atmosphere 1
DESCRIPTION
8th grade brief overview of atmosphereTRANSCRIPT
Atmosphere Presentation –Period 1Atmosphere Presentation –Period 1Grade 8Grade 8
Taconic Hills Central Middle SchoolTaconic Hills Central Middle SchoolScience ClassScience Class
June 2009June 2009
Weather is all of the events in the atmosphere at a given time.
Most Weather occurs in the Troposphere, the lowest layer of the atmosphere
Clouds in the Troposphere
Forms of weather are precipitation cloud types and temperatures.
Bibliography
• All information from Wikipedia.org
• User Wyatts @ Wikipedia, article Severe weather terminology (United States)- PPP opening background
• User Nick81Aku @ Wikipedia, article Troposphere- PPP clouds in the atmosphere
• Lipton sale @ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stormclouds.jpg
• Images from http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=weather&FORM=BILH#
Arial
The atmosphere surrounds Earth and protects us by blocking out dangerous rays from the sun. The atmosphere is a mixture of gases that becomes thinner until it gradually reaches space. It is composed of Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), and other gases (1%).
1. Troposphere
2. Stratosphere
3. Mesosphere
4. Thermosphere
5. Exosphere
Scientists divide the Earth’s atmosphere into four main layers, classified according to changes of temp.
1. http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Atmosphere/overview.html
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_atmosphere
3. Brooks Simmons, Barbara, (2007). Prentice Hall Science Explorer, Boston, MA.
Bibliography
Composition of the Atmosphere
Mrs. S.
The atmosphere explained…The atmosphere explained…
The atmosphere is made up of mixture of atoms and molecules of The atmosphere is made up of mixture of atoms and molecules of different kinds.different kinds.
Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, other gases, water vapor and Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, other gases, water vapor and particles of liquids and solids make up the atmosphere.particles of liquids and solids make up the atmosphere.
Nitrogen is the most abundant (78%)Nitrogen is the most abundant (78%)
Bibliography-Composition of the Bibliography-Composition of the AtmosphereAtmosphere
www.kidsgeo.com/images/earths-atmosphere.jpg www.kidsgeo.com/images/earths-atmosphere.jpg iln.cite.hku.hk/.../atmosphere-couche_f.jpgiln.cite.hku.hk/.../atmosphere-couche_f.jpg
https:/.../earthspace/Atmosphere/earth_pie.gifhttps:/.../earthspace/Atmosphere/earth_pie.gif Brooks Simmons, Barbara (2007). Brooks Simmons, Barbara (2007).
Prentice Hall Science ExplorerPrentice Hall Science Explorer. Boston, . Boston, MA: Pearson Prentice Hall.MA: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Importance of the AtmosphereImportance of the Atmosphere
The importance of the atmosphereThe importance of the atmosphere
The Earth’s atmosphere makes the The Earth’s atmosphere makes the conditions on Earth suitable for living conditions on Earth suitable for living things. It contains oxygen and other gases things. It contains oxygen and other gases needed to survive. Many living things needed to survive. Many living things affect the atmosphere, constantly affect the atmosphere, constantly changing with gases moving in and out of changing with gases moving in and out of living things, land and water.living things, land and water.
Bibliography-Importance of the Bibliography-Importance of the AtmosphereAtmosphere
www.aerospaceweb.org/.../earth/atmosphere.jpg www.aerospaceweb.org/.../earth/atmosphere.jpg Brooks Simmons, Barbara (2007). Brooks Simmons, Barbara (2007). Prentice Hall Prentice Hall
Science ExplorerScience Explorer. Boston, MA: Pearson Prentice Hall. . Boston, MA: Pearson Prentice Hall.
By: Alisha
Air consists of atoms called molecules which have mass. Because air has mass, it also has other properties, including density and pressure.
Air pressure can change from day to day. Air pressure is the result of the weight of a column of air pushing down on an area. The force pushing down on an area or surface is known as pressure.
Measuring air pressureMeasuring air pressure
Measuring air pressureMeasuring air pressure
A barometer is an instrument that is used to A barometer is an instrument that is used to measure air pressure. Two common kinds of measure air pressure. Two common kinds of barometers are mercury and aneroid barometers.barometers are mercury and aneroid barometers.
MercuryMercury barometerbarometer-a glass tube open at the -a glass tube open at the bottom end and partially filled with mercury. bottom end and partially filled with mercury. Greater air pressure forces the column of mercury Greater air pressure forces the column of mercury higher.higher.
Aneroid barometer- Aneroid barometer- an airtight metal chamber an airtight metal chamber without liquid. When air pressure increases, the without liquid. When air pressure increases, the thin walls of the chamber are pushed in.thin walls of the chamber are pushed in.
Bibliography-Measuring air pressureBibliography-Measuring air pressure
Brooks Simmons, Barbara (2007). Brooks Simmons, Barbara (2007). Prentice Hall Prentice Hall Science ExplorerScience Explorer. Boston, MA: Pearson Prentice Hall.. Boston, MA: Pearson Prentice Hall.
www.pneumaticchina.com/products_img/11-air-prwww.pneumaticchina.com/products_img/11-air-pr
www.hko.gov.hk/.../wxobs/pressure/pres-fig2e.jpg www.hko.gov.hk/.../wxobs/pressure/pres-fig2e.jpg
BY: Brandon and Justin
Air pressure is measured with a barometer. There are two kinds of barometers; a aneroid barometer and mercury barometer.
Air pressure decreases as density decreases as altitude increases.
The higher you are, the harder it is to breathe because there are fewer air molecules.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.uwsp.edu/geO/faculty/ritter/images/atmosphere/pressure_wind/merc_barometer.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.uwsp.edu/geO/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/
circulation/air_pressure_p_1.html&usg=__SoeIEj-wBeeq59lgUNXz-BmFdrI=&h=287&w=290&sz=19&hl=en&start=4&um=1&tbnid=LlbLPZiF6pmWdM:&tbnh=114&tbnw=115&prev=/
images%3Fq%3Dbarometer%26hl%3Den%26um%3D1
• http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://test.scoilnet.ie/res/crosswords/clouds.jpg&imgrefurl=http://test.scoilnet.ie/res/crosswords/hprweatherjcxword.html&usg=__bKVEBe4LuM3e1PFh07R8FRgC_aE=&h=320&w=320&sz=14&hl=en&start=1&um=1&tbnid=z2TX4pXWteE5sM:&tbnh=118&tbnw=118&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dclouds%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https://history-wiki.wikispaces.com/file/view/Barometer.JPG&imgrefurl=https://history-wiki.wikispaces.com/Warren&usg=__kZ8yoItRkBugzCDEo0w71WKoeQY=&h=500&w=500&sz=48&hl=en&start=3&um=1&tbnid=abc-xb-imX5wrM:&tbnh=130&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbarometer%26hl%3Den%26um%3D1
Brooks SImons, Barbara (2007). Prentice Hall Science Explorer. Boston, MA.
Troposphere
Harold & George
About the Troposphere
The troposphere is the layer of the atmosphere that we live on. This is also where Earth’s weather occurs. It’s the smallest of all the layers @ 14km.
Troposphere
Bibliography
www.lifeboat.com
www.google.com
www.aoas.org
Brooks Simons,Barbara(2007). Prentice Hall Science Explorer. Boston ,MA: Pearson Prentice Hall
Stratosphere
Stratosphere
Extend from the top of the troposphere to about 50 kilometers above the Earth’s atmosphere.
Second layer of the atmosphere and contains the ozone layer.
Lower stratosphere is cold, around -60 C and upper stratosphere is warmer than the lower stratosphere
The ozone layer protects the Earth’s living things from dangerous ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.
Bibliography-Stratosphere Brooks Simmons, Barbara (2007).
Prentice Hall Science Explorer. Boston, MA: Pearson Prentice Hall.
www.duke.edu/.../bio217/akcarr/
stratosphere.JPG www.weatherquestions.com/
stratosphere.jpg
MesosphereMesosphere
MesosphereMesosphere Above the stratosphere, a drop in Above the stratosphere, a drop in
temperature starts the beginning of the temperature starts the beginning of the mesosphere.mesosphere.
““Meso” means middleMeso” means middle This layer protects the Earth’s surface This layer protects the Earth’s surface
from being hit by most meteoroids. from being hit by most meteoroids. Begins 50 km above Earth and ends @ 80 Begins 50 km above Earth and ends @ 80
kmkm
Bibliography-MesosphereBibliography-Mesosphere
www.chem.leeds.ac.uk/JMCP/images/mesospherewww.chem.leeds.ac.uk/JMCP/images/mesosphere.jpg.jpg
www.windows.ucar.edu/earth/Atmosphere/www.windows.ucar.edu/earth/Atmosphere/
imagesimages Brooks Simmons, Barbara (2007). Brooks Simmons, Barbara (2007). Prentice Hall Science Prentice Hall Science
ExplorerExplorer. Boston, MA: Pearson Prentice Hall. Boston, MA: Pearson Prentice Hall..
ThermosphereThermosphere
ThermosphereThermosphere
The outermost layer of the atmosphere.The outermost layer of the atmosphere.
Extends from 80 km above Earth’s surface and Extends from 80 km above Earth’s surface and has no definite outer layer.has no definite outer layer.
““thermo” means heat.thermo” means heat.
Up to 1800 Celsius and a very thin layer, due to Up to 1800 Celsius and a very thin layer, due to the sunlight hitting this layer firstthe sunlight hitting this layer first
Bibliography-ThermosphereBibliography-Thermosphere
www.ucar.edu/.../images/thermosphere-satsm.jpgwww.ucar.edu/.../images/thermosphere-satsm.jpg Brooks Simmons, Barbara (2007). Brooks Simmons, Barbara (2007). Prentice Hall Science Prentice Hall Science
ExplorerExplorer. Boston, MA: Pearson Prentice Hall. Boston, MA: Pearson Prentice Hall..
IonosphereIonosphere
IonosphereIonosphere
Thermosphere is divided into 2 layers-Thermosphere is divided into 2 layers-ionosphere ionosphere & & exosphereexosphere..
80 km above the surface and extends to 400 km. 80 km above the surface and extends to 400 km. Radio waves bounce off electrically charged ions in the Radio waves bounce off electrically charged ions in the
atmosphere back to the surface of Earth.atmosphere back to the surface of Earth. Aurora borealis caused by light particles from the sun Aurora borealis caused by light particles from the sun
that enter the Ionosphere through the polesthat enter the Ionosphere through the poles
Bibliography-IonosphereBibliography-Ionosphere
Brooks Simmons, Barbara (2007). Brooks Simmons, Barbara (2007). Prentice Hall Science ExplorerPrentice Hall Science Explorer. .
Boston, MA: Pearson Prentice HallBoston, MA: Pearson Prentice Hall.. www.sunearthplan.net/media/tn_7112_terr_ionos www.sunearthplan.net/media/tn_7112_terr_ionos http://heavenawaits.wordpress.com/signs-in-the-sky-%25E2%2580%2593http://heavenawaits.wordpress.com/signs-in-the-sky-%25E2%2580%2593
-natural-or-unnatural-end-times/-natural-or-unnatural-end-times/
•The exosphere is the uppermost layer of the atmosphere.
•The exosphere has low density.
•Very high up, the Earth's atmosphere becomes very thin.
•The exosphere is the last layer before space.
•Lightest gases, mainly hydrogen, with some helium, carbon dioxide, and atomic oxygen near the exobase.
•http://www.ask.com/bar?q=exosphere+layer&page=1&qsrc=178&ab=0&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FExosphere
•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosphere
• http://spacegrant.oregonstate.edu/Images/pgnav/newsandevents.jpg
•http://www.rcn27.dial.pipex.com/cloudsrus/images/atmos%20layers_ds.jpg
•http://www.ask.com/bar?q=Facts+about+the+Exosphere&page=1&qsrc=6&ab=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freebase.com%2Fview%2Fen%2Fexosphere
PollutionPollution
PollutionPollution
• Some pollution occurs naturally. Many are caused by the activities of humans.
• Pollutants are harmful substances in the air, water or soil.
• Some sources are: natural ,human activities, such as factories, farming, fires, soil erosion.
Bibliography-PollutionBibliography-Pollution
• Brooks Simmons, Barbara (2007). Prentice Hall Science Explorer.
Boston, MA: Pearson Prentice Hall.• ap.lbl.gov
• www.battelle.org
Air Pollution is the material, whether chemicals, particulates, or biological materials, that are introduced into the
atmosphere by humans or human products.
The aftermath results in smog, CFCs, acid rain, global warming, and indoor air
pollutants.
Aaron
• Fossil Fuels
• Industrialization
• Pollutants (Acid, Ozone, etc.)
• Chemicals
• Power Plants
• Other Wastes
THESE ARE THE MAIN CAUSES!
• www.environmentamerica.org
• http://www.savephoenix.org/airpollution.html
• http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Atmosphere/pollution_sources.html&edu=high
By: Emily and Taylor
Smog Acid Rain
• Smog is a mixture of smoke and fog.
• London-type smog~ in London an air pollution called smog made the city dark and dirty. People have now stopped burning coal to make the city more clean.
• Photochemical smog~ the brown haze that develops in sunny cities. formed when the action of sunlight on pollutants such as hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides.
• Acid rain is rain that contains more acid than normal.
• Acid rain forms when nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides combine with water in the air to form nitric acid and sulfuric acid.
• Acid rain is sometimes strong enough to destroy the surfaces of buildings and statues.
• Acid rain can make water so acidic that plants, amphibians, fish, and insects can no longer survive in it.
The burning of fossil fuels can cause smog and acid rain.
Bibliography
• Brooks Simmons, Barbara (2007). Prentice Hall Science Explorer. Boston,
MA: Pearson Prentice Hall.
•http://unitedcats.files.wordpress.com/2007/07/ozone-pollution-smog.jpg
•http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Sd0iDXL729E/SK1fWmZVLQI/AAAAAAAAADI/DAM9RqkZYVU/S660/nc_acid_rain_071009_ms.jpg