Periodic Table and the Elements

•Basic Description

•Quarks

ATOM

•Building Blocks of All Matter

ELEMENT

• The Idea

THE TABLE

•More Than One Element

•We Need to Know

MOLECULE

ATOM

ATOM

PROTONS

NETRONS

ELECTRONS

AN ATOM IS A BUILDING BLOCK

IT IS A GENERAL TERM FOR MATTER

Modern Atom Model

Look Here First

Click Here Second

Click Here Third

“Electrons are in constant motion around the nucleus, protons and neutrons jiggle within the nucleus, and quarks jiggle within the protons and neutrons.”1

Yes, Physicists make jokes! “Quarks are one type of matter particle. Most of the matter we see around us is made from protons and neutrons, which are composed of quarks.”1

“There are six quarks, but physicists usually talk about them in terms of three pairs: up/down, charm/strange, and top/bottom. (Also, for each of these quarks, there is a corresponding antiquark0.”1

“Quarks have the unusual characteristic of having a fractional electric charge, unlike the proton and electron, which have integer charges of +1 and -1 respectively.” 1

Matter and Antimatter When they contact they annihilate (destroy utterly;

obliterate) into pure energy!

“For every type of matter particle we've found, there also exists a corresponding antimatter particle, or antiparticle. Antiparticles look and behave just like their corresponding matter particles, except they have opposite charges. For instance, a proton is electrically positive whereas an antiproton is electrically negative. Gravity affects matter and antimatter the same way because gravity is not a charged property and a matter particle has the same mass as its antiparticle.”1

What? Well, I found the following explanation….

“The idea of antimatter is strange, made all the stranger because the universe appears to be composed entirely of matter. Antimatter seems to go against everything you know about the universe. But you can see evidence for antimatter in this early bubble chamber photo. The magnetic field in this chamber makes negative particles curl left and positive particles curl right. Many electron-positron pairs appear as if from nowhere, but are in fact from photons, which don’t leave a trail. Positrons (anti-electrons) behave just like the electrons but curl in the opposite way because they have the opposite charge. (One such electron-positron pair is highlighted.) If antimatter and matter are exactly equal but opposite, then why is there so much more matter in the universe than antimatter? Well... we don't know. It is a question that keeps physicists up at night.”1

What is antimatter? (The Following is directly from Berkeley Lab and the Particle Adventure Website! )

Slow down! "Antimatter?" "Pure energy?" What is this, Star Trek?

What is an element? When quarks, electrons, neutrons, and protons come together:

“…we have atoms with recognizable traits. Some subatomic particles combine to make an oxygen (O) atom. Others can combine to form a nitrogen (N) atom. It's the elements that are different and unique, even though they are made of the same pieces.

We sometimes use the terms atom and element to mean the same thing. Remember that atom is the general term. Everything is made of atoms. The term element is used to describe atoms with specific characteristics. There are about 120 different elements. You are made up of billions and billions of atoms but you probably won't find more than 40 elements (types of atoms) in your body. Chemists have figured out that over 95% of your body is made up of hydrogen (H), carbon (C), nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus (P), and calcium (Ca).”1

Hydrogen was named by Lavoisier using the Greek words 'Hydro' ie., water and 'Genes' meaning forming. Chlorine has its origin from Greek word - 'Chloros' - meaning greenish yellow Cobalt comes from a German word - 'Globlin' or 'Evil Spirit'. Argon comes from a Greek word meaning 'Inactive'. Elements Named After Places Scandium (Sc) - found in Scandinavia Thulium (Tm) - named after Thule the earlier name of Scandinavia Europium (Eu) - after the continent Europe Polonium (Po) - named after the Curies after their home town in Poland Named After Planets Selenium (Se) - 'Seles' Greek name for the moon Mercury was named after a planet but derives its symbol Hg from the Latin word 'Hydragyrum' meaning liquid silver Named After Scientists Curium (Cm) after Pierre and Marie Curie Fermium (Fm) after Enrico Fermi Einsteinium (Es) after Albert Einstein Mendelevium (Md) after Dimitri Mendeleev.”1

At the time that atomic masses had been discovered, a Russian chemist named Dimitri Mendeleev was writing a textbook. For his book, he began to organize elements in terms of their properties by placing the elements and their newly discovered atomic masses in cards. He arranged the elements by increasing atomic mass and noticed that elements with similar properties appeared at regular intervals or periods. Mendeleev's table had two problems: There were some gaps in his "periodic table." When grouped by properties, most elements had increasing atomic masses, but some were out of order. To explain the gaps, Mendeleev said that the gaps were due to undiscovered elements. In fact, his table successfully predicted the existence of gallium and germanium, which were discovered later. However, Mendeleev was never able to explain why some of the elements were out of order or why the elements should show this periodic behavior. This would have to wait until we knew about the structure of the atom.”2

“People soon realized that they could categorize atoms into groups that shared similar chemical properties (as in the Periodic Table of the Elements). This indicated that atoms were made up of simpler building blocks, and that it was these simpler building blocks in different combinations that determined which atoms had which chemical properties.”1

How We Decide Where They Go Examples of Physical Properties

- Density

- Boiling Point

- Melting Point

- Conductivity

- Heat Capacity

Examples of Chemical Properties

- Valence

- Reactivity

- Radioactivity

Atomic Orbitals Electrons spin like madness around the nucleus. They move in all directions staying on their shell (orbit). Each shell holds a specific amount of electrons moving out from the nucleus. N represents the row number and then it gets hairy with suborbital. Prof. Phillips brain works well t explain this!

The fun part is quantum theory. “An electron can be found anywhere around the nucleus. Using advanced math, scientists are able to approximate the general location of electrons. These general areas are the shells and suborbitals”1

Rows Are Periods Each Element Has Something in Common

All of the elements in a period have the same number of atomic orbitals.

Columns Are Families Examples of Families

- Alkali Metals

- Alkaline Earth Metals

- Transition Metals

- Halogen Gases

- Noble Gases

Hydrogen and Helium are special. Hydrogen can have one missing or one added electron. Helium is special because it can have just two electron in the outer most shell. It is where it is because it does not naturally bond!

Periods Groups

Ok, here is the table!!

ALKALI “They are very reactive. Why? They all have one electron in their outer shell.”1

“They are malleable (bendable) and sometimes soft enough to be cut with a dull knife. Alkali metals are not the type of metals you would use for coins or houses.” 1

“Hydrogen is a very special element of the periodic table and doesn't belong to any family. While hydrogen sits in Group I, it is NOT an alkali metal.”1

ALKALINE EARTH “When these compounds are mixed in solutions, they are likely to form solutions with a pH greater than 7.”1

There are two electrons in their outer-shell which means they will give up electrons to form bonds.

TRANSITION METALS “Let's start off by telling you that there are a lot of elements that are considered transition metals. Which metals are the transition metals?

21 (Scandium) through 29 (Copper)

39 (Yttrium) through 47 (Silver)

57 (Lanthanum) through 79 (Gold)

89 (Actinium) and all higher numbers.

Transition metals are good examples of advanced shell and orbital ideas. They have a lot of electrons and distribute them in different ways.”1

“Most elements can only use electrons from their outer orbital to bond with other elements. Transition metals can use the two outermost shells/orbitals to bond with other elements. It’s a chemical trait that allows them to bond with many elements in a variety of shapes…most transition elements actually have two shells that are not happy. Whenever you have a shell that is not happy, the electrons want to bond with other elements. Example: Molybdenum (Mo), with 42 electrons. The configuration is 2-8-18-13-1. The shells with 13 and 1 are not happy. Those two orbitals can use the electrons to

bond with other atoms.”1

LANTHANIDE

“Some people say lanthanide, some say rare-earth metals, and some say inner-transition elements.”1

“The lanthanide family is comprised of fifteen elements starting with lanthanum (La) at atomic number 57 and finishing up with lutetium (Lu) at number 71 …

You might find some of these elements in superconductors, glass production, or lasers.”1

ACTINIDE “There are two rows under the periodic table: lanthanide and actinide series. The lanthanide series can be found naturally on Earth. Only one element in the series is radioactive. The actinide series is much different. They are all radioactive and some are not found in nature.

Some of the elements with higher atomic numbers have only been made in labs. There are special laboratories across the world that specialize in experimenting on elements.

Some of these particle accelerators have pounded atomic particles into elements with lower atomic numbers. The buildup of additional parts creates short-lived, high atomic number elements.“1

Bonds, You Say? Electrovalent/ Ionic Bonds=“a type of chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains the electron to form a negative ion. The resulting ions are held together by electrostatic attraction Also called ionic bond .” freedictionary.com

Covalent Bond=“a type of chemical bond involving the sharing of electrons between atoms in a molecule, esp. the sharing of a pair of electrons by two adjacent atoms.” freedictionary.com

Hydrogen Bond=“a weak chemical bond between an electronegative atom, such as fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen, and a hydrogen atom bound to another electronegative atom. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for the properties of water and many biological molecules. freedictionary.com

HALOGEN “The elements included are fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At).”1

The elements have seven electrons in their outer shell. That is one electron shy of a full shell!

“They are very reactive. You will often find them bonding with metals and elements from Group One of the periodic table. The elements in the column on the left each have one electron that they like to donate.

Reactivity decreases as you move down the column.”1

NOBLE GASES

They are non-reactive or inert. They are happy not to bond.

They can be “forced” to bond in labs.

They are sometimes used to slow down or stabilize reactions of others.

MOLECULE How to explain!

“In English, we only have twenty-six letters, but we can make thousands of words. In chemistry, you are working with around 120 elements, and when you combine them you can make millions of molecules. Molecules are groups of atoms bonded together in the same way that words are groups of letters.”1

Things to think about:

An atom that gains one or more electrons will have a ____________________ charge.

An atom that loses one or more electrons will have a ____________________ charge.

An atom that gains or loses one or more electrons is called an ____________.

A positive ion is called a ______________ and a negative ion is called an _______________.

Ionic Bonds

Atoms will transfer one or more ________________ to another to form the bond.

Each atom is left with a ________________ outer shell.

An ionic bond forms between a ___________ ion with a positive charge and a ________________ ion with a negative charge.

POSITIVE

NEGATIVE

ION

CATION ANION

“An-Eye-On” “Cat-Eye-On”

(Tracy Trimpe & Lindsay Bogner, Havana Junior High, Havana, IL)Illinois Learning Standard: 12.C.3b

ELECTRONS

COMPLETE

NONMETAL METAL

What is a covalent bond?

Atoms ___________ one or more electrons with each other to form the bond.

Each atom is left with a ________________ outer shell.

A covalent bond forms between two _________________.

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COMPLETE

NONMETAL

Still Shaky Stuff? Take a Listen! The NEW Periodic Table Song (In Order)