti :

{1} rijymi> 6 Y) 11 vP<n) vy j*Y Frivti 100 Tki biLki[ e.s. 1975 s&F)mi>

(SxN p\i¼t kr) Skyi hti.

{2} mi[TiBign) SiLiai[mi> (Sxki[n) ps>dg) kimcliu Fi[rN[ Yt) Ô[vi mL) ht).

{3} Kis kr)n[ rmt-gmt siFni[, airi[³yn[ lgt) ÄyvAYiai[ t[mj p)vini

piN)n) ÄyvAYiai[ s>ti[Pjnk ht).

35

{4} apÄyy an[ AY(gtti d*r krvi miT[ srkirni> p\yRni[ sfLtip*v<kni Ô[vi

mÇyi hti.

{5} yi[³y (SxN pÛ(tni aBiv[ a¿yisk|m sfLtip*v<k cil) Skti[ n hti[.

{6} vh)vT) m&Æk[l) hi[vi Cti> mýihn Bi[jnn) ÄyvAYi mi[TiBign) SiLiai[mi>

riKvimi> aiv) ht).

{7} mi[TiBigni m&²y (Sxki[ {aiciyi[<} p\iY(mk kxini vgi[<mi> cilti

a¿yisk|mY) nirij hti.

{3} dis {1970}19

a[ “1874-1947 dr(myin aisim rijymi> miý(mk (SxNni[

(vkis an[ simi(jk pr t[n) asr” (vPy pr p)a[c.D). n) pdv) miT[ aisim

y&(nv(s<T)mi> s>Si[Fn hiY Fy&< ht&>.


{1} aisimmi> 1947 s&F)ni miý(mk (SxNni[ U>DiNp*v<k a¿yis krvi[.

{2} aisimmi> miý(mk (SxNni (vkisni[ a¿yis krvi[.

{3} aisimmi> miý(mk (SxNn) simi(jk (vkis pr asrkirktini[ a¿yis

krvi[.

{4} aisimmi> 1874-1947 s&F)ni[ miý(mk (SxN (vS[ni[ e(this ÔNvi miT[

a¿yis krvi[.

p\At&t s>Si[Fn a](thi(sk pÛ(t oiri hiY Fy&< ht&>. mi(ht) a[k#i)krN miT[

s>Si[Fk[ upkrN tr)k[ m*L dAtiv[Ô[, dftr ni[>Fi[, (SxNx[#i[ni vi(P<k ah[vili[ an[

sim(yki[ni[ upyi[g kyi[< hti[.

s>Si[Fnni m&²y (nOkPi[< ai m&jb p\i¼t Yyi hti:

{1} aisimmi> 1874-1947 s&F) miý(mk (SxNni[ (vkis zDp) Ô[vi mÇyi[ hti[.

{2} aisimn) miý(mk SiLini> (SxNn) (AY(t FN) sir) ht).

{3} aisimmi> srkir) miý(mk SiLiai[ni mkini[ (SxN miT[ vF& yi[³y jNiti

hti jyir[[ King) miý(mk SiLiai[ni> mkini[ (SxN miT[ yi[³y jNiti> hti>.

{4} miý(mk (Sxki[n) ÄyivAyi(yk kxin&> p\miN n)ci Atr[ Ô[vi mÇy&> ht&>.

36

{4} Smi< {1973}20

a[ “p>Ôbmi> p\iY(mk (SxNn) vh)vT) an[ niNi>k)y

smAyiai[ an[ t[n) rijymi> S]x(Nk (vkis upr asr” (vPy pr p)a[c.D).

n) pdv) miT[ p>Ôb y&(nv(s<T)mi> s>Si[Fn hiY Fy&< ht&>.

s>Si[Fnni m&²y ud[`Si[ ai p\miN[ hti :

{1} p\iY(mk (SxNni (vkis pr vh)vT) an[ niNi>k)y smAyiai[n) asrn&>

m*Ãyi>kn krv&>.

{2} p>Ôb rijymi> p\iY(mk (SxNn) vh)vT) an[ niNi>k)y smAyiai[n&> Atr

nkk) krv&>.

{3} Kitik)y Atr an[ SiLin) ri[(j>d) smAyiai[ hk krvi vh)vT)diri[ oiri

l[viy[li (nN<yi[n&> pZYÊrN krv&>.

{4} p\iY(mk (SxNni siri vh)vT) an[ niNi>k)y miLKi> miT[ s*cni[ krvi.

p\At&t s>Si[Fk[ nm*nimi> 300 m&²y (Sxki[, 300 (S(xkiai[n) yiØ(rCk r)t[

ps>dg) krvimi> aiv) ht). s>Si[Fnmmi> p>Ôbni B(Tºdi an[ l&(Fyini (jÃliai[n[

a´yynmi> aivr) l)Fi hti>. mi(ht) a[k#i)krN miT[ni upkrNmi> p\Åniv(l,

m&likit pÛ(t, an[ ni[>F p&(Atkiai[ni[ upyi[g kyi[< hti[.

s>Si[Fnni> tirNi[ ai m&jb hti> :

{1} p\iY(mk SiLiai[mi> p*rt) yi[³y svlti[ni[ aBiv hti[.

{2} p\iY(mk (SxNmi> Kim)y&kt a¿yisk|m an[ Kim)y&kt piqyp&Atki[ Ô[vi mÇyi

hti.

{3} vh)vTn) j&d) j&d) spiT)a[ (Sxki[n&> kiy< an[ vt<n t[mn) b[drkir)

a(ny(mtti j[v) g>B)r smAyiai[ ht).

{4} niNik)y ÄyvAYin) smAyi kiym) ht).

{5} ki[ri {1973}21

a[ p>Ôb y&(nv(s<T)mi> p)a[s[c.D) kxia[ “ A Critical

Study of the Development of Secondary Education in Punjab

Since the Year 1947” (vPy pr a[k s>Si[Fn hiY Fy&< ht&>.

37

p\At&t s>Si[Fnni[ h[t& e.s. 1947 Y) miý(mk (SxNni[ a¿yis krvi[ t[mj

ai x[#i[ a¿yis krti (vwiY)<ai[ni> (SxNn) g&Nv_ii tpisv).

s>Si[Fk[ p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> a](thi(sk s>Si[Fn pÛ(t apniv) ht). mi(ht)

a[k#i krvi miT[ aiFirB*t siFni[mi> vi(P<k ah[vili[, sim(yki[, k[LvN)kiri[ni

s>Si[Fn ah[vili[, p>Ôb y&(nv(s<T)< oiri t]yir krvimi> aiv[li ah[vili[ j[vi

upkrNi[ni[ upyi[g kyi[< hti[. upri>t gi]N siFni[ tr)k[ S]x(Nk s>AYiai[ni vi(P<k

ah[vili[ (vÚini[ oiri lKiy[li S]x(Nk ah[vili[ an[ (fls*f)n&> si(hRy vg[r[ l[vimi>

aiÄy&> ht&>.


{1} miý(mk SiLiai[ni (Sxki[ni F>Fik)y (vkis a>g[ pgli> l[vimi> aiÄyi> hi[vi

Cti> (SxNn) g&Nv_iini[ (vkis Yyi[ n hti[.

{2} miý(mk (Sxk p\(SxN s>AYiai[mi> a(tSy m*D) ri[kiN Yy&> hi[vi Cti>

miý(mk SiLiai[mi> (SxNn) g&Nv_iin&> Fi[rN n)c&> rH&> ht&>.

{3} rijyn) miý(mk SiLiai[mi> niNi>k)y s&(vFiai[ stt vFirvimi> aiv) hi[vi

Cti> (SxNn) g&Nv_iimi> ni[>Fpi#i s&Firi[ Yyi[ n hti[.

{4} miý(mk SiLiai[ an[ (vwiY)<ai[n) s>²yivZ(Ûn) t&lnimi> (nr)xk-gNn)

s>²yimi> vFiri[ n(hvt` hti[.

{5} rijymi> miý(mk (nr)xk a(Fkir)ai[ mi#i mi(ht) a[k#i krnir t>#i) j rHi

hti. n*tn pÛ(tai[ btivvi miT[ b[drkir rHi hti.

{6} rijymi> miý(mk (SxNn) Ôh[r pr)xiai[n&> p(rNim 40 TkiY) 50 Tki rH&>

ht&>.

{6} kkkD {1983}22

a[ nigp&r y&(nv(s<T)mi> p)a[c.D) kxia[ a[k s>Si[Fn hiY

Fy&< ht&>.j[ni[ (vPy “Secondary Teacher Education Curriculam

An Analytical Study and Developing Teacher Education

Programme” hti[.

s>Si[Fnni m&²y ud[`Si[ ai p\miN[ hti.

38

{1} p\(SxN kiy<k|mni simiºy an[ (v(SOT pisi>ai[ni[ (vv[cniRmk a¿yis krvi[.

{2} p\(SxN s>AYiai[mi> k[v&> p(rvt<n aivÆyk C[ t[ni[ a¿yis krvi[.

{3} miý(mk (Sxk-p\(SxN kiy<k|m a>g[ riOT^n) j&d)-j&d) cir y&(nv(s<T)ai[mi>

p\(SxNiY)<ai[ni a(Bp\iyi[ m[Lvvi.

{4} p\(SxN kiy<k|mni (vkis miT[ s*cni[ krvi.

p\At&t s>Si[Fn miT[ e(ºDyn asi[s)yn ai[f T)cr a[jy&k[Sn, kiu(ºsl ai[f

ajy&k[Snl r)cs< a[ºD T^[(n>g, u_ir p\d[Sni[ liesºs ai[f T)>c)>>gni[ smiv[S

krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. rijy (Sxk-p\(SxN kiy<k|m a>g[n) p\(SxN s>AYiai[n[ nm*ni

tr)k[ ps>dg) krvimi> aiv) ht). mi(ht) a[k#i)krN miT[ m&likit, an&s*(c upri>t

p\Åniv(l j[vi upkrNi[ni[ upyi[g kyi[< hti[.

s>Si[Fnni> m&²y (nOkPi[< ai m&jb Yyi> hti> :

{1} p\(SxN s>AYiai[mi> s]Ûi>(tk an[ p\iyi[(gk pr)xiai[ l[vit) ht).

{2} p\At&t p\(SxN s>AYiai[mi> SiLini> (vPyi[ siY[ s>l³n (vPyvAt&ni[ piqyk|m

amlmi> hti[.

{3} rijy (Sxk p\(SxN kiy<k|mmi> n)c[ni pisi>ni[ smiv[S kyi[< hti[.

{1} s]Ûi>(tk (SxN

{2} p\iyi[(gk (SxN

{3} simi(jk kiyi[<

{4} kiyi<n&Bv

{5} sha¿yis p\vZ(_iai[

{4} dr #iN mis[ (SxNmi> eºTn<S)p Yt) ht).

{5} p\s>gi[pit (v(vF s>AYiai[ni aýipki[ an[ miý(mk SiLini (Sxki[n)

(vÛtini[ liB mLti[ hti[.

{7} Rao (2004)23

a[ “ Progress of the primary and upper primary

education in Andhra Prradesh” (vPy pr p)a[c.D). n) pdv) miT[

s>Si[Fn hiY Fy&< ht&>.

39

s>Si[Fnni m&²y ud[`Si[ ai p\miN[ hti :

{1} ai>F\p\d[Smi> p\iY(mk an[ uµc p\iY(mk (SxNni[ (vkis ÔNvi[.

{2} ai>F\p\d[Smi> p\iY(mk an[ uµc p\iY(mk SiLiai[mi> kim krti> (Sxki[n)

s>²yiRmk mi(ht) m[Lvv).

{3} ai>F\p\d[Smi> p\iY(mk an[ uµc p\iY(mk (SxNn) p\v<tmin (AY(tn) tpis

krv).

p\At&t a¿yismi> s>Si[Fk[ mi(ht) aY<SiA#i) an[ ai>kDiSiA#i kc[r) h]dribid

an[ SiLi (Sxk (nyimkn) kc[r) h]dribidmi>, ai>F\p\d[Smi> upl¾F dAtiv[J si(hRy

oiri p\i¼t kr) ht).


{1} ai>F\p\d[Smi> e.s. 1956-57 mi> p\iY(mk an[ uµc p\iY(mk SiLin) s>²yi

an&k|m[ 29076 an[ 329 ht) j[ vF)n[ e.s. 1999-2000mi> an&k|m[ 35398

an[ 7530 Ye ht).

{2} ai>F\p\d[Smi> e.s. 1956-57 mi> p\iY(mk an[ uµc p\iY(mk SiLiai[mi> kiy<rt

(Sxki[n) s>²yi an&k|m[ 7706 an[ 3886 ht) j[ vF)n[ e.s. 1999-2000mi>

an&k|m[ 136453 an[ 67117 Ye ht).

{3} ai>F\p\d[Smi> e.s. 1956-57 mi> p\iY(mk an[ uµc p\iY(mk SiLiai[mi>

(vwiY)<ai[n) s>²yi an&k|m[ 24.54 liK an[ 3.18 ht) jyir[ e.s. 1999-2000

an&k|m[ 91.12 liK an[ 26.14 liK Ye ht). aim (vwiY)<ai[n) s>²yimi> 12

vP[< u_iri[_ir vFiri[ jNiyi[ hti[.

2.4 (vd[Smi> Yy[li s>Si[Fni[

{1} a[eni[ {1964}24

a[ p)a[c.D). kxia[ m&>be y&(nv(s<T)mi> “History of

Primary and Secondary Education in Southern Nigeria,

1887-1952-53 with Special Emphasis upon Vorubuland” (vPy

pr a[k s>Si[Fn kiy< hiY Fy&< ht&>.

40

ai s>Si[Fnni> h[t&ai[ ai m&jb hti> :

{1} p\iY(mk an[ miý(mk x[#i[ up(AYt Yt) smAyiai[ni[ a¿yis hiY Frvi[.

{2} d(xN nie(jr)yimi> yi[@bil[ºDni Kis s>dB<mi> p\iY(mk an[ miý(mk

(SxNni (vkisni[ a¿yis hiY Frvi[.

mi(ht) a[k#i)krN miT[ s>Si[Fk[ srkir) dAtiv[Ô[, (v(vF S]x(Nk g\>Yi[,

S]x(Nk ah[vili[, simi(yki[ an[ p\Åniv(lai[ni[ upyi[g kyi[< hti[. Äy(ktgt

m&likiti[ pN yi[jvimi> aiv) ht).

s>Si[Fnni m&²y (nOkPi[< ai m&jb p\i¼t Yyi hti> :

{1} p\iY(mk (SxNn) p\g(t F)m) rh).

{2} p\iY(mk an[ miý(mk kxia[ kºyiai[n&> p\miN ai[C&> ht&>.

{3} miý(mk kxia[ Bi](tk s&(vFiai[ s>ti[Pp\d ht).

{4} AYi(nk li[ki[n) j$(ryiti[n[ an&$p miý(mk (SxNni a¿yisk|mi[ n hti.

{2} bn[<T {1976}25 “ A Comparison of teacher Blife Regarding the

Classroom Teaching/Learning Experience of Students in

Selected Co-Current and Consecutive Elementary Teacher

Training Programmes in Ontoria” (vPy pr a[k a¿yis hiY Fyi[<

hti[.

E(ºDyi y&(nv(s<T)mi>Y) Di<kTr ai[f a[jy&k[Snn) pdv) miT[ hiY Friy[l

p\At&t s>Si[Fnni m&²y ud[`Si[ n)c[ m&jb hti :

{1} (SxN S&> C[? t[n) smj*t) aipv) t[ a>g[ (Sxk-p\(SxN s>AYiai[ni[ a¿yis

krvi[.

{2} (Sxki[n) (SxN aipvi a>g[n) miºyiti S) C[, an[ viAt(vk vg<(SxNn) S&>

asr pDS[ t[ nkk) krv&>.

{3} j&d)-j&d) p\(SxN s>AYiai[mi> cilti alg – alg a¿yisk|m (vS[ jiNkir)

m[Lvv)>.

(Sxk-p\(SxNni b[ kiy<k|mi[ni[ a[ºTi[r)yi[ni p\i>tmi> smiv[S Yti[ hti[. j[mi>

41

{1} Consective j[ a[k vP<ni[ Äyvsi(yk kiy<k|m hti[.

{2} Co-Current a[ cir vP<ni[ Äyvsi(yk kiy<k|m hti[.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> ps>d kr[l a¿yisk|mmi> tfivti[ AYi(pt krvi miT[ s>AYini

kiy<k|m, b&l[(Tn k[l[ºDs<n&> (vÅl[PN krvimi> aiÄy&>. (SxN S&> C[ t[ smjivvi miT[

v[(l>g an[ ciT<s oiri bniv[l siFni[ni[ p\yi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. m&²y x[#i tr)k[

(Sxki[n) pÛ(tni[ upyi[g kr) t[mi> aiq cli[n&> mip kiQvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>

• (nOp(_i, ý[yi[ 1. (vPyvAt&n&> BirN

2. aidS< v]y(ktk an&k*ln

3. (vwiY)<n&> Avit>#y

• (Sxk-(vwiY)< s>b>Fi[ 4. ligN) h)nti

5. (vwiY)<ni (vcirni[ Av)kir

6. vg<K>D (SAt

• k[LvN)n) Äy*hrcni 7. (vwiY)< aih`vin

8. an&b>FiRmk aýyn

s>Si[Fk[ p\At&t s>Si[Fn miT[ Co-Current an[ Consective kiy<k|mmi>Y)

p\iyi[(gk miý(mk (Sxki[ an[ p\(SxN kiy<k|mmi> ps>dg) pim[li (vwiY)<ai[ni[ nm*ni[

ps>d krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.


{1} (vPyvAt& pr Bir aipvi krti> vg<K>D (SAt pr vF& Bir apiti[ hti[.

{2} Anitk kxini (vwiY)<ai[ni> (v(Bºn (SxN kiy<k|m a>g[ni> (vciri[mi> tfivt

ji[vi mÇyi[ n hti[.

{3} (vwiY)<n) Avit>#iti krti t[ni (vcir Av)kir pr vF& Bir m*kiti[ hti[.

{4} an&Bv) an[ (bnan&Bv) (Sxki[ni (SxNn) p\(k|yi miT[ni a(Bp\iyi[mi>

tfivt jNiyi[ hti[.

42

{3} Diy(mn {1982}26

a[ “A Development Approach to the

improvement and Upgraing of Secondary School Teacher in

IMO State, Nigeria” (vPy pr s>Si[Fn hiY Fy&< ht&>.

n[b\iAki, (l>kn y&(nv(s<T)mi> p)a[c.D). kxia[ hiY Fr[l p\At&t a¿yisni

m&²y ud[`Si[ ai p\miN[ hti :

{1} miý(mk (Sxki[mi> rs an[ S]x(Nk B*(mkini[ a¿yis krvi[.

{2} miý(mk (Sxki[n) S]x(Nk pÛ(t an[ S]x(Nk j$(ryiti[ (vS[ni[ a¿yis

krvi[.

p\At&t a¿yisni[ m&²y h[t& nie(j(ryini emip rijyni miý(mk (Sxki[ni

a(Bgmni[ (vkis jiNvini[ hti[. ai a¿yis m&²y_v[ ai>kDik)y pZYkkrN miT[n&>

si(hRy m&²y_v[ b[ (vBigi[mi> (vBi(jt krvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>, j[m k[

1. (SxN pÛ(tai[ (vS[n&> si(hRy.

2. S]x(Nk kc[r)ai[ni dftri[ an[ s>Si[Fni[ ah[vili[n&> (nr)xN.


{1} emi[ni mi[TiBigni miý(mk (Sxki[ miý(mk (SxNn) nv) n)(t bdlvini

pxmi> miºyti Frivti hti.

{2} miý(mk (Sxki[n) s[vikil)n til)m), a>g[ mi[Ti Bigni (Sxki[ s>mt Yti

Ô[vi mÇyi hti.

{3} mi[TiBigni (Sxki[ miý(mk SiLiai[mi> S]x(Nk aiyi[jn krvi a>g[

hkiriRmk hti.

{4} Chen (1999)27

“Factors that affect school adminitstrative

problem solving” (vPy pr ki[l(Àbyi y&(nv(s<T), T)cs< ki[l[jmi>

p)a[c.D) kxia[ s>Si[Fn hiY Fy&< ht&>.

s>Si[Fnni> h[t&ai[ ai m&jb hti> :

{1} SiLi vh)vT) oiri s>(d³F smAyiai[ni uk[l miT[n) r)ti[ tpisv).

43

{2} (nONi>t an[ lix(Nk vh)vT)kti<ai[ oiri smAyi uk[ln) p\(k|yi miT[n)

mi(ht), shyi[g an[ priv(t<t r)ti[ni upyi[gmi> rh[l tfivtn[ ÔNvi[.

{3} smAyi uk[l p\(k|yi vKt[ vh)vT) bibti[n[ asr krti s>AYik)y p(rbLi[ni[

a¿yis krvi[.

s>Si[Fk[ nm*ni tr)k[ 19 (mDl Ak*lni aiciyi[< ps>d kyi< hti. upkrN tr)k[

siÈyp#ik an[ p\Åniv(lni[ upyi[g kyi[< hti[. p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> sv[<xN pÛ(tni[

upyi[g kyi[< hti[.


{1} mi(ht) shyi[g an[ priv(t<t r)ti[ni upyi[gni s>dB<mi> (nONi>t an[ liÈi(Nk

vh)vTkti<ai[n) FirNiai[ an[ vlNi[mi> ApOT tfivt Ô[vi mÇyi[ hti[.

{2} Äy*ni> upyi[g an[ smAyi uk[ln) p(rNim) g&Nv_ii vµc[ FNi mi[Ti p\miNmi>

sitRy Ô[vi mÇy&>.

{3} smAyi uk[ln) p\(k|yin) ni[>Fpi#i asr (nONi>ti[ an[ vh)vT)kti<ai[ pr ji[vi

mL) n ht).

{5} Lee (2003)28

a[ “Problems of beginning elementary teachers

in seleted urbun catholic school” (vPy pr p)a[c.D). n) pdv) miT[

li[y[li y&(nv(s<T)mi> s>Si[Fn hiY Fy&< ht&>.

{1} (Skigi[ Sh[rni p\iY(mk SiLini (Sxki[ oiri p\ir>Bmi> an&Bvit) smAyiai[ni[

a¿yis krvi[.

{2} p\At&t s>Si[Fn agiuni (Sxki[n) smAyiai[Y) alg pD[ C[ k[ n(h t[n) tpis

krv).

p\At&t s>Si[Fk[ nm*ni tr)k[ 1980 (Sxki[ pis[Y) mi(ht) m[Lvvi miT[ upkrN

tr)k[ ai[LKyid)n) rcni kr) ht).


{1} (Sxk miT[ g>B)r smAyi smyn[ lgt) ht). smy bibt[ smyni[ aBiv Ô[vi

mÇyi[. t]yir) krvi miT[ m&kt smyni[ aBiv Ô[vi mÇyi[ hti[.

44

{2} nv (ny&ktn[ b)Ô j*ni (Sxki[ trfY) p*rt) mdd mLt) ht).

2.5 p\At&t s>Si[Fnn) (v(SOTti

p\At&t p\krNmi> s>Si[Fk[ hiY Fr[li s>Si[Fnn[ lgti p*v[< Yy[li s>Si[Fni[n)

sm)xi kr). hiY Fr[li p\At&t s>Si[Fnn) (v(SOTti ai m&jb C[ :

• p*v[< Yy[li s>Si[Fni[ m&²y_v[ g&jrit rijyni j&di j&di p\id[(Sk p\(SxN

s>AYiai[ p*rti myi<(dt hti. jyir[ s>Si[Fk[ nm<di an[ B$c (jÃlin)

miý(mk SiLiai[n[ aivr) l)F) ht).

• p*v[< Yy[li mi[Ti Bigni s>Si[Fni[ p\(SxNiY)<ai[ni p\iyi[(gk kiyi[< a>g[ni

vlNi[ ÔNvi Yy[li hti. jyir[ p\At&t s>Si[Fn a[ miý(mk SiLini

(vkisni kiy<k|mn[ aivr) l[ti[ U>DiNlx) a¿yis C[.

• p*v[< Yy[li s>Si[Fni[ m&²y_v[ sv[<xNiRmk s>Si[Fn pÛ(t oiri Yyi hti.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> sv[<xNiRmik upri>t a](thi(sk, dAtiv[J si(hRy uBy

s>Si[Fn pÛ(tai[ni[ (v(nyi[g Yyi[ C[. nm<di an[ B$c (jÃlin) miý(mk

SiLiai[ni[ (vkis an[ smAyiai[ jiNvini[ upk|m C[. upri>t smAyiai[n&>

aýyn kr)n[ smAyi uk[l miT[ni s*cni[ p\i¼t krvi miT[ s>Si[Fk[ p\At&t

s>Si[Fn hiY Fy&† ht&>.

• p*v[< Yy[l s>Si[Fni[mi> g&jrit, riOT^ tYi (vd[Smi> Yy[li s>Si[Fnni[mi>

(Sxk-p\(SxNni Atr[ t[mj SiLi kxia[ hiY Frvimi> aiÄyi hti. p\At&t

s>Si[Fnmi> (vkisn) siY[ siY[ apÄyy an[ AY(gttin) mi(ht) m[Lvvini[

pN upk|m riKvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

smg\ r)t[ Ô[ti p*v[< Yy[li s>Si[FnY) p\At&t s>Si[Fn an[k bibti[mi> alg pD[

C[ j[ n)c[ m&jb C[.

{1} p&ri[gim) s>Si[Fni[mi> p\iY(mk (SxNni[ (vkis, p*v< Anitk (Sxk-p\(SxNni[

(vkis, p\iY(mk (Sxk-p\(SxN kiy<k|mni[ g&Nv_iilx) (vkis, miý(mk t[mj

uµc miý(mk (SxNni[ (vkis an[ smAyiai[, miý(mk (Sxki[ni[ rs an[

45

S]x(Nk B*(mki upri>t S]x(Nk j$(ryiti[, (Sxk-p\(SxNmi> upyi[g) Ye Sk[

a[vi mi[D[ln) rcni krv), p\iY(mk SiLiai[n) g&Nv_ii s&Firv) vg[r[ (vS[

s>Si[Fni[ Yyi> C[. s>Si[Fk[ p\At&t s>Si[Fn oiri nm<di an[ B$c (jÃlin)

miý(mk SiLiai[ni (vkis an[ smAyi a>g[ni[ U>DiNlx) a¿yis hiY

Frvini[ upk|m Av)kiyi[< hti[. j[ p\Ym p\yis C[.

{2} p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> aiciyi<[, (nr)xki[ oiri dSi<v[l t)v\tm smAyiai[ an[

t[mni uk[li[n) cci<ni[ pN smiv[S krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. j[ p&rigim) s>Si[Fnmi>

Ô[vi mL[l nY).

{3} s>Si[Fk oiri nm<di an[ B$c (jÃlin) miý(mk SiLiai[ni (vkis an[

smAyi ÔNvi s>Si[Fn hiY Fy&< C[. j[mi> miý(mk SiLiai[ni[ a[k diyki

dr(myin ni[ (vkis, (Sxki[n) g&Nv_ii s&FirNi kiy<k|m t[mj k[LvN)

a(Fkir)ai[ oiri (SxNni (vkismi> fiLi[ j[v) tmim bibti[ni[ smiv[S kyi[<

C[.

2.6 ups>hir

p\At&t p\krNmi> s>Si[Fk[ p&ri[gim) s>Si[Fni[ni[ z)NvTByi[< a¿yis an[ sm)xi

kr) p\At&t s>Si[Fn p*ri[gim) s>Si[FnY) ke r)t[ alg pD[ C[. t[ jiNvini[ nm\ p\yis

kyi[< C[..

hv[ pC)ni p\krN #iNmi> s>Si[Fnn) aiFir(Sli an[ s>Si[Fn yi[jnin) cci<

hiY Frvimi> aivS[. s>Si[Fn yi[jni a>tg<t (vPyni[ ud`gm, p\At&t s>Si[Fnn&> Av$p,

Äyip(vÅv, nm*ni ps>dg), upkrNi[n) s>rcni, mi(ht) a[k#i)krNn) r)t an[

mi(ht)ni pZYkkrNn) r)t j[vi m&dìai[n) cci< hiY Frvimi> aivS[.

46

s>dBi[<

1. S&kl, {1981}.

rijki[T an[ s&r[ºWngr (jÃli miý(mkmi>Y) uµc_ir

miý(mk SiLimi> p(rvt<n pim[l) SiLiai[n) smAyiai[ni[ a¿yis.

ap\ki(St a[m.a[D`. lG& Si[F(nb>F. rijki[T : si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T).

2. pT[l, {1983}. vlsiD (jÃlini p\iY(mk aýipn m>(dri[ni til)miY)<ai[n)

smAyiai[ni[ a¿yis. ap\ki(St a[m.a[D`. lG&Si[F (nb>F, s&rt :

d(xN g&jrit y&(nv(s<T).

3. pT[l, {1990}. Frmp&r til&kin) p\iY(mk SiLiai[n) smAyiai[. ap\ki(St

a[m.a[D`. lG&Si[F (nb>F, s&rt : d(xN g&jrit y&(nv(s<T).

4. pT[l, {1995}.

c)Kl) til&kimi> uµc_ir miý(mk (SxN (vkis an[

smAyiai[. ap\ki(St a[m.a[D`. lG&Si[F (nb>F, s&rt : d(xN

g&jrit y&(nv(s<T).

5. tL[kr, {1985}. dmN (jÃlin) p\iY(mk (SxN (vkis an[ smAyiai[.

ap\ki(St a[m.a[D`. lG&Si[F (nb>F, s&rt : d(xN g&jrit

y&(nv(s<T).

6. miL), {2000}. s&rt Sh[rn) ngr p\iY(mk (SxN s(m(t s>ci(lt p\iY(mk

SiLini aiciyi[<n) p\Sisk)y smAyiai[. ap\ki(St a[m.a[D`.

lG&Si[F (nb>F, s&rt : d(xN g&jrit y&(nv(s<T).

7. prmir, {2001}. nm<di (jÃlin) p\iY(mk (SxN-p\(SxN ki[l[jni an[

smAyiai[ni[ a¿yis. ap\ki(St a[m.a[D`. lG&Si[F (nb>F, s&rt :

d(xN g&jrit y&(nv(s<T).

8. ci[pDi, {2006}. s&rt Sh[rn) an&di(nt p\iY(mk (SxN p\(SxN ki[l[Ô[ni[

(vkis an[ smAyiai[ni[ a¿yis. ap\ki(St a[m.a[D`. lG&Si[F

(nb>F, s&rt : d(xN g&jrit y&(nv(s<T).

47

9. pT[l, {2007}. nvsir) (jÃlimi> p\iY(mk (SxNni[ (vkis an[ smAyiai[.

ap\ki(St a[m.a[D`. lG&Si[F (nb>F, s&rt : d(xN g&jrit

y&(nv(s<T).

10. riqvi, {2009}. nsviD) til&kini p\iY(mk (SxNn) smAyiai[. ap\ki(St

a[m.a[D`. lG&Si[F (nb>F, s&rt : d(xN g&jrit y&(nv(s<T).

11. d[sie, {1966}. Evaluation of secondary of Gujarat,

Saurashtra, Kutch. ap\ki(St p)a[c.D). mhiSi[F (nb>F.

vDi[dri : mhiriÔ syiJriv y&(nv(s<T).

12. d[vgi[vDi an[ prm[Åvrn, {1971}. m]s&r rijymi> (SxN p\Ry[k tbÊ[

S]x(Nk (vkis. Retrived from http://

www.emsc.ysed12.gov/billing/pub/ksm/gcert.com. on

September 10,2009 at 10.35 a.m.

13. kip(Dyi, {1984}. A Study of the Devlopment of primary

Education in the state of Gujarat After Independence.

ap\ki(St p)a[c.D). mhiSi[F (nb>F. s&rt : d(xN g&jrit

y&(nv(s<T).

14. rimniYn, {1984}. A dtudy of the Devlopment of the Primary

Education in Tamilnadu during post Independence

period. ap\ki(St p)a[c.D). mhiSi[F (nb>F. s&rt : d(xN

g&jrit y&(nv(s<T).

15. piDv), {1995}. Di>g (jÃlimi> Avi>#yi[_ir p\iY(mk (SxNni[ (vkis an[

smAyiai[ni[ a[k a¿yis. ap\ki(St p)a[c.D). mhiSi[F (nb>F.

s&rt : d(xN g&jrit y&(nv(s<T).

48

16. pT[l, {2007}. k[ºW Si(st didr an[ ngr hv[l)mi> Avit>#yi[_ir p\iY(mk

(SxNni[ (vkis an[ smAyiai[ni[ a[k a¿yis. ap\ki(St

p)a[c.D). mhiSi[F (nb>F. s&rt : d(xN g&jrit y&(nv(s<T).

17. STERT, AT[T e(ºATTy*T ai[f a[jy&k[Snl r)sc< T^(n>g trfY) “

Teacher Education at Primary Leval in Rajasthan

18. KmlÀmi, {1969}. History and problem of primary Education in

Kerala. ap\ki(St p)a[c.D). mhiSi[F (nb>F. k[rli : k[rli

y&(nv(s<T).

19. dis, {1970}. 1874-1947 dr(myin aisim rijymi> mi´y(mk (SxNni[

(vkis an[ simi(jk pr t[n) asr. ap\ki(St p)a[c.D). mhiSi[F

(nb>F. aisim : aisim y&(nv(s<T).

20. Smi<, {1973}. p>Ôbmi> p\iY(mk (SxNn) vh)vT) an[ niNi>k)y smAyiai[

an[ t[n) rijymi> S]x(Nk (vkis upr asr. ap\ki(St p)a[c.D).

mhiSi[F (nb>F. p>jib : p>jib y&(nv(s<T).

21. ki[ri, {1973}. A Critical Study of the Development of Secon

dary Education in Punjab Since the Year 1947.

ap\ki(St p)a[c.D). mhiSi[F (nb>F. p>jib : p>jib y&(nv(s<T).

22. kÊD, {1983}. Secondary Teacher Education Curriculam An

Analytical Study and Developing Teacher Education

Programme. ap\ki(St p)a[c.D). mhiSi[F (nb>F. nigp&r :

nigp&r y&(nv(s<T).

23. Rao, (2004). Progress of the primary and upper primary

education in Andhra-Pradesh. ap\ki(St p)a[c.D). mhiSi[F

(nb>F. ai>F\p\d[S : ai>F\p\d[S y&(nv(s<T).

49

24. a[eni[, {1964}. History of Primary and Secondary Education

in Southern Nigeria, 1887-1952-53 with Special

Emphasis upon Vorubuland. ap\ki(St p)a[c.D). mhiSi[F

(nb>F. m&b>e : m&b>e y&(nv(s<T).

25. bn[<T, {1976}. A Comparison of teacher Blife Regarding the

Classroom Teaching/Learning Experience of Students

in Selected Co-Current and Consecutive Elementary

Teacher Training Programmes in Ontoria. ap\ki(St

p)a[c.D). mhiSi[F (nb>F. e(ºDyi y&(nv(s<T).

26. Diy(mn, {1982}. A Development Approach to the improvement

and Upgraing of Secondary School Teacher in IMO

State, Nigeria. ap\ki(St p)a[c.D). mhiSi[F (nb>F. n[b\iAki,

(l>kn y&(nv(s<T).

27. Chen, (1999). Factors that affect school adminitstrative

problem solving. ap\ki(St p)a[c.D). mhiSi[F (nb>F.

ki[l(Àbyi : ki[l(Àbyi y&(nv(s<T).

28. Lee, (2003). Problems of beginning elementary teacher in

seleted urbun catholic school. ap\ki(St p)a[c.D). mhiSi[F

(nb>F. (Ski>gi[ : li[y[li y&(nv(s<T).

ativni 2.3 riot^ kxia[ yy[li s>si[fni[shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/2551/10/10...20...

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