australian energy technology assessment 2013 model · pdf filethe inaugural australian energy...

1

Australian Energy Technology

Assessment 2013 Model Update

December 2013

2

Arif Syed (BREE) 2013 The Australian Energy Assessment (AETA) 2013 Model update Canberra

December 2013

copy Commonwealth of Australia 2013

This work is copyright the copyright being owned by the Commonwealth of Australia The Commonwealth

of Australia has however decided that consistent with the need for free and open re-use and adaptation

public sector information should be licensed by agencies under the Creative Commons BY standard as the

default position The material in this publication is available for use according to the Creative Commons BY

licensing protocol whereby when a work is copied or redistributed the Commonwealth of Australia (and any

other nominated parties) must be credited and the source linked to by the user It is recommended that users

wishing to make copies from BREE publications contact the Chief Economist Bureau of Resources and

Energy Economics (BREE) This is especially important where a publication contains material in respect of

which the copyright is held by a party other than the Commonwealth of Australia as the Creative Commons

licence may not be acceptable to those copyright owners

The Australian Government acting through BREE has exercised due care and skill in the preparation and

compilation of the information and data set out in this publication Notwithstanding BREE its employees

and advisers disclaim all liability including liability for negligence for any loss damage injury expense or

cost incurred by any person as a result of accessing using or relying upon any of the information or data set

out in this publication to the maximum extent permitted by law

ISBN 978-1-925092-14-1 (online)

This report was produced by Arif Syed Modelling and Policy Integration Program BREE It is based on

analysis undertaken by WorleyParsons commissioned by the Department of Industry

Acknowledgements

The Project Steering Committee comprised Professor Quentin Grafton Bruce Wilson Wayne Calder and Dr

Arif Syed of BREE Rick Belt and Mark Stevens of the Department of Industry Damir Ivkovic of ARENA

Professor Ken Baldwin of the Australian National University Dr Alex Wonhas of the Commonwealth

Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation and Nathan White of the Australian Energy Market Operator

The guidance and assistance of the AETA Steering Committee members and AETA Stakeholders Group are

gratefully acknowledged Davin Nowakowski and Shamim Ahmad of BREE provided valuable support to the

preparation of this report

Postal address

Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics

GPO Box 1564

Canberra ACT 2601 Australia

Phone +61 2 6243 7000

Email infobreegovau or ArifSyedbreegovau

Web wwwbreegovau

3

FOREWORD

The inaugural Australian Energy Technology Assessment (AETA) 2012 report released in

mid-2012 was an important step forward in improving the quality and transparency of

information available for market-ready and prospective electricity generation technologies in

Australia The AETA 2012 provided many important insights particularly the relatively

rapid cost reductions expected for a range of renewable energy technologies over the course

of the next decade

To ensure that technology costs remain up to date this AETA 2013 Model Update report

provides electricity generation technology cost parameters as an update to the values

presented in AETA 2012 All of the 40 technologies considered in AETA 2012 are included

in this update and encompass a diverse range of energy generation sources including

renewable energy (such as wind solar geothermal biomass and wave power) fossil fuels

(such as coal and gas) and nuclear power

The AETA 2013 Model Update takes into account new information on technology generation

costs and has been the subject of wide consultation with relevant industry stakeholders and a

stakeholder reference group drawn from industry and researchacademic organisations with

interests and expertise in a diverse range of electricity generation technologies

As is the case for all such assessments the cost estimates in this report reflect assumptions

made on a mix of critical technical and economic parameters Importantly the LCOE

estimates do not include site specific or systems costs The AETA 2013 Model Update

results also do not include carbon or other environmental costs that may be associated with

various technologies Clearly the extent to which these might apply in the market or

through regulation may impact on generation or delivered costs of electricity

Importantly the transparency and detail provided in the AETA model enables users to apply

their particular assumptions to construct their own LCOE based on Australian conditions

and a copy of the model is available upon request It is essential to energy planners energy

modellers and indeed anyone interested in exploring different scenarios and energy

futures

Bruce Wilson

Executive Director


4

CONTENTS

About the Bureau of resources and energy economics 2

Acknowledgements 2

FOREWORD 3

ACRONYMSABBREVIATIONS 8

GLOSSARY 9

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 10

1 INTRODUCTION 12

11 Background to the AETA 2012 report 12

12 Methods and Assumptions of the AETA 2012 Report and Model 12

121 Macro assumptions 12

122 Technical assumptions 13

123 Levelised cost of energy (LCOE) 13

13 Methodology of the AETA 2013 Model Update 13

131 Caveats on the use of LCOE 14

132 Organisation of the report 14

2 AETA MODEL PARAMETER CHANGES 16

21 Stakeholder Initiated Changes 16

211 Nuclear Capital Costs 16

212 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Retrofit Thermal Efficiency 17

213 Amortisation period 19

22 No Carbon Pricing 19

3 CONSIDERATION OF OTHER ISSUES 20

31 Representation of Uncertainty 20

32 Application of Learning Curves 20

33 General Costs Considerations 21

331 Fuel Costs 21

332 CCS Costs 21

333 Opportunity Costs 22

34 Capital and Construction Costs 22

5

35 Costs Associated with Solar Technologies 23

36 Costs Associated with Nuclear Technologies 24

37 Further Technologies 24

38 Auxiliary Loads 24

4 WIND PV AND CSP OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE (OampM) COST UPDATE 25

41 Operation and Maintenance Costs 25

42 Operating and Maintenance (OampM) Changes in summary 26

43 Wind 28

431 Introduction 28

432 Review of Evidence 29

433 Updated OampM Figures for Australia 33

44 Solar Photovoltaics (PV) 36

441 Introduction 36

442 Review of the Evidence 37

443 AETA 2012 OampM PV costs report comparison 37

45 AETA 2013 PV OampM Costs Update 40

451 OampM Learning Rates 41

452 Conclusions - PV 42

46 Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) 43

461 Introduction 43

462 Review of the evidence 43

463 AETA 2012 OampM CSP costs report comparison 44

47 AETA 2013 OampM Learning Rate recommendation 53

5 CHANGES TO THE LCOE 55

51 Conclusions 63

REFERENCES 64

Appendix A Electricity Generation Technologies in AETA 2012 Report and Model 67

Appendix B Consultations with Stakeholders 69

BREE CONTACTS 71

6

INDEX OF TABLES

Table 1 Model Changes Nuclear Technologies 17

Table 2 Model Changes CCS Retrofit Thermal Technologies 18

Table 3 Model Changes amortisation period 19

Table 4 Model Changes OampM costs 27

Table 5 Wind OampM costs used in the AETA 2012 report 29

Table 6 Comparison of AETA 2012 wind OampM estimates with new references for 2013 35

Table 7 Recommended AETA 2013 values 36

Table 8 AETA 2012 reference plants technical characteristics and OPEX costs 39

Table 9 Comparison of historical estimated PV and OampM costs in the public domain 39

Table 10 2013 PV OampM costs compared to 2012 PV OampM costs 40

Table 11 2013 updated OampM costs compared to new referenced OampM costs (7-2) 41

Table 12 AETA 2012 Reference Plant Technical Characteristics 45

Table 13 AETA 2012 OampM Opex costs on a per kWh basis 46

Table 14 PT and ST Reference Plant Characteristics 47

Table 15 2013 CSP OampM Costs Compared to 2012 OampM Costs 48

Table 16 Estimated LCOE form Existing and Hypothetical Trough and Solar Tower CSP

Technologies 51

Table 17 AETA Learning Rate Comparison 54

7

TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1 - Effect of country variables on LCOE of wind plant 31

Figure 2 - Typical cost increasing trends in wind farm OampM costs with commercial

operations date 32

Figure 3 - Trends in offshore wind farms and estimated impact on LCOE 33

Figure 4 - OampM Costs (per MW) and Technician Numbers (per 100MW) for total wind

turbine OampM (Opex) 34

Figure 5 - AETA 2012 FOM and VOM Percentages of Total OPEX Costs 46

Figure 6 - Comparison of OPEX Costs per Total Annual Plant Production per Year

AETA 2012 Report and 2013 Update 49

Figure 7 - Expected LCOE Reductions for CSP Technology from 2012 to 2025 52

Figure 8 Updated LCOEs for AETA 2013 Model technologies values for 2012 (NSW) with

carbon price set to zero 56











Figure 14 Comparison of AETA 2013 Model Update and AETA 2012 LCOE estimates

selected technologies 62

8

ACRONYMSABBREVIATIONS

AETA Australian Energy Technology Assessment

BREE Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics

CAPEX Total capital expenditures

CSP Concentrating Solar Power Technologies

DAT Dual axis tracking

EPIA European Photovoltaic Industry Association

EPRI Electric Power Research Institute

ESTELA European Solar Thermal Electricity Association

FOM Fixed operation and maintenance costs

FT Fixed Tilt

h Hours

IDEA Institute for Energy Diversification and Saving

IEA International Energy Agency

IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency

kW Kilowatts

kWh Kilowatt hours

LCOE Levelised Cost of Energy

LF Lineal Fresnel Reflector CSP Technology

m2 Square Meters

MENA Middle East and North Africa region

MW Megawatts

MWh Megawatt hours

MWe Megawatt hours electric

NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory

OampM Operation and maintenance

OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer

OPEX Total operating expenditures

PT Parabolic Trough CSP Technology

PV Photovoltaic

RampD Research and Development

SAT Single axis tracking

SEGS Solar Electricity Generating System

SEIA Solar Energy Industries Association

SEPA Solar Electric Power Association

ST Solar Tower CSP Technology

TES Thermal Energy Storage System

USD United States Dollar

VOM Variable operation and maintenance costs

WB The World Bank organization

9

GLOSSARY

Amortisation Period the period over which a plant must achieve its economic return

Auxiliary Load the internal or parasitic load from the electricity required to sustain the

operation of a plant

Capacity Factor the ratio of the actual output of a power plant over a period of time and its

potential output if it had operated at full nameplate capacity the entire time

Capital Cost the cost of delivery of a plant not including the cost of finance

Discount Rate the rate at which future values are discounted or converted to a present

value

First-of-a-Kind Plant cost costs necessary to put a first commercial plant in place and that

will not be incurred for subsequent plants Design and certification costs are examples of

such costs

First Year Available for Construction the year in which the technology will be available

for commercial deployment globally

Gross Capacity maximum or rated generation from a power plant without losses and

auxiliary loads taken into account

International Equipment Cost the cost for internationally sourced equipment associated

with the project

Labour Cost the component of the delivery cost for a plant associated with local

(Australian) labour

Lead time for Development the time taken from inception to financial close This includes

permitting approvals and engineering design

Levelised Cost of Energy the minimum cost of energy at which a generator must sell the

produced electricity in order to achieve its desired economic return

Local Equipment Cost the cost of locally sourced (Australia) plant and equipment for the

project

Net Capacity the export capacity of a generation plant ndash ie the Gross Capacity less the

losses and auxiliary loads of the plant

Nth-of-a-kind plant cost all engineering equipment construction testing tooling project

management and other costs that are repetitive in nature and would be incurred if a plant

identical to a FOAK plant were built The NOAK plant is the nth-of-a-kind or equilibrium

commercial plant of identical design to the FOAK plant

Sequestration the process of transport and storage of Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Thermal Efficiency the ratio between the useful energy output of a generator and inputs

10

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This Report provides electricity generation technology cost parameters as an update to those

presented in the Australian Energy Technology Assessment (AETA) Report and Model

published in July 2012 This update takes into account a range of new material reported in the

public and private domain further discussions with asset owners and technology developers

and input from key experts in relation to these costs

The AETA 2012 Model estimated levelised costs of energy (LCOE) for a set of 40 market

ready and prospective electricity generation technologies LCOE can be interpreted as the

long-run marginal cost of electricity generation These were estimated by breaking down

the cost drivers for a technology into its key constituent parts such as capital cost fixed and

variable lsquooperations and maintenancersquo (OampM) costs and where applicable fuel costs and

CO2 storage costs While the LCOEs included carbon costs project specific regulatory or

system based costs were not included although clearly these may have a significant impact

on the delivered price of electricity

The AETA 2013 Model update generally follows the same approach although comparable

LCOE results are presented without carbon costs reflecting the Governmentrsquos intention to

repeal carbon pricing To the extent that alternative emissions reduction measures impact on

the electricity generation sector this may have different implications for fossil fuel andor

renewable based technologies

For these reasons some caution should be applied when interpreting LCOE estimates These

estimates best illustrate potential and relative ldquooff-the-shelfrdquo cost competitiveness rather than

a firm predictor of market outcomes or the commercial viability of individual projects

The key features of the LCOE cost parameters in the AETA 2013 Model update with respect

to the AETA 2012 Model can be summarised as follows

renewable technologies have generally higher LCOEs than the lowest cost non-

renewable technologies and the relative LCOE rankings significantly change post

2030 The LCOE of solar PV becomes lower than the non-renewables from mid-

2030 onwards

however wind based generation is estimated to already have a lower LCOE than

many new build comparable fossil-fuel generation technologies

LCOE costs vary substantially across the technologies from $89MWh (combined

cycle gas turbine) to $351MWh (solar thermal Linear Fresnel) in 2012 and

$73MWh (PV non-tracking) to $247MWh (IGCC black coal CCS) in 2050

changes are made to nuclear capital costs and nuclear technology plantrsquos lsquofirst year of

constructionrsquo carbon capture and storage (CCS) retrofit thermal efficiency and

amortisation period for various technologies to include construction period

a reduction in onshore wind OampM costs of 18 per cent

11

a reduction in offshore wind fixed OampM costs and a three-fold increase in offshore

wind variable OampM costs resulting in an overall increase of 50 per cent total OampM

costs

fixed tilt PV configurations have not seen significant changes in OampM costs

single axis tracking and dual axis tracking PV configurations are approximately 20-30

per cent reduced based on a better understanding of the associated OampM costs

concentrating solar power (solar thermal) OampM cost reduced between 8 per cent and 27

per cent and

the OampM learning rate for offshore wind and all solar technologies are increased from

02 to 25 per cent

The overall impact of parameter changes by technology is given in the AETA 2013 Model

and in this report As in the AETA 2012 the 2013 Model update provides technology

LCOEs for the years 2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

12

1 INTRODUCTION

The Australian Energy Technology Assessment (AETA) 2012 report published in July 2012

by the Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics (BREE 2012) undertook costing of 40

electricity generation technologies This report made a provision that due to the fast changing

technology cost environment cost and performance parameters assessed in the AETA 2012

model may be updated every year In addition a full report and lsquobottom uprsquo study will be

undertaken biennially with the next report to be released in 2014

The next fully updated AETA report is scheduled for completion in 2014 To ensure that cost

estimates for electricity generation technologies are current and take into consideration the latest

developments parameter estimates for the 40 technologies will be updated where appropriate

every six months in a manner consistent with the methods outlined in this report and in consultation

with the stakeholder reference group (BREE 2012 p 24)

The purpose of this AETA 2013 Model Update report is to present findings arising from a

review of specific technologies by BREE This review was assisted by comments made by

the AETA Project Steering Committee (PSC) members and AETA Stakeholders Reference

Group (SRG) WorleyParsons was commissioned to review cost parameters for the

technologies considered in the AETA 2012 model Given the fast changing nature of solar

and wind technology operating costs especial emphasis was placed on reviewing OampM costs

for wind and solar technologies Changes to the model for the 2013 update are discussed in

the following sections

11 Background to the AETA 2012 report

BREE engaged WorleyParsons in 2011-12 to develop cost estimates for 40 electricity

generation technologies under Australian conditions for AETA 2012 The AETA cost

estimates were developed with the active collaboration of the Australian Energy Market

Operator (AEMO) which utilised the AETA cost estimates for its National Transmission

Network Development Plan (NTNDP) In addition the Commonwealth Scientific and

Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) provided technical advice as part of the AETA

project steering committee The AETA 2012 provided technology costs for the years 2012

2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050 These technologies encompass a diverse range of

energy sources including renewable energy (such as wind solar geothermal biomass and

wave power) fossil fuels (such as coal and gas) and nuclear power (Appendix A) Since its

publication in July 2012 more than 1000 requests have been made from BREE for the

AETA 2012 cost estimates (model) by domestic and international sources

12 Methods and Assumptions of the AETA 2012 Report and Model

121 Macro assumptions

Key macroeconomic assumptions are consistent with those detailed by the Australian

Energy Market Operator in its National Transmission Network Development Plan and by

the Australian Treasury (see BREE 2012 for a full set of assumptions)

13

122 Technical assumptions

all technologies were costed on a consistent and transparent basis with itemisation of

component costs

capital costs included direct (eg engineering procurement and construction) and

indirect (eg owners) costs but exclude transmission and decommissioning costs

future cost estimates included assumptions about the exchange rate productivity

variation commodity variation and technology improvements

fuel cost estimates were based on ACIL Tasman projections and

projected growth rates for future operating and maintenance costs were provided

123 Levelised cost of energy (LCOE)

LCOE can be interpreted as the long-run marginal cost of electricity generation Key

factors used to calculate LCOE by technology include amortisation period discount rate

capacity factor CO2 emissions factor CO2 capture rate emissions price CO2 storage cost

fuel cost variable and fixed OampM cost and the capital cost

LCOE is a key comparative cost indicator across technologies that is expressed in real

Australian dollars per Megawatt hour of electricity generation ($MWh) The LCOE is the

price at which electricity must be generated from a specific plant to break even taking into

account the costs incurred over the life of the plant (capital cost cost of capitalfinancing

operations and maintenance costs cost of fuel emissions price if applicable and CO2

sequestration) While LCOE is an invaluable tool for comparing technology costs power

generation companies andor investors who wish to choose a technology to deploy would

also need to consider other criteria such as site-specific costs technology performance

characteristics and experience with the technology prior to any final investment decision

AETA cost estimates are developed to provide design basis and plant characteristics

performance parameters capital cost estimates fuel cost estimates OampM cost estimates

and LCOE estimates

Regional impacts on capital and operating costs have been incorporated in the analysis

These regions include Victoria New South Wales (including ACT) South Queensland

(incorporating the South East Queensland and Central Queensland AEMO regions) North

Queensland (incorporating the North Queensland AEMO region) Northern Territory

North WA (Pilbara region) South WA (the South West Interconnected System region)

South Australia and Tasmania

13 Methodology of the AETA 2013 Model Update

As part of the AETA 2013 Model Update BREE invited submissions from the AETA

Steering Committee and the Stakeholder Reference Group to provide commentary and

recommendations on the AETA 2012 Report and Model Eight written submissions were

received in this regard Changes were only recommended where specific substantiated

changes were received The AETA 2013 model has been updated in accordance with the

above consultations and under the same macro economic and technical assumptions as in

AETA 2012 The AETA 2013 model is freely available on request from BREE

(infobreegovau)

Within this context this report provides updated costs based on

14

relevant Australian and international reports on generation technologies that have been

published since AETA 2012 or have been newly discovered

new public domain information

new information from private sources that could be obtained

in-house experience of WorleyParsons and

input on OampM costs and learning rates from a number of industry stakeholders

This AETA 2013 Model Update report provides supporting explanations and references and

justifies amendments to the cost parameters of technologies especially the OampM costs for

wind and solar technologies that were covered in AETA 2012 model

131 Caveats on the use of LCOE

LCOE provides a generalised cost estimate and does not account for site specific factors

that would be encountered when constructing an actual power plant As a result the costs

associated with integrating a particular technology in a specific location to a specific

electricity network are not considered

Projected LCOE does not necessarily provide a reliable indicator of the relative market

value of generation technologies because of differences in the role of technologies in a

wholesale electricity market For example projected LCOE does not provide a direct

indicator of electricity demand or generation in isolation with other emissions abatement

policies Similarly many technologies involve integration costs in addition to the LCOE to

be able to reliably supply to the system The value of variable (or intermittent) power plants

(such as wind and solar) will depend upon the extent to which such plants generate

electricity during peak periods and the impact these plants have on the reliability of the

electricity system Unlike dispatchable power plants (such as coal natural gas biomass

and hydroelectric) ndash which are reliant on some form of stored energy (eg fuels water

storage or battery storage) ndash wind and photovoltaic power plants do not typically include

energy storage Dispatchable plants such as coal or gas fired plants may involve negative

externalities (environment fuel disposal or insurance costs etc) which are not always

reflected in their LCOEs

The AETA LCOEs are restricted to only utility-scale or large scale technologies

Consequently small-scale technologies (eg small roof-top photovoltaics fuel cells co-

generation and trigeneration) that may be relevant to distributed generation were not

included in the AETA 2012 analysis LCOE cost estimates associated with distributed

photovoltaics are likely to differ substantially from utility-scale photovoltaic systems as a

result of differences in component costs (eg capital costs operating and maintenance

costs) and performance characteristics (eg capacity factor)

132 Organisation of the report

This report is organised in five sections After a brief introduction and purpose of the report

in this section section 2 discusses the changes made to the AETA 2013 Model parameters as

a result of the discussions with Stakeholders and Steering Committee members on the

individual issues and technologies Section 3 presents the issues that were considered but did

not result in the AETA Model parameter changes Section 4 presents in detail the OampM cost

15

changes for wind and solar technologies covered in AETA 2012 Updated LCOE graphs as

well as a comparison of the resultant AETA 2013 Model and AETA 2012 Model LCOEs are

presented in section 5 which also presents concluding comments

16

2 AETA MODEL PARAMETER CHANGES

21 Stakeholder Initiated Changes

Consultations for the AETA 2013 Model update identified the following issues for

consideration

nuclear technology capital costs and lsquofirst year available for constructionrsquo

CCS retrofit thermal efficiency

amortisation period for all technologies and

OampM costs

The OampM issue is discussed in section 4 whereas rest of the issues are discussed below

211 Nuclear Capital Costs

The AETA 2012 report and model presents costs for first of a kind (FOAK) and Nth of a kind

(NOAK) nuclear technologies There could have been some confusion from the original

wording of Section 310 of AETA 2012 report It starts by discussing Gen III plants currently

sold (presumably NOAK) however further in the document Gen III plants are referred to as

FOAK The AETA 2012 report states that the capital costs are based on nuclear power plants

in the US The NOAK value is what is represented in Table 3101 in the AETA 2012 report

and model

Although there are cost adjusting factors used for other technologies studied in the AETA

2012 report there is no adjustment of the US cost base for Australian labour costs and for

adjustment of Australian equipment costs Submissions indicated that an adjustment to costs

should also be used for nuclear to ensure there is commonality in the comparison

This suggestion was considered appropriate and adjustment to the costs for nuclear

technologies was made Based on the factors to convert US rates to Australian rates used in

the fossil fuel technologies ie the factors from the Thermoflow software the new nuclear

capital costs were calculated The multiplier from Thermoflow for labour costs is 205 and

the factor for equipment costs is 13 both US to Australia

Additionally it was submitted that the first year available for construction of nuclear

technologies be extended In support of this the submission argued that nuclear technologies

are examples of generation technology where legislation regulation and public policy

planning is highly region-dependent and must therefore precede deployment by several years

This was considered an appropriate submission and therefore the first year available for

construction in the model has been changed from 2012 to 2020 These changes are shown in

Table 1

17

Table 1 Model Changes Nuclear Technologies

AETA 2012 report reference AETA 2012 model value AETA 2013 update

Technology 37 Nuclear (GW Scale LWR)

Change first year available for Construction

2012

2020


Convert FOAK Capital Cost to Australian productivity

and commodity costs

4210

6392


Convert NOAK Capital Cost to Australian productivity

and commodity costs

3470

5268

Technology 38 Nuclear (SMR)


and commodity costs

7908

11778



and commodity costs

4778

7116

The overall impact of these parameters on individual technology LCOE changes is given in

the AETA 2013 Model and in Section 5

212 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Retrofit Thermal Efficiency

Subcritical coal technologies with CCS retrofit were reported to have only slightly lower

thermal efficiency values compared with new build supercritical technologies with CCS in

the AETA 2012 Model This was an oversight in the AETA 2012 Model

The AETA 2012 report identified the thermal efficiency to retrofit subcritical brown and

black coal plants as 216 per cent and 301 per cent respectively (Table 312) In the same

table the efficiency for new build supercritical brown and black coal plants is reported to be

208 per cent and 314 per cent respectively

The thermal efficiencies were revised down based on actual operating efficiencies of existing

coal facilities in Victoria and NSW and factored based on the thermal efficiency ratio of new

coal facilities with and without CCS

A reduction in thermal efficiency is to be expected when applying a retrofit CCS to the plant

The CCS factor in the following representation refers the efficiency reduction factors for

adding CCS to a coal fired power station The useful output will reduce from the new

parasitic loads to run the CCS equipment

Thermal efficiency of existing brown coal plant in Victoria is 265 per cent and the CCS

factor is 064 Similarly the thermal efficiency of existing bituminous coal plant in NSW is

355 per cent and the CCS factor is 075

Table 311 and 312 of the AETA 2012 report show a reduction is present when comparing

the supercritical with no CCS compared to supercritical with CCS However the retrofit case

was only provided for the subcritical technology only and no case was included in the AETA

2012 for a subcritical plant with any CCS

A review of the values in Table 312 through comparison to the existing efficiency of

installed black and brown coal fleet in Australia was undertaken For brown coal the current

18

sent out thermal efficiency is 265 per cent for a 500 MW subcritical unit For supercritical

brown coal without CCS the sent out efficiency is 323 per cent Applying the same reduction

factor the thermal efficiency with CCS retrofitted should be 17 per cent in lieu of 216 per

cent as published in AETA 2012 report

For black coal the current sent out thermal efficiency is 355 per cent for a 660 MW

subcritical unit For supercritical black coal without CCS the sent out efficiency is 419 per

cent Applying the same reduction factor the thermal efficiency with CCS retrofitted should

be 266 per cent in lieu of 301 per cent as published AETA 2012 report (Table 2)

Table 2 Model Changes CCS Retrofit Thermal Technologies


Technology 8 Pulverised coal subcritical plant

with post combustion CCS based on brown coal

(retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

216

170


with post combustion CCS based on bituminous

coal (retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

301

266

19

213 Amortisation period

There was stakeholder consensus that the operating period for all technologies needs to be set

to thirty years and that the construction time is in addition to the operating time The financial

amortisation period is common for all technologies and is set at 30 years In the AETA 2012

model section 24 (a) nominates that the amortisation period of 30 years is from the

commencement of construction The amortisation period has now been changed (Table 3)

Examples of the change are

Nuclear LWR ndash GW scale In AETA 2012 report amortisation period was 30 years inclusive

of construction and operation The amortisation period has now changed to 36 years (30

operating and 6 years construction)

Solar parabolic trough In AETA 2012 report amortisation period was 30 years inclusive of

construction and operation The amortisation period has now changed to 33 years (30


Table 3 Model Changes amortisation period


Common Amortisation period

for construction and operation

Amortisation period for

operation includes

construction for all

technologies


operation to exclude


technologies

22 No Carbon Pricing

For the 2013 AETA update the carbon price modifier has been set to zero per cent as the

base value for the results presented in this report with the effect of applying a zero carbon

price to all technologies throughout the study period to 2050 The AETA 2013 Model

however has the option of changing this parameter by the user

20

3 CONSIDERATION OF OTHER ISSUES

This section summarises the issues that were discussed during the AETA 2013 Model Update

with AETA stakeholders but have not led to a change in the model However these issues do

not cover the OampM costs considerations that are detailed in section 4

31 Representation of Uncertainty

The recognition of uncertainty within the model was discussed including both the level of

representation and potential uncertainties with respect to First-of-a-Kind and lsquoEarly Moverrsquo

Technologies

A number of factors were identified that lead to uncertainty in estimates ndash particularly for

emerging technologies For conventional coal and gas technologies even though the

technology is mature the addition of carbon capture introduces cost and performance

uncertainty Cost estimates have inherent uncertainty due to the market uncertainties and

unforeseeable technological developments and due to

- Volatility in equipment pricing

- Volatility in economic conditions (during post Global Financial Crisis) and

- Volatility in labour pricing due to ldquootherrdquo heavy construction projects in specific areas

For technologies where the costs are well understood it was considered that the error bars

should be reduced compared to immediate and emerging technologies and that the error bars

should be lower for technology costs in 2012 compared to later years

There is strong agreement from two key stakeholder submissions with all the factors causing

uncertainty that have been identified in AETA 2012 In particular the labour cost has varied

(increased) significantly due to large construction projects which have increased costs due to

a shortage of labour and a lower productivity due to less experienced personnel The

uncertainties provided in the AETA model are available on a per technology and a per

selected years basis BREE will consider whether or not to include more detail on

uncertainty by technology in the 2014 review of the model

32 Application of Learning Curves

It was raised during the consultation process that the AETA model revision could allow for

learning curve cost reduction assumptions to be altered by the end user This has not been

incorporated in the 2013 update as it is a structural change to the AETA Model

Stakeholders also raised the question as to whether it is possible within the application of

learning curves to distinguish between the potential for cost reductions on manufactured

components like PV panels versus the Balance of Project (BoP) costs which may involve

routine assembly and erection activities which are not subject to significant learning by

doing

However there are opportunities for cost reductions particularly where many repetitive tasks

are involved such as solar field construction modular construction techniques

rationalization of components in the BoP design or reduction in assembly or placement time

21

This is supported in the US Solar Market Insight Report 2012 (Kann 2012) which identified

continued savings in inverter and racking costs as follows

ldquohellip falling equipment costs and fine-tuning of installation practices have made large-

scale solar less expensive QQrdquo

ldquohellip with the continuing maturation of the industry we expect continued focus on

reducing PV balance-of-systems costs (BOS) and that the increased worry over high

penetration PV will drive adoption of 1000Vdc and advanced inverters

respectivelyrdquo and

ldquoMounting structure manufacturers noted that the past year has seen tremendous

pricing pressure accounting for price declines of anywhere between 10 per cent and

30 per cent over the past yearrdquo

Given that the balance of plant costs can also be subject to cost reductions it is not

considered necessary to distinguish learning curves for discrete project costs in the model

33 General Costs Considerations

331 Fuel Costs

The outlook for fuel costs for gas coal and carbon was claimed to have materially shifted

since the AETA 2012 model While there was no evidence provided to support this

consideration will be given to this issue in the 2014 model update

332 CCS Costs

A submission cited the ZeroGen Case Study and sought to clarify the differences in CCS

cost between ZeroGen and lower values estimated for AETA 2012 This is a valid

comparison however BREE notes the following issues which contribute to explaining the

differences The international cost component is as follows AETA 52 per cent ZeroGen 34

per cent With the USD exchange rate AETA 1 ZeroGen at 08 adjusting the AETA value

for exchange rate variation would add A$952kWnet to the AETA value There is a

difference in plant size with AETA at 557 MW net and Zerogen 400 MW net A bigger plant

size would typically provide a lower cost kW installed

Additionally section 112 of Chapter One of the ZeroGen report advises escalation based on

project delivery from 2011 to 2017 AETA costs are for 2012 basis and do not include

escalation beyond this time A portion of the Zerogen costs will be inflated over the

comparable AETA cost Also section 113 of Chapter One of the ZeroGen report identifies

significant enabling works This is likely to be more inclusive than considered in the AETA

2012 report as identified in section 23 (a)

Overall it is considered likely that a number of estimate basis items in the ZeroGen study are

different and once equalised will show a smaller difference between the AETA and

ZeroGen values Therefore there is no immediate action but the basis and assumptions of the

model may be reviewed during 2014 AETA update

With regard to CCS efficiency one submission proposed that the AETA estimates were

overly optimistic However no references were cited to support this view and no change has

been made to the model

22

333 Opportunity Costs

A submission was made that footnotes be included regarding retrofit costs to indicate that

make-up power costs are not included This was not adopted because AETA parameters for

each technology are calculated for that technology alone and do not consider the impact of

reduced output of a retrofit project where additional output needs to be generated from

alternate higher cost generation Opportunity costs are specifically related to business cases

for specific projects and are not considered for any cases presented in the AETA report

Moreover retrofitting does not make electricity generation uncertain or intermittent It only

lowers the flow of generation at a constant rate (due to lower thermal efficiency) relative to

the non-retrofit case

34 Capital and Construction Costs

A submission was made to update the AETA values for the mid-point capital cost for several

technologies based on a study provided in support of the submission The technologies

asserted were

IGCC (Integrated Gasification and Combined Cycle) with 90 per cent capture fuelled

with Victorian brown coal

IGCC with no capture fuelled with black coal

IGCC with 90 per cent capture fuelled with black coal

Pulverised Fuel power plant with 90 per cent capture fuelled with Victorian brown

coal

Pulverised Fuel power plant with 90 per cent capture fuelled with black coal and

OCGT with no capture fuelled with natural gas

There is a key difference in the magnitude of the labour component in Australia compared

with the labour costs associated with the supporting material (from the USA) While no

changes have been made to the model in this update the ldquoshort termrdquo impact of labour

pricing on technology costs may be considered in further updates

Similarly it was submitted that the capital cost values for combined Cycle Gas Turbine

(CCGT) (with and without capture) could be revised As no documentary evidence was

provided to support this no change was made

For Direct Injection Coal Emulsion (DICE) power plant with no capture fuelled with

Victorian brown coal it is also suggested that the values be reviewed with a number of

papers provided for reference However these papers do not address capital cost in any depth

and it is unclear if the balance of project costs included are comparable with AETA DICE

technology is not mature and is probably best described as in the demonstration to

deployment phase of development which brings uncertainty into the cost analysis Therefore

data is needed to substantiate this submission As this was not available at the time of

preparing this report consideration of this issue is deferred to a later time when the necessary

data is available

An increase in the capital costs for Solar thermal trough (6 hrs storage) and Solar thermal

central receiver (6 hours storage) were proposed based on a supporting study by the Electric

Power Research institute (EPRI) The proposed values are substantially larger than the AETA

23

2012 but it is not clear what basis is used to generate these revised values A separate

submission received from another AETA stakeholder has supported the AETA values

Additionally the cited reference for solar thermal trough the Energy Power Research

Institute (EPRI) plant configuration is based on air cooling ndash while for AETA the plant

configuration assumes water cooling The difference in plant configuration will account for a

small part of the difference The AETA value is based on a reference report as issued in 2012

by the US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL 2012)

The AETA value for the central receiver technology is based on a small (20MW) plant

(Gemasolar) with factors for adjustment to field size for thermal storage capacity and post

FOAK learning These factors will align with increased uncertainty in the AETA value It is

likely that additional cost information may now be available for the Brightsource Ivanpah

plant (no storage) and other tower plants being considered under construction

Further investigation of these issues has been sought with stakeholders but is as yet

unavailable

Another suggestion was made to consider capital costs on a component basis The capital

costs used in AETA 2012 for existing technologies were based on actual costs that could be

sourced on published documents (locally andor internationally) or from WorleyParsons

internal data For developing technologies costs were not considered on a component level

For this reason in technologies that are not commercialised a number of assumptions would

need to be made which may limit lsquorealrsquo costs being available No change to the model arose

from this submission

A reassessment of the construction expenditure profile for concentrating solar power (CSP)

technology options was sought in another stakeholder submission and supported by a

referenced report (IT Power 2012) However the plant sizes considered in the AETA report

are larger capacity (100 MW+) than those discussed in the cited report and consequently

have a longer duration construction period As three years is considered to be an appropriate

time period to spread the construction expenditure profile no change to the model was made

35 Costs Associated with Solar Technologies

A change to the model was sought with regard to the significant downward trends in the cost

of solar PV The stakeholder submission cited pricing data from the Australian Photovoltaic

Institute (APVI) Consultation with the APVI identified that evidence based information for

utility scale PV costs in Australia is limited because Australia has no PV systems 100 MW or

larger It is acknowledged however that there is significant and continued volatility in the

solar PV market including volatility due to competition oversupply in the PV module

market as well as continued price reductions for balance of system and installation costs

A$338 Wnet was a reasonable valuation for 2012 AETA The AETA 2012 value will be

maintained but may be reviewed in the 2014 model update

It was also suggested that solar thermal costs could be better represented in the model by

allowing for different periods of storage rather than a standard 6 hours The AETA 2012

scope was based on fixed plant designs which included fixed thermal storage sizing where

thermal storage was included With thermal storage there are a number of variables that can

be considered including differing field sizes (solar multiple) as well as actual thermal storage

capacities This is likely to add significant complexity to the report and to the model the

benefit of which at this stage does not warrant the changes

24

36 Costs Associated with Nuclear Technologies

It was submitted that consideration be given to including the impact on LCOE for nuclear

technology of the relatively high insurance costs for nuclear technologies This issue will be

considered in the 2014 review of the AETA model However insurance costs or plant

decommissioning costs are not considered for any of the 40 AETA technologies

Also the OampM improvement rate for Nuclear was not reconsidered as there is no OampM

improvement rate for Nuclear in the model

37 Further Technologies

A proposal was received which recommended that further technologies (DICE power plant

based on black coal with and without capture and DICE brown coal with capture and

medium speed DICE technologies) be incorporated into the AETA Model However as

mentioned earlier this update of the AETA 2012 Model only considered the technologies

included in that model This update of the model is not intended to broaden the technologies

38 Auxiliary Loads

Another example used for the purposes of drawing comparisons with the AETA model was

the SaskPower Post Combustion Retrofit It is difficult to distil the SaskPower project data

into a direct comparison with the AETA study and consequently there is insufficient data

certainty to warrant changes to the AETA 2012 values The SaskPower Post Combustion

Retrofit was also cited as to its conservative auxiliary loads for brown and black coal

However upon further investigation this was not substantiated within the SaskPower

example

25

4 WIND PV AND CSP OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE (OampM) COST UPDATE

41 Operation and Maintenance Costs

OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE COST DEFINITIONS

In considering the costing of OampM there is no absolutely clear definition of which costs

should be considered as fixed and which variable with the breakdown varying based on a

range of issues including technology location and resource type For this reason in the future

AETA reports OampM costs may be compared in terms of annual total operating expenditure

(OPEX) per MW of generation This method is widely used by most international institutions

to analyse OampM costs and to avoid subjective considerations

For this report fixed and variable costs are reported to provide direct comparison with AETA

2012 In this regard in general fixed costs are independent of the electrical generation of the

plant and are expressed as annual cost per MW capacity Fixed costs include items such as

fixed labour

equipment and

vehicles

Variable costs are proportional to the electrical generation of the Plant and are expressed as

cost rate per kWh energy output Variable costs include items such as

variable labour

consumables and

spare parts

As both public and private domain material vary in the way they approach and report on

fixed and variable maintenance within the following text where an interpretation has been

used for comparison purposes this is described

A submission was made to remove the operations and maintenance (OampM) cost escalation

factors This was not taken up as there is an increase in the OampM costs over CPI which is

borne out historically A review of the basis for this escalation determined that the

underlying assumptions were appropriate The review also considered adopting a generic

learning curve approach for OampM improvement rates as was suggested in one submission

This was not adopted as the model has an OampM improvement rate (set at 02 per cent per

annum) which can be varied by the user for wind and solar technologies This value accounts

for more efficient practices balancing the increase in labour and material costs over and

above CPI However changes to OampM improvement rates for selected technologies were

made as mentioned earlier OampM improvement rate values may be further considered for

emerging technologies in 2014 AETA study

A number of submissions referred to the improvement rate of OampM costs with evidence for

existing technologies to support these rising at 150 per cent CPI It was suggested that for

26

developing technologies it could reasonably be assumed that there would be reductions in

OampM between the first commercial installation and subsequent installations

While it is generally acknowledged that the LCOE of delivered energy from wind is falling

within the literature there is conflicting evidence around trends in OampM costs with recent

reports indicating both significant decreases and increases in OampM (see section 432)

Solar thermal plants consist of technology components that can be considered mature (eg

steam turbine) and components that are undergoing further development such as the solar

field and thermal storage Solar thermal plants require manning for operation as opposed to

wind turbines that do not require the same level of manning

A recent article (Muirhead 2013) advised for the Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS)

plants in California that have been operating since the early 1990rsquos ldquoMy understanding is

that the performance of the SEGS plants has significantly improved over time This is due

primarily to replacement of first generation receivers with newer receivers that are much

more efficient OampM practices at the plants have also improved over time based on the now

long history of operating these plants resulting in increased output in addition to reduced

OampM costs

In the AEMO report 100 Per Cent Renewables Study - Draft Modelling Outcomes Scenario 1

assumes that rapid technology transformation will drive real reductions in OampM costs

outweighing any increases projected in the AETA 2012 so OampM costs reduce by 125 per

cent by 2030 and 25 per cent by 2050 Scenario 2 uses the AETA 2012 assumption that

OampM costs escalate at around 150 per cent of Consumer Price Index (CPI) which leads to

cost increases of 27 per cent by 2030 and 46 per cent by 2050 It should be noted that the

Scenario 1 reductions are assumptions without further analysis of what will bring the

assumptions to fruition

In AETA 2012 the common OampM improvement rate for most technologies is set at 02 per

cent and can be varied as a user input The OampM improvement rate for emerging

technologies solar thermal and photovoltaic technology options and offshore wind is set to

25 per cent and can also be varied as a user input The improvement rate is now compounds

on the previous yearrsquos value

The OampM improvement rate values may be further considered for emerging technologies in

2014 AETA study

42 Operating and Maintenance (OampM) Changes in summary

As part of the Model Update special emphasis was placed in this report on the Operational

and Maintenance (OampM) costs and OampM improvement rates for all wind solar thermal and

solar PV renewable technologies covered in AETA 2012 As mentioned earlier this took into

account relevant Australian and international reports public domain information private

sources as well BREE and WorleyParsonsrsquo in-house experience The updated OampM values

are shown in Table 4 Reductions in CSP OampM costs of between 8 per cent and 27 per cent

were obtained in comparison to values provide in AETA 2012 report

The review included a detailed review of a report by IT Power cited as part of one of the

stakeholder submissions In that report reference is made to a case where $18MWh of OampM

costs comes from 64MW trough plant however it does not specify the relevant location hour

27

of thermal energy storage (TES) capacity factor type of cooling and back-up fuel and

therefore cannot be fully analysed nor used towards this AETA update

OampM costs for solar thermal plants are significantly affected by the costs of manpower To

demonstrate this with an example $18MWh for a 100MW plant with a 23 per cent capacity

factor (the IT Power report consideration) would result in an annual OampM cost of

approximately $36 million A 100MW plant will need at least 28 full time employees to be

properly manned 7 daysweek as there needs to be multiple shifts With this amount of

labour there are insufficient funds for site services utilities and materialsmaintenance If the

value is based on another location such as the Far or the Middle East region where labour

costs are significantly lower then a lower OampM cost may be feasible however for Australia

this does not appear to be feasible

The changes to OampM values for the 2013 AETA model refresh are summarised below

Table 4 Model Changes OampM costs


Section 23 Technical Assumptions

Operating and Maintenance Cost

Estimates

OampM improvement rate 02per

cent all technologies

OampM improvement rate maintained at

02per cent for

Coal based technology options

Gas based technology options

Solar thermal hybrid options

Onshore wind

Biomass technology options

Wave technology options

Geothermal technology options

Nuclear technology options

OampM improvement rate changed to 25per

cent for

Solar thermal technology options

Photovoltaic technology options

Offshore wind

The OampM improvement rate is compounded

from the previous yearsrsquo value

Section 33 Solar thermal

technologies

Solar thermal - Parabolic Trough wo

storage

Fixed OampM (AUS$MWyear)

Variable OampM (AUS$MWh)

60000

15

59176

1519

Solar thermal - Parabolic Trough with

storage



65000

20

72381

1139

Solar thermal - central receiver

technology wo storage

28




70000

15

58285

707


technology with storage



60000

15

71312

565

Solar thermal - Linear Fresnel wo

storage



60000

1500

64105

1519

Solar thermal - Linear Fresnel with

storage



65000

20

72381

1139

Section 35 Photovoltaic

technologies

PV ndash non tracking


25000

25000 (no change)

PV - Single Axis Tracking


38000

30000

PV - Dual Axis Tracking


47000

39000

Section 36 Wind Technologies

Wind Onshore



40000

12

32500

10

Wind Offshore



80000

12

77600

30

43 Wind

431 Introduction

This Section reviews onshore and offshore wind operations and maintenance (OampM) costs

used in AETA 2012 The values scrutinised are the fixed and variable OampM given in Table

361 of that report summarised in Table 5 below

29

Table 5 Wind OampM costs used in the AETA 2012 report

Option Fixed OampM (AUS$MW) Variable OampM (AUS$MWh)

Onshore 40000 12

Offshore 80000 12

OampM covers all of the services required to keep the wind farm operating as contracted to

supply energy and renewable energy certificates for its lifetime inclusive of

turbines and all balance of plant (roads buildings electrical equipment SCADA

control equipment) up to the high voltage connection point on the wind farm

substation

labour (both trades and professional)

facilities (workshops stores offices)

equipment (tools jigs vehicles rigging safety equipment craneage)

spare parts and

consumables (such as oil grease and office consumables)

Windfarm size was not specified in AETA 2012 however it was noted that wind farms

greater than 100MW are becoming more common Since then within Australia wind farms

of larger and smaller sizes have been constructed for example the 420 MW Macarthur Wind

Farm in Victoria and the 55 MW Mumbida Wind Farm in Western Australia with both larger

and smaller wind farms under proposal For this review a nominal size of 100-150 MW is

used as representative of current and future facilities

432 Review of Evidence

As mentioned earlier the review of public literature by BREE and WorleyParsons the

procurement of private studies consultations with owneroperators in the wind farm OampM

sector in Australia AETA Stakeholders and project Steering Committee members were used

to assist the current Model Update process Where possible these sources are noted in the

text however some of these sources have asked to remain anonymous and where so the

term ldquoprivate sourcerdquo has been used

As noted by one reviewer in NREL 2011 OampM cost information in the public domain in

both quantum and quality is poor and the situation appears no better in 2013 particularly in

the discrimination of fixed and variable costs One reason for this is the commercial and

increasingly competitive nature of the sector with wind farm OampM now a significant

business worldwide with subsequent confidentiality around actual costs

What constitutes wind farm OampM is also changing This is driven in part by technological

change as the wind fleet ages as new turbines become larger and more sophisticated

particularly offshore Competition in the provision of OampM services is also changing with

maturing of the wind energy product As an example the following industry trends are now

evident

30

a growing role of independents in the wind OampM market ndash around 25 per cent of the

wind fleet in the US is expected to be operated and maintained by independents by

2025 (Ebert and Ware 2013) as opposed to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) -

wind is largely a commodity market and easier for new participants to enter something

not necessarily seen with other generation technologies

tighter supply markets ndash general economic volatility is tightening the supply and

project development chain for wind moving interest into the OampM sector bringing

price volatility and more competition

a more sophisticated asset management model ndash where OampM providers are linking

operational data with long term condition monitoring output forecasting and work

order scheduling to deliver what is termed ldquolifecycle optimisationrdquo squeezing more

energy out of the asset

older turbines exceeding planned maintenance budgets ndash with the chief issue being

keeping the variable OampM from unforeseen breakdowns

a push for larger turbines particularly offshore (5-10 MW) and in deeper waters and

linking OampM to turbine contracts ndash there is evidence (including in Australia private

source) that wind farm OampM is becoming an even more significant bargaining

component of turbine supply contracts where lower supply costs are balanced by

longer OampM contracts

Costs of wind OampM are difficult to summarise as they are dependent on many issues As just

one example in the NREL 2011 study cited earlier a wide variability in wind farm OampM

costs was found across a range of countries (Figure 1) This reference demonstrates this

variability from the average reference case in terms of Levelised Cost of Energy (LCOE)

31

Figure 1 Effect of country variables on LCOE of wind plant

Source NREL (2011)

Other issues which affect the contracted cost of OampM for wind include

regional variations in labour and transport costs

wind farm environment particularly wind regime and proximity to the ocean

(corrosion)

the maturity and availability of wind turbine technicians

the spread of facilities geographically and the wind farm asset sizes in a portfolio

the turbine type and brand particularly the support establishment within a Region

the age of the asset OampM history and existence of Type (or systematic) failures of

major components

the ability of the OampM provider under the contract to source third party spares andor

try varied maintenance practices and

the nature of the OampM contract ndash for example does it include risk reward elements or

have a link to the wind turbine supply contract or is it a ldquoproduction availabilityrdquo

contract type

While it is generally acknowledged that the LCOE of delivered energy is falling for wind

technology (Hand 2013) within the literature there is conflicting evidence around trends in

OampM costs with recent reports indicating both significant decreases (BNEF 2013) and

increases (Ebert and Ware 2013) It is generally acknowledged that increased competition in

the OampM market is delivering lower cost service provision but this may in part be offset by

an ageing fleet requiring more variable maintenance and a more sophisticated and costly

32

response Several studies have demonstrated that the costs of maintaining wind turbines

generally increase with time following a trend similar in shape to that in Figure 2 (Hand

2013) with estimates in Albers (2009) indicating a doubling in turbine OampM costs by mid

plant life The term COD in Figure 2 refers to commercial operations date

Figure 2 Typical cost increasing trends in wind farm OampM costs with commercial operations

date

Source Adapted by WorleyParsons from Houston (2013)

In Australia this trend is also evident in post 10-year aged machines (private source)

particularly in relation to variable maintenance The nature of any similar increase with more

modern turbines is unpredictable although turbine availability is improving and there is

evidence that OampM costs with each generation of turbine are lowering see Wiser et al

(2012)

The OampM costs for offshore wind farms are particularly difficult to estimate as the industry

is still at the early stages of development including the progression of much larger turbines

into deeper water and the more complex nature of the task Such progression is indicated in

Figure 3 taken from RolandBerger (2013) which indicates an expected decrease in OampM

costs These costs are of the same order of that published in other recent publications UK

Crown Estate (2012) and US DoE (2013)

33

Figure 3 Trends in offshore wind farms and estimated impact on LCOE

Source RolandBerger (2013)

433 Updated OampM Figures for Australia

It is not a simple matter to transfer international costs to Australia as despite trends there are

significant differences between regions including

size of market ndash despite growth the Australian wind market is small with respect to

other world regions For example the total wind fleet is 4 GW (CEC 2013) for

Australia versus 60 GW for the US (AWEA 2013)

labour and material rates in certain parts of Australia are high by world standards

the logistics of getting to and within Australia generally involve longer distances than

other areas of the world particularly due to the remoteness from major equipment

suppliers

volatility of the Australian dollar particularly against the US and

the size of Australian wind farms tends to be larger

These differences can be seen in Figure 4 supplied by a turbine equipment supplier (private

source) and showing the relative OampM costs (per MW) and technician numbers (per 100

MW) across various world regions in 2012 for wind turbine maintenance only and excluding

balance of plant Numbers and scales between the two indices have been removed to protect

the confidentiality of this supplier with data believed to cover the entire global portfolio

under management This shows a significant difference between regions for onshore in both

indices for example almost a 45 per cent difference in costs between Europe and America

Australia would sit within ldquoAsiaPacificrdquo and while the Figure indicates generally lower

OampM costs and higher technician numbers for this region this presumably covers a very

diverse area (including South East Asia New Zealand and Oceania) which may skew results

34

Unlike many larger global markets the wind OampM sector in Australia is dominated by

turbine equipment suppliers with original equipment manufacturer (OEM) contracts

estimated to cover more than 95 per cent of the fleet The evidence for this is mostly

anecdotal although a number of smaller independent suppliers are now known to be

undertaking full service OampM for older plant (gt10+ years) with many of the drivers for this

covered in Ebert et al (2013) There is also evidence (private source) that wind turbine

suppliers in Australia are seeking OampM contracts with much longer terms and tying these to

reductions in turbine supply prices This may indicate a lack of competitive pressure on

OampM pricing in the near to mid-term and as the size of the overall market is small it is

unknown whether independents will grow market share as has been the case in many larger

global markets see for example Deloitte amp Touche (2012)

The most recent contemporary literature comments on onshore wind farm OampM pricing in

Australia and surrounds that could be found in the public domain and not used for the AETA

2012 work are from Hassan (2011) and Deloitte (2011) These are summarised with other

new international references cited in Table 6 with assumptions on any conversions noted

below the table As no offshore wind farm projects have been progressed in Australia the

table includes values from new sources for offshore projects from the international public

domain literature - the significant difference to onshore costs is evident in the values

Figure 4 OampM Costs (per MW) and Technician Numbers (per 100MW) for total wind turbine

OampM (Opex)

Source Private - values and scales removed to protect confidentiality

From Table 6 and considering the differences in markets it appears that for onshore wind the

AETA 2012 estimates may be slightly high with an updated AETA 2013 recommendation

given in Table 7 This value has been arrived at by considering

the size of the Australian wind market and lack of competitive pressure from

independent OampM service providers

35

supply side pressures on OEMs driving them to protect their OampM businesses and

lowering costs

the likely increase in fleet installations to comply with RET legislation skewing the

fleet age to more a modern generation of turbines although it is noted that there is some

uncertainty around long term OampM cost trends particularly variable maintenance ndash an

asset age of around 5 years is assumed here

uncertainties in what is included in referenced values and differences in markets and

advice from actual asset owners and OampM providers (private sources) on current actual

costs

Table 6 Comparison of AETA 2012 wind OampM estimates with new references for 2013

Source Region

Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

On

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 40000 12 799451

Houston 2013 US - - 35-380002

BNEF 2013 Global - - 25000

3

Private Source (2013) (gt 10 yr old

plant) Australia - - 70000

Private Source (2013)

(lt 2 yr old out of warranty plant) Australia - - 55000

Hassan 2011 Australia - - 83-99000

4

Deloitte 2011 New Zealand - - 450005

Off

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 80000 12 1262526

Crown Estate 2012 UK - - 275000

7

Hassan (2013) UK - - 2391567

RolandBerger 2013 Europe - - 198000

8

US DoE 2013 US - - 144970

9

1 Assumes a 38 capacity factor

2 USAUD = 109 extrapolated from Figure approximately to 2013

3 EUROAUD = 142 uncertain if this includes all balance of plant or VOM and only includes OEM providers


5 Assumes NZAUD = 084 a 38 capacity factor and the mid-range estimate for OampM


7 Assumes GBPAUD = 167 and taking midpoint of estimates stated

8 Assumes GBPAUD = 167 and taking value for 3MW turbines

9 Assumes USAUD = 109

36

The figures shown for onshore projects in Table 7 represent a 15 per cent decrease in the

expected OampM costs of wind farms in Australia compared to AETA 2012 This change

reflects the volatility in this market noted in previous sections and in referenced material

internationally plus the appearance of significant downward pressure on wind OampM prices

primarily through increased global competition The values allow for the rising price of

turbine OampM as the turbine ages during its life

For offshore wind it appears that the OampM costs in AETA 2012 are too low and although it

is tempting to align costs with the most recent US figures due to their lower costs and similar

coastal conditions to Australia the European offshore fleet is significantly larger and more

mature Average figures across the 2013 referenced material including Europe is

recommended This is also shown in Table 7 and represents a significant increase in estimate

costs (around 33per cent) which reflects this evolving sector

There is very little contemporary information available on the breakdown of fixed and

variable maintenance on wind plant making judgment around this for the AETA requirements

is difficult However there is some published but copyrighted material eg GlobalData 2012

which combined with others (private sources) indicates that for onshore and offshore wind

plant respectively a 5050 and 4060 FOM VOM split is appropriate This has been used to

adjust the total OPEX figure in Table 7 to the AETA scheduled and variable indices

requirements using a 38 per cent and a 44 per cent capacity factor for onshore and offshore

projects respectively

Table 7 Recommended AETA (2013) values

AETA (2013) update Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000

44 Solar Photovoltaics (PV)

441 Introduction

This Section of the report focuses on the OampM costs for ground-mount photovoltaic (PV)

technologies broken down by the following mounting system configurations

Fixed Tilt (FT)

Single Axis Tracking (SAT)

Dual Axis Tracking (DAT)

Although different PV panel technology types (eg poly-crystalline mono-crystalline or thin

film CdTe) affect the capacity factor and land use the OampM costs are comparable The

estimates for this Report are based on polycrystalline PV technology which provides an

average cost on a per Watt basis with mono-crystalline OampM costs being slightly lower and

thin film OampM costs being slightly higher

With the aim to provide comparable results between technologies WorleyParsons has

analysed and updated the PV OampM costs in terms of both fixed operation and maintenance

37

costs (FOM) and total operating expenditures (OPEX) based on reference plants of similar

characteristics

Assumptions interpretations and considerations based on their in-house data and global

market trends are described in the following Sections

442 Review of the Evidence

Since the AETA 2012 report release few new public domain reports related to OampM costs

for PV systems have been published To confirm this the following organisations have been

consulted by WorleyParsons to provide the 2013 OampM costs update for the selected PV

configurations

International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) (wwwirenaorg)

International Energy Agency (IEA) (wwwieaorg)

The World Bank (WB) (wwwworldbankorg)

The US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) (wwwnrelgov)

Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA) (wwwseiaorgau)

European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA) (wwwepiaorg) and

Solar Electric Power Association (SEPA) (wwwsolarelectricpowerorg)

Upon review of the available information when compared to AETA 2012 the listed

organisations do not have any new public information related to large-scale PV OampM costs

If OampM costs are mentioned they are normally referenced as a per cent of the total Capital

Expenditure (CAPEX) for the plant (around 1 per cent) and provide little useful information

about OampM Cost changes

Due to insufficient detailed and recent information in the public domain WorleyParsons

obtained the following market reports from Photon a private organisation focused on market

news political discussions and technology analysis for the PV industry

Photon 2013 ldquoThe True Cost of Solar Power - Temple of Doomrdquo and

Photon 2013 ldquoSolar Annual 2013 - Build your Empirerdquo

These private reports had minimal focus on OampM costs To provide further input in this

area private OampM service providers were contacted for pricing estimates and market trends

443 AETA 2012 OampM PV costs report comparison

Typical power plant OampM costs are expressed as a combination of a variable component

(proportional to generation) and a fixed component (occurs irrespective of generated output)

Since the generation of a PV plant is dependent on solar radiation (not requiring fossil fuel or

water which make up the major components of variable costs for conventional generation) it

is typical to express the OampM costs only as Fixed OampM (FOM) costs proportional to the

plant size due to the simplicity of PV systems The AETA 2012 report follows this practice

and estimates the PV OampM costs as FOM only relative to plant size (kW) expressed on a per

year basis

38

In order to facilitate comparisons of these costs with other electricity technologies the FOM

costs in the AETA 2012 report are also presented as OPEX costs per MW of generating

capacity per year

ASSUMPTIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS

The following costs are included in the FOM estimates as an annual cost per kW capacity

labor and administrative expenses

panel washing (twice per year at $300 kl for water)

weed abatement (seasonal herbicide applications)

inverter replacement reserve (replaced at operational year 10) and

materials and maintenance spare parts civil works preventative and corrective

equipment maintenance

Although the cost of water is variable depending on location and usage it is such a small

portion of the total OampM costs that it is adequate to assume it as a fixed cost using the

assumptions listed above

AETA 2012 PV OampM COSTS COMPARISON REPORT

The technical characteristics of the reference PV plants used in the AETA 2012 report have

been extracted from the AETA 2012 Model (Version 1_0 Rev B BREE 2012) and are

summarised in Table 8

Based on this information the following parameters for the PV technologies are estimated

Total net energy production in terms of MWh sent out per year

Total plant acreage

FOM in terms of USD per year and

Total OPEX costs in terms of USD per year and USD per total net energy production

per year

39

Table 8 AETA 2012 reference plants technical characteristics and OPEX costs

Plant Characteristics Units Fixed Tilt (FT) Single Axis Tracking (SAT)


Plant Characteristics

Plant Net Capacity MW 100 100 100

Capacity Factor per cent 21 24 26

FOM $kWyear 25 38 47

Net Energy MWhyear 183960 210240 227760

Plant Acreage acres 500 800 900

Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206

Total OPEX costs are between 00136 and 00206 USDkWh as shown in Table 8 above

These values are conservative cost estimates but reasonable for a large-scale PV plant with

comprehensive OampM service As is expected the FOM or OPEX costs increase as the plant

footprint increases and the complexity of the mounting system increases However the

increases to single and double axis tracking technologies are larger than would be expected

The increased complexity of the trackers does add costs to OampM in terms of labor parts and

even physical plant size but these additions are minor in comparison to the larger OampM

budget items such as the inverter replacement reserve and general electrical maintenance

which are irrespective of mounting system

These values although conservative still show the cost reductions from the industry learning

curve and expanded competition over the past few years when compared to past estimates of

OampM costs This can be seen in the following Table 9 of Fixed Tilt (FT) costs which

provides some estimates found in previous publications by IEA (2008) and EPRI (2010) The

tracking estimates are not shown since minimal data is available This corresponds to the

historical market trend of the industry being more willing to install fixed tilt systems rather

than tracking systems due to lower costs and technology risk

Table 9 Comparison of historical estimated PV and OampM costs in the public domain

PV Configuration OampM Costs Units IEA 200810

EPRI 2010 AETA 2012

Fixed Tilt (FT) FOM $kWyear 40 32 to 37 25

values in Italics are derived from reported data

10

Report assumed 1 of capital costs and 23 capacity factor

40

45 AETA 2013 PV OampM Costs Update

Using the same plant characteristic assumptions as the 2012 AETA Model the 2013 OampM

costs were estimated by WorleyParsons based on the references described in review of the

evidence in Section 442 The comparison of the AETA 2013 and 2012 OampM costs are

presented in Table 10 below

Table 10 2013 PV OampM costs compared to 2012 PV OampM costs PV Configuration OampM Costs Units AETA 2012 WorleyParsons

2013 Update

Fixed Tilt (FT) FOM $kWyear 25 25

OPEX $kWh 00136 00134

Single Axis Tracking (SAT) FOM $kWyear 38 30

OPEX $kWh 00181 00141

Dual Axis Tracking (DAT) FOM $kWyear 47 39

OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

Although the OampM costs for FT systems are approximately the same SAT and DAT OampM

costs reduced by around 20-30 per cent in this 2013 update compared to the AETA 2012

report The consistency of the FT costs is reasonable and expected to continue for the next

few years as discussed further in Section 451

Regarding the SAT and DAT costs although there have been improvements in the design of

trackers for PV applications this OampM cost reduction is due to a better understanding of the

costs associated with electrical and tracking system maintenance The cost differences

between tracking systems was corroborated by quotes from private OampM service companies

who indicated that there was only a slight increase in costs from FT to SAT but a larger

increase in costs from SAT to DAT

As compared to the references mentioned in Section 442 the updated cost estimates are

conservative Table 11 compares the estimated 2013 OampM costs with those references

However since these publications focused primarily on the CAPEX with very general OampM

cost assumptions the OampM costs presented therein are not considered representative

baselines for large-scale solar projects Furthermore they attest to the industryrsquos tendency to

focus strictly on installation costs and not lifecycle costs which is discussed further in Section

451

41

Table 11 2013 updated OampM costs compared to new referenced OampM costs (7-2) PV Configuration

OampM Costs

Units WorleyParsons 2013 Update

11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14

Private OampM Service Providers

201315

Fixed Tilt (FT) FOM $kWyear 25 235 17 to 21 18 17 to 23

OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127


FOM $kWyear 30 Not provided

Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27

OPEX $kWh 00141 Not provided

Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185


451 OampM Learning Rates

In the rapid PV industry growth of the last three years WorleyParsons and anecdotal

experience is that PV was considered generally to require little to no maintenance causing a

general disregard for OampM planning This appears to have resulted in complications as

owners struggle to resolve reliability performance and budget issues as the projects mature

(multiple private sources) Although the maintenance costs are smaller compared to standard

power plants OampM awareness has been increasing in the industry and therefore the OampM

cost estimates have subsequently increased

This is supported through the recent focus of OampM at PV conferences (such as Sandia

National Laboratory and Solar Energy International events) on increasing the investment in

OampM practices in addition to improving the current practices products and services so that

PV plants can be better maintained to achieve higher reliability throughout the plant life

cycle Currently the majority of OampM expenses for PV systems consist of maintaining and

replacing the inverters followed by the Balance of System maintenance In general once the

appropriate level of investment in OampM for PV is reached then OampM costs will begin to

decrease as the following issues develop to maturity

technology improvement

inverter design for reliability and longevity

data monitoring for preventative and corrective maintenance support

system efficiency to increase system output for the same OampM expense

decreased capital costs for major equipment

decreased spare parts costs

11

See assumptions in Section 433 and 443 12

Report assumed 250kW rooftop at 7 to 10 capacity factor 13

Report assumed 1 of CAPEX and 9 to16 capacity factor 14

Values derived from the global weighted average calculations assuming 21 capacity factor and 20 year lifecycle Report assumed a

simple percentage of average selling price 15

Quote excluded weed abatement panel washing and inverter replacement reserve which were supplemented from the WP estimate

Calculations assumed 21 capacity factor

42

industry maturity and stability

reliable OEM support from product consistency and commercial stability

improved codes and standards for PV equipment system design installation

commissioning and OampM and

experience

trained and experienced personnel in the installation and maintenance of PV plants

In line with this trend owners system designers installers and OEMs are now including

OampM considerations in their finances designs services and products Even though there

have been and will continue to be cost reductions in OampM due to the industry maturation

stabilization and competition those cost reductions are balanced with the necessary

increases in OampM investment to meet the maintenance needs of existing and planned PV

plants resulting in a level OampM cost estimate for the next five years

Photon (2013) follows this assumption of consistent OampM costs for the next ten years as well

as WorleyParsons discussions with OampM service providers Therefore the assumption that

PV OampM costs will remain somewhat constant over the next five years before reducing again

appears to follow the projections in the industry

452 Conclusions - PV

The key findings from the AETA 2012 review and update of the PV OampM costs are as

follows

The 2013 WorleyParsons PV OampM costs update resulted in values of

$25kWyear for FT systems

$30kWyear for SAT

$39kWyear for SAT in 2012 USD

Fixed tilt configurations have not seen significant changes in OampM costs compared to

the 2012 AETA estimates while SAT and DAT configurations cost estimates have

reduced approximately 20-30 per cent based on a better understanding of the associated

OampM costs

Values obtained in the 2013 WorleyParsons update are more conservative but are

aligned with values provided by recognised international institutions even though few

detailed OampM breakdowns are available and

OampM costs for PV are expected to remain constant over the next five years before

reducing as the industry matures in both experience and long-term planning

capabilities

43

46 Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)

461 Introduction

This Section of the report focuses on the OampM costs for the following Concentrating Solar

Power (CSP) technologies

Parabolic Trough (PT)

Solar Tower (ST) and

Linear Fresnel (LF)

CSP OampM costs were analysed in terms of

Fixed Operating and Maintenance Costs (FOM)

Variable Operating and Maintenance Costs (VOM) and

Total Operating Expenditures (OPEX)

In order to arrive at comparable results between technologies BREE and WorleyParsons

estimated the OampM costs based on

Reference Plants with similar Solar Plant characteristics localisation net capacity

capacity factor hours of Thermal Energy Storage (TES) and type of cooling system(s)

and

Cost estimate amounts that were updated to 2012 USD

When information was not available necessary estimates were made using WorleyParsonsrsquo

in-house data and based on global market trends observed in various publications

462 Review of the evidence

The following international organisations were consulted to provide the AETA 2013 OampM

costs update for the selected CSP technologies



European Solar Thermal Electricity Association (ESTELA) (wwwestelarde)


National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) (wwwnrelgov)

Protermosolar (wwwprotermosolares)

Institute for Energy Diversification and Saving (IDEA) (wwwideaes)

Renovetec (wwwrenoveteces) and

CSP Today (wwwcsptodaycom)

The approach in reviewing OampM costs for the 2013 update for CSP technology was only to

use new sources of information published since the AETA 2012 report was written This was

44

maintained for all but the learning rates estimation which is due to the lack of any new

updated information published since 2012 in relation to this

Upon review of the available public domain information it was found that IEA ESTELA

WB Protermosolar Renovetec and IDEA do not have any new relevant public information

related to CSP OampM costs However IRENA 2013b IRENA 2013c and NREL 2012 are

new references from IRENA and NREL that are considered relevant and which were used in

this report

The information contained in these references did not provide updated costs for all of the

CSP technologies being considered in this Report and the values offered were not provided

in terms of FOM and VOM costs as preferred

Due to the lack of new relevant information in the public domain the AETA 2013 Model

Update process obtained reports from CSP Today a private international organisation

focused on news events reports updates and information for the CSP industry in markets

such as India South Africa Spain USA Chile and MENA regions The Update acquired the

last edition of PT and ST reports CSP Today 2012a and CSP Today 2012b for which OPEX

costs were analysed

463 AETA 2012 OampM CSP costs report comparison

Operating and Maintenance expenses were provided in terms of fixed and variable costs in

the AETA 2012 report and this Model Update has modified these for 2013 for PT ST and LF

technologies based on the references cited above and further consideration of learning rates

for the CSP industry

Most CSP projects with commercial operational experience are parabolic trough technology

as it is the most mature technology and currently more is reported and known about actual

costs than other CSP technologies Nevada Solar One as an example is a 64MWe parabolic

trough plant based in California which was commissioned in 2007 and it is the first plant

built after the SEGS development during the 1980-90s also in California

Andasol 1 the 50 MWe parabolic trough plant based in Spain is also the first CSP plant

worldwide to implement a commercial thermal energy storage system with a capacity of 75

hours of full load storage It commenced operation at the end of 2008 and other similar and

larger trough projects are now operating or being constructed

As the most mature CSP technology trough plant should be further down the operational and

design operability maturity path and hence have a lower opportunity for OampM cost

reductions through learning By contrast Solar Tower and Linear Fresnel systems are only

beginning to be deployed at larger scale and hence there is expected to be more potential to

reduce their capital and operating costs and improve performance

Learning rates have been argued by stakeholders as being very significant for CSP plant with

comments of the AETA 2012 report centring on this issue Disappointingly there is no new

published evidence or actual plant report data that could be found by the AETA stakeholders

and WorleyParsons to add to that used for the 2012 report There is however new evidence

on the reduction in LCOE for CSP technologies and WorleyParsons linked OPEX

contribution to these LCOE predictions so that a sense of future reductions could be made

This is outlined further in the following Sections

45

4631 ASSUMPTIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS

FOM and VOM Breakdown

The following costs are included in proceeding FOM cost estimates for CSP technologies as

an annual cost per MW capacity

Insurance

Labour costs and

Fixed service maintenance contracts

Similarly the following costs are included in the VOM cost estimates as a cost rate per MWh

of sent out energy

Material and maintenance costs spare parts equipment maintenance and unscheduled

inspections and

Utilities costs water auxiliary fuel and auxiliary power when applicable

Some items such as spare parts for scheduled maintenance could be considered FOM costs

However to simplify the comparison and to homogenise all of the analyses across

technologies all concepts related to plant material and maintenance were included in the

VOM costs

4632 AETA 2012 OampM CSP COSTS COMPARISON REPORT

The technical characteristics of the reference CSP Plants used in the AETA 2012 report have

been extracted from the AETA Model Version 1_0 (BREE 2012) and are summarised in

Table 12

Table 12 AETA 2012 Reference Plant Technical Characteristics

Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage

Plant Net Capacity MW 138 135 122 18 230 225

Location NA Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Isolation kWhm2year Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Hours of TES h - 7 - 6 - 6

Capacity Factor per cent 23 42 31 42 23 42

Type of Cooling NA Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20

Based on the information above this Model Update estimated the following parameters for

the CSP technologies evaluated in this study

46

Total net energy production in terms of MWh delivered per year

FOM and VOM in terms of USD per year and


per year

The results are listed in Table 13 below Table 13 AETA 2012 OampM Opex costs on a per kWh basis

Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage


Net Energy sent out MWhyear 2780424 496692 3313032 662256 463404 827820

FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310

The percentages of FOM and VOM costs as part of the total OPEX costs are presented in

Figure 5

Figure 5 AETA 2012 FOM and VOM Percentages of Total OPEX Costs

47

In Figure 5 FOM costs are in general terms significantly higher than VOM costs because

they include the higher cost items such as insurance labour costs and fixed service contracts

However as shown in the Figure VOM costs are higher or approximately equal to FOM

costs for technologies with energy storage given the criteria selected for the breakdown

between FOM costs and VOM costs FOM costs will remain relatively consistent from year-

to-year while VOM costs should be broken down even further since the costs of water

natural gas (if required) and electricity vary between locations and from one year to another

Total OPEX costs are expressed in terms of USD per total net energy production per year and

are between 00313 and 00473 USDkWh as listed in Table 13 These values are aligned

with the values provided by international institutions cited although they appear to be

somewhat inflated in comparison with those values that are closer to 0025 and 0035

USDkWh as published by others (eg IRENA)

4633 AETA 2013 OampM COSTS UPDATE

Similar Plant characteristics to AETA 2012 were considered for the appropriate comparison

of OampM costs for this update Plant characteristics include location net capacity capacity

factor hours of TES and type of cooling For this Report the characteristics of the reference

plants used are described in Table 14

Table 14 PT and ST Reference Plant Characteristics

Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

Plant Net Capacity MW 100 100 100 100

Location NA MENA region MENA region MENA region MENA region

Isolation kWhm2year 2400 2400 2400 2400

Hours of TES h 0 6 0 6

Capacity Factor per cent 26 46 275 476

Type of Cooling NA Dry Dry Dry Dry

Source NA WorleyParsons CSP Today 2012a WorleyParsons CSP Today 2012b

The 2013 OampM costs were estimated using as a basis the information provided in the CSP

2012 reports (CSP 2012a and 2012 b) The following considerations were taken into account

the CSP Today reports only consider PT and ST plants with thermal storage

WorleyParsons made the following estimates based on experience with solar and

conventional power plants based on PT and ST technologies without TES

estimated the capacity factor based on plant capacity location and type of cooling

adjusted the insurance material and maintenance and labour costs based on the

solar field reduction factor when applicable

adjusted the steam turbine maintenance based on the potential hours of operation

48

adjusted the plant electricity and water consumption based on the total net

production

assumed similar auxiliary fuel consumption for the plant with and without TES This

assumption is due to the reference plants being based in the same location thus

requiring similar auxiliary fuel consumption for start-up Minimal differences in

auxiliary fuel consumption for freeze protection due to increased time offline for a

plant without TES system compared to a plant with TES are expected but not

considered in this Report as the impact would be minor

the capacity factor provided by CSP Today for PT with thermal storage is considered

high Based on the plant location and capacity WorleyParsons would anticipate the

capacity factor to be closer to 42 per cent instead of 46 per cent as indicated in Table

14 above This difference in capacity factor directly impacts the estimated VOM cost

which is correlated with plant production For comparison purposes the value provided

by CSP Today has maintained and

with respect to Linear Fresnel technology updated information has not been published

since the AETA 2012 report release by the references listed in Section 462 which

WorleyParsons consulted For the purpose of updating the estimates to 2013 it was

assumed that the evolution of the OampM costs would be similar to that of parabolic

trough plants and the same escalation factors were applied

The resulting 2013 and 2012 OampM costs are listed in Table 15 below for comparison

Table 15 2013 CSP OampM Costs Compared to 2012 OampM Costs

CSP Technology OampM Costs AETA 2012 WorleyParsons 2013 update

Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176

VOM $MWh sent out 1500 1519

OPEX $kWh 00448 00412

Parabolic Trough with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228

Linear Fresnel without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

The total OPEX costs per year from the AETA 2012 report and the WorleyParsonsrsquo estimates

that were updated for 2013 are compared in Figure 6 below

Figure 6 Comparison of OPEX Costs per Total Annual Plant Production per Year AETA 2012

Report and 2013 Update

Reductions of approximately 20 - 27 per cent in OampM costs would be realised by CSP with

TES according to the updated 2013 WorleyParsons estimates compared to the same costs

reported in the AETA 2012 report However reductions for PT and LF without TES were

found to be lower at approximately 8 per cent

The IRENA reports (IRENA 2013b IRENA 2013c) provide values for OPEX between 0025

and 0035 USDkWh for PT and ST technologies with and without TES Values updated to

2013 by WorleyParsons are between 0023 and 00412 USDkWh for PT and ST

technologies which align with the IRENA values However IRENA does not differentiate

between the utilisation of TES Solar technologies without TES have fewer hours of

production and although OPEX costs are lower in terms of USDMW compared with solar

technologies with TES OPEX costs in terms of costs per total annual plant production per

year will typically be higher for technologies that do not use TES

4634 OampM CSP LEARNING RATES

Cost reductions on CSP technologies are expected to come from the following main actions

economies of scale in the plant size and manufacturing industry

learning impacts on design construction and operation phases

50

advances in RampD of the following factors

Components Solar receivers mirrors HTF storage media supporting structures

trackers and auxiliary systems

Systems Direct steam generation storage systems or hybrid cooling systems

Configurations Hybridisation or duel electricity water plants

a more competitive supply chain

improvements in the performance of the solar field solar-to-electric efficiency and

thermal energy storage systems

increases in the life of plants and

reduced financial costs

Based on the parameters listed above the LCOE from Solar Thermal technologies is likely to

be continuously decreasing and this is born out in the literature that has been reviewed Based

on the IRENA 2013b report the evolution of the LCOE from trough and power tower CSP

technologies shows how the LCOE is decreasing as technology development increases in

Table 16 below Estimates for LCOE for the hypothetical trough and tower CSP plants in

2014 are also included

51

Table 16 Estimated LCOE form Existing and Hypothetical Trough and Solar Tower CSP Technologies

CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)

Plant Name Location DNI

(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064

1983 138 SEGS I California 2700 039

1989 30 SEGS II ndash VIII California 2700 026

1992 80 SEGS VIII amp IX California 2700 020

2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035

2010 50 Solnova 1 amp 3 Spain 2000 034

2010 - 2011 50 Extresol 1 amp 2 Spain 2000 035

2014 250 Unspecified (wet

cooling no storage)

Not provided Not provided 020

Tower

1987 10 Solar One California 2700 058

2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036

2011 199 Gemasolar (wet

cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033

2014 120 Unspecified

(dry cooling

storage)

Not Provided Not provided 015

International Institutions such as IRENA ESTELA or the World Bank agree that the LCOE

and capital cost reductions of 28 per cent to 60 per cent are envisioned by 2020 ndash 2025 for

such plant Estimates of possible LCOE reductions for CSP technology from 2012 to 2025

are provided in Figure 7 taken from Kearny (2010)

52

Figure 7 Expected LCOE Reductions for CSP Technology from 2012 to 2025

Source (Kearny 2010)

The OampM maintenance costs of modern CSP Plants are lower than those for Californian

SEGS Plants built in the 1980s and 1990s which has a total combined capacity of 354 MW

and estimated OampM costs of USD 004kWh (IRENA 2013b) However CSP experienced no

growth from early 1990s until the mid-2000s as can be seen in Table 16 above

As stated at the beginning of Section 462 Andasol 1 was the first 50 MWe parabolic trough

plant built after SEGS which included a thermal energy storage system It commenced

operation at the end of 2008 Podewils (2008) estimated Andasol 1 OampM costs of EUR

0072kWh or USD 0095kWh (considering 2012 medium rate exchange EURUSD of

07553) This value is high compared to OPEX estimations for PT with TES provided by

both this 2013 update and the AETA 2012 report (00293 and 00377 USDkWh

respectively) Therefore according to the information detailed above considerable learning

improvements to OampM costs have been already achieved from the commencement of

operation of Andasol 1 to the time of this Report

`WorleyParsonsrsquo estimations on the LCOE of parabolic trough plants is in the range of

USD 020kWh to USD 035kWh and that of solar towers between USD 017kWh and

USD 029kWh However in areas with excellent solar resources the range could be as low

as USD 014kWh to USD 018kWh

The following considerations have been taken into account for OampM cost learning rates

forecast

WorleyParsons LCOE estimations as set out above

Potential average envisaged LCOE reductions of 475 per cent by 2025 based on Figure

7 above

OPEX contribution on LCOE of 20 per cent and

53

assuming that all components involved in the LCOE (CAPEX OPEX and financial

expenses) reduce at the same rate so percentage contributions remain constant

According to these considerations WorleyParsons estimates that OPEX values by 2025 could

reach from 0021 to 0037 USDkWh for PT technology and from 0018 to 0031 USDkWh

for ST technology

Technological improvements have reduced the requirement of replacing mirrors and

receivers Automation has reduced the cost of other OampM procedures by as much 30 per

cent As a result of OampM procedure improvements (both cost and plant performance) the

total OampM costs of CSP plants in the long-term are likely to be below USD 0025kWh

(IRENA 2013b)

Parabolic trough system in the United States would have OampM costs of around USD 002 to

USD 003kWh meanwhile the OampM costs of parabolic trough and solar tower power plants

currently under construction in South Africa have estimated OampM costs of between USD

0029 and USD 0036kWh (also IRENA 2013b)

WorleyParsons estimations are in alignment with IRENA estimations in terms of current and

envisaged CSP OPEX costs

4635 CONCLUSIONS ndash CSP

The following main conclusions were made based on this study in relation to CSP

technologies

the 2013 WorleyParsons CSP OampM costs update resulted in values between 0023 and

0043 USDkWh based on 2012 USD

reductions in CSP OampM costs between 8 per cent and 27 per cent were obtained in

comparison to values provide in AETA 2012 report

the total OampM costs of CSP Plants in the long-term are likely to be below USD

0025kWh

the updated values for 2013 by WorleyParsons are in alignment with the values

provided by recognised international institutions and

at the time of this report the only CSP technology with substantial operation capacity

was PT Only three utility-scale ST plants were in operation at the time of this report

(PS-10 PS-20 and Gemasolar) of which only one (Gemasolar) uses TES Though

several process steam and small-scale LFR Plants are currently in operation only one

utility-scale LFR (Puerto Erradio 2) was in operation at the time of this report

47 AETA 2013 OampM Learning Rate recommendation

The learning rate used in AETA 2012 for OampM is applied to all technologies assessed and

includes fossil fuel technologies and emerging technologies The learning rate is set at an

improvement of 02 per cent per annum

In addition to the improvement rate OampM is escalated at a rate of 150 per cent of CPI per

year based on experience with increases in parts and labour costs

The CPI rate set in the model is 25 per cent per annum

54

OampM cost information in the public domain in both quantum and quality is poor for

contemporary data Information supporting OampM learning rates is equally poor There are

indications that emerging technologies do have the potential for increased OampM learning

rates relative to mature technologies

For the renewable energy technologies studied in this report onshore wind is considered

mature and it is recommended that the AETA 2012 report value of 02 per cent is maintained

For all other renewable energy technologies studied in this report a more aggressive learning

rate of 25 per cent is recommended This will effectively cancel out the CPI escalation

adjustment and provide a ldquoflat linerdquo OampM rate for future years This will provide a value in

line with the learning rate conclusions for PV

The learning rate for CSP is considered to have greater potential for reduction but due to the

high level of analysis in this report (and therefore uncertainty) it is proposed that a maximum

of two learning rates is appropriate for the AETA model

Table 17 AETA Learning Rate Comparison

AETA 2012 Learning Rate AETA 2013 update Learning Rate

Onshore Wind 02 per cent 02 per cent

Offshore Wind

PV ndash all technologies

CSP ndash all technologies

02 per cent 25 per cent

55

5 CHANGES TO THE LCOE

Changes to the model parameters described in the earlier sections have resulted in changes to

the LCOE estimates for a number of technologies The LCOE estimate values for all

technologies and associated range of uncertainty are shown in the Figures 8 to 13 below

Note that the values listed are for a base value carbon price modifier of zero per cent which

places no value on carbon emissions

For selected technologies where there are significant cost differences Figure 14 provides a

comparison of mid-range LCOE values for the AETA 2013 and AETA 2012 Models Key

features of the Figures 8 to 14 are as follows

both in AETA 2012 and 2013 Model update LCOE costs are provided for the years

2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

cost ranges are provided for each technology that accounts for differences in fuel prices

and state-based variations

LCOE costs vary substantially across the technologies from $89MWh (combined cycle

gas turbine) to $351MWh (solar thermal linear fresnel) in 2012 and $73MWh (PV

non-tracking) to $247MWh (IGCC black coal CCS) in 2050

the inter-technology LCOE comparisons figures (Figures 8 to 13) reveal changes in

relative costs of technologies over time Key results include renewable technologies

have higher LCOEs than the lowest cost non-renewable technologies and the relative

LCOE rankings significantly change post 2030 The LCOE of solar PV become lower

than the non-renewables from mid 2030 onwards and

large changes in LCOE results between AETA 2013 Update and AETA 2012 are

depicted in Figures14 below Figure 14 compares LCOEs at 2050 between the AETA

2013 Update and AETA 2012 for a selected number of technologies that have changed

significantly for NSW (AETA developed LCOEs by each Australian state) Differences

in technology LCOEs are explained by a multiplicity of factors including the technical

developments OampM costs and learning rate changes

56

Figure 8 Updated LCOEs for AETA 2013 Model technologies values for 2012 (NSW) with carbon price set to zero

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)

LCOE FOR 2012 TECHNOLOGIES (NSW) Note Default region is NSW except bown coal

technologies (VIC) and SWIS scale (as specified)

LCOE includes where relevant allowance for- Carbon Price- CO2 transport and sequestration cost- Plant capital cost (EPC basis) within battery limits- Owners costs excluding interest during construction- Fixed and variable operating costs- Fuel costs- Economic escalation factors

57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)

LCOE FOR 2050 TECHNOLOGIES (NSW)


Note Default region is NSW except bown coal


62

Figure 14 Comparison of AETA 2013 Model and AETA 2012 Model LCOE estimates selected technologies 2050

0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions

The Australian Energy Technology Assessment (AETA 2012) provided the best available and most up-to-

date cost estimates for 40 electricity generation technologies under Australian conditions To ensure that

the cost estimates for the various technologies are consistent all common input costs (eg labour

materials components carbon price) were itemised To ensure that the AETA costings remain up to date

AETA costs are reviewed in this AETA 2013 Model Update report

The AETA 2013 refresh was developed in close consultation with a stakeholder reference group drawn

from industry and researchacademic organisations with interests and expertise in a diverse range of

electricity generation technologies

The AETA 2013 Model results reflect the change to exclude the value of a carbon price in the Levelised

Cost of Energy (LCOE) All technologies have experienced a minor reduction in LCOE relative to 2012

(offset in some cases by other factors) due to the change to an amortisation period of 30 years plus the

construction period

Comparing the 2012 AETA results without a carbon price to the 2013 results without a carbon price there

are significant reductions in the LCOE of solar technologies and onshore wind This is as a consequence of

changes to the fixed and variable Operations and Maintenance (OampM) costs for these technologies For the

solar technologies the adjustment of the capital learning rate to 25 per cent has also contributed to the

LCOE reduction Offshore wind also has an increased learning rate but this has been offset to a large extent

by increased variable OampM costs

Nuclear LCOE has increased significantly due to higher estimates for capital costs

Efficiency for coal fired plants with CCS retrofits has been revised downwards to better reflect the expected

efficiency of these plants and has the effect of increasing the LCOE

64

REFERENCES

Albers A 2009 OampM Cost Modeling Technical Losses and Associated Uncertainties Proceedings of the

2009 European Wind Energy Conference Marseilles France March

AWEA (American Wind Energy Association) 2013 AWEA US Wind Industry Annual Report ndash Year

Ending 2012 USA

BNEF (Bloomberg New Energy Finance) 2013 Operations and Maintenance (OampM) Price Index Issue II

Wind Research Note April

BREE (Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics) 2012 AETA Report and Model Version 1_0 2012

Australian httpwwwbreegovau

CEC (Clean Energy Council) 2013 Australian Energy Technology Assessment 2013 Review Letter to

BREE of 20 May 2013 from the Clean Energy Council (Mr Russel Marsh signatory for the CEC)

CEC (Clean Energy Council) 2013 Clean Energy Council Renewable Energy Map Australia June (data

noted as current as of 21 August 2012)

httpwwwcleanenergycouncilorgauresourcecentreplantregistermaphtml

Crown Estate 2012 Offshore Wind Cost Reduction Pathways Study United Kingdom May

CSP 2012a CSP Parabolic Trough Report Cost Performance and Key Trends CSP Today

CSP 2012b CSP Solar Tower Report Cost Performance and Key Trends CSP Today

Deloitte amp Touche 2012 European Wind Services Study Find Out Which Way the Wind Blows Deloitte amp

Touche GmbH Wirtschaftspruumlfungsgesellschaft August

Deloitte 2011 Economics of wind development in New Zealand Deloitte for the for the New Zealand Wind

Energy Association

Ebert P amp Ware J 2013 The Role of Independents in the Wind Farm Operations amp Maintenance

Proceedings of the 2013 New Zealand Wind Energy Conference and Exhibition March

EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute) 2010 Engineering and Economic Evaluation of Central-Station

Solar Photovoltaic Power Plants USA March

GlobalData 2012 Wind Operations amp Maintenance (OampM) Market ndash Global Market Size Share by

Component Competitive Landscape and Key Country Analysis to 2020 GlobalData reference code

GDAE1054MAR January

Hand M 2013 Wind Plant Cost of Energy Proceedings of the 2nd NREL Wind Energy System

Engineering Workshop January

Hassan G 2011 Review of the Australian Wind Energy Industry Clean Energy Council Australia 2011

Houston C 2013 The Real Truth About Wind Farm OampM Costs North American WindPower March

IEA (International Energy Agency) 2008 Technology Roadmap Solar photovoltaic energy France

httpwwwieaorgpublicationsfreepublicationspublicationpv_roadmappdf

IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency) 2013a Solar Photovoltaics Technology Brief Germany

January httpwwwirenaorgDocumentDownloadsPublicationsIRENA-ETSAPper

cent20Techper cent 20Briefper cent20E11per cent20Solarper cent20PVpdf

65

IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency) 2013b Concentrating Solar Power Technology Brief

Germany January

IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency) 2013c Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2012 An

Overview Germany

IT Power 2013 Analysis of the AETA 2012 cost estimates of CSP technologies Clean Energy Council

submission to the Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics May

Kann S 2012 US Solar Market Insight Report Q3 California USA

Kearny A 2010 Solar Thermal Electricity 2025 ndash clean electricity on demand attractive STE costs

stabilize energy production ATKearny consultants Dusseldorf Germany

Muirhead J 2013 SEGS experience suggests that CSP will age gracefully CSP Today South Africa

httpsocialcsptodaycommarketssegs-experience-suggests-csp-will-age-

gracefullysthash6VkxFaD0dpuf

NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratories) 2011 IEA Wind Task 26 ndash Multi-national Case Study of

the Financial Cost of Wind Energy Technical Report NRELTP-6A2-48-48155 March

NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratories) 2012 Cost and Performance Data for Power Generation

Technologies USA February

NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratories) 2013 Breakeven Prices for Photovoltaics on

Supermarkets in the United States March httpwwwnrelgovdocsfy13osti57276pdf


Supermarkets in the United States USA March httpwwwnrelgovdocsfy13osti57276pdf

Photon 2012 The True Cost of Solar Power 2012 Temple of Doom Solar Power in Focus Series Photon

Consulting

Photon 2013 Solar Annual 2013 Build Your Empire Photon Consulting

Podewils C 2008 Photovoltaic vs Solar Thermal where PV has the upper hand and where solar thermal

strikes back Photon International Germany November

Poore R and Walford C 2008 Development of an Operations and Maintenance Cost Model to Identify

Cost of Energy Savings for Low Wind Speed Turbines Report NRELSR-500-40581 National

Renewable Energy Laboratory January

RolandBerger 2013 Offshore Wind Towards 2020 On the Pathway to Cost Competitiveness RolandBerger

Consultants Germany April

See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg

See wwwestelasolarde

See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov

See wwwprotermosolares

66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau

See wwwsolarelectricpowerorg

See wwwworldbankorg

UK Crown Estate 2012 Offshore Wind Cost reduction Study May

US DoE (Department of Energy) 2013 Award Number DE-EE0005360 USA February

Wiser R Lantz E Bolinger M amp Hand M 2012 Recent Developments in the Levelized Cost of Energy

from US Wind Power Projects Contract No DE-AC02-05CH11231 National Renewable Energy

Laboratories February

67

Appendix A

Electricity Generation Technologies in AETA 2012 Report and Model

The 40 AETA electricity generation technologies are

1 Integrated Gasification and Combined Cycle (IGCC) plant based on brown coal

2 IGCC plant with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) based on brown coal

3 IGCC plant based on bituminous coal

4 IGCC plant with CCS based on bituminous coal

5 Direct injection coal engine (clean lignite eg brown coal technology)

6 Pulverised coal supercritical plant based on brown coal

7 Pulverised coal supercritical plant with post combustion CCS based on brown coal

8 Pulverised coal subcritical plant with post combustion CCS based on brown coal (retrofit)

9 Pulverised coal supercritical plant based on bituminous coal

10 Pulverised coal supercritical plant based on bituminous coal - SWIS relevant scale

11 Pulverised coal supercritical plant with CCS based on bituminous coal

12 Pulverised coal subcritical plant with post combustion CCS based on bituminous coal (retrofit)

13 Adding CCS to existing Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) power plants (retrofitting)

14 Oxy combustion pulverised coal supercritical plant based on bituminous coal

15 Oxy combustion pulverised coal supercritical plant with CCS based on bituminous coal

16 Combined cycle plant burning natural gas

17 Combined cycle plant burning natural gas - SWIS relevant scale

18 Combined cycle plant with post combustion CCS

19 Open cycle plant burning natural gas

20 Solar thermal plant using compact linear fresnal reflector technology wo storage

21 Solar thermal plant using parabolic trough technology wo storage

22 Solar thermal plant using parabolic trough technology with storage

23 Solar thermal plant using compact linear fresnal reflector technology with storage

24 Solar thermal plant using central receiver technology wo storage

25 Solar thermal plant using central receiver technology with storage

26 Solar photovoltaic (PV) - non-tracking

27 Solar photovoltaic (PV) - single axis tracking

28 Solar photovoltaic (PV) - dual axis tracking

29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68

32 Geothermal - hot sedimentary aquifer (HSA)

33 Geothermal - enhances geothermal system (EGS)

34 Landfill gas power plant

35 Sugar cane waste power plant

36 Other biomass waste power plant (eg wood)

37 Nuclear Gen 3+

38 Nuclear Small Modular Reactors (SMR)

39 Solarcoal hybrid

40 Integrated solar combined cycle (ISCS) ndash parabolic trough with combined cycle gas

69

Appendix B

Consultations with Stakeholders

This study has been undertaken in close consultation with a Stakeholder Reference Group drawn from

Australian industry and domestic as well as overseas researchacademic organisations with interests and

expertise in a diverse range of electricity generation technologies These stakeholders were invited to

provide evidence of the latest estimates for the costs and performance of various technologies

In addition the AETA project also had a Project Steering Committee comprising staff from BREE

AEMO CSIRO and other independent experts to provide technical advice and support The following

agencies participated in the stakeholder reference group meetings or were forwarded the documents

presented at the meetings

AETA Stakeholder Reference Group

Australian Coal Association

Australian Energy Market Operator

Australian Geothermal Energy Association

Australian National Low Emissions Coal RampD

Australian National University

Australian Renewable Energy Agency

Australian Solar Thermal Energy Association

Australian Sugar Milling Council

Australian Treasury


Clean Energy Council

CSIRO

Department of Industry

Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia

Energy Retailers Association of Australia

Energy Users Association of Australia

Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal

Global CCS Institute

Grid Australia

Intergen

International Energy Agency France

International Power Suez

IRENA Innovation and Technology Centre Germany

70

National Generators Forum

Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy

Private Generators Group

The Institute of Energy Economics Japan

The Energy Research Institute New Delhi

University of Melbourne Energy Institute

University of Queensland Energy Initiative

UQ Energy Economics amp Management Group

Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons

Two AETA Stakeholders Reference Group meetings took place on 30 April 2013 and 17 July 2013 In

addition the AETA Project Steering Committee met on 24 June 2013

71

BREE contacts Executive Director BREE Bruce Wilson brucewilsonretgovau

(02) 6243 7901

Deputy Executive Director Wayne Calder waynecalderbreegovau

(02) 6243 7718

Modelling amp Policy Integration Arif Syed arifsyedbreegovau

Program Leader (02) 6243 7504

Data Statistics Geoff Armitage geoffarmitagebreegovau


Energy and Quantitative Analysis Allison Ball allisonballbreegovau


Resources ndash Program Leader John Barber johnbarberbreegovau

(02) 6243 7988

72

2

Arif Syed (BREE) 2013 The Australian Energy Assessment (AETA) 2013 Model update Canberra

December 2013

copy Commonwealth of Australia 2013

This work is copyright the copyright being owned by the Commonwealth of Australia The Commonwealth

of Australia has however decided that consistent with the need for free and open re-use and adaptation

public sector information should be licensed by agencies under the Creative Commons BY standard as the

default position The material in this publication is available for use according to the Creative Commons BY

licensing protocol whereby when a work is copied or redistributed the Commonwealth of Australia (and any

other nominated parties) must be credited and the source linked to by the user It is recommended that users

wishing to make copies from BREE publications contact the Chief Economist Bureau of Resources and

Energy Economics (BREE) This is especially important where a publication contains material in respect of

which the copyright is held by a party other than the Commonwealth of Australia as the Creative Commons

licence may not be acceptable to those copyright owners

The Australian Government acting through BREE has exercised due care and skill in the preparation and

compilation of the information and data set out in this publication Notwithstanding BREE its employees

and advisers disclaim all liability including liability for negligence for any loss damage injury expense or

cost incurred by any person as a result of accessing using or relying upon any of the information or data set

out in this publication to the maximum extent permitted by law

ISBN 978-1-925092-14-1 (online)

This report was produced by Arif Syed Modelling and Policy Integration Program BREE It is based on

analysis undertaken by WorleyParsons commissioned by the Department of Industry

Acknowledgements

The Project Steering Committee comprised Professor Quentin Grafton Bruce Wilson Wayne Calder and Dr

Arif Syed of BREE Rick Belt and Mark Stevens of the Department of Industry Damir Ivkovic of ARENA

Professor Ken Baldwin of the Australian National University Dr Alex Wonhas of the Commonwealth

Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation and Nathan White of the Australian Energy Market Operator

The guidance and assistance of the AETA Steering Committee members and AETA Stakeholders Group are

gratefully acknowledged Davin Nowakowski and Shamim Ahmad of BREE provided valuable support to the

preparation of this report

Postal address


GPO Box 1564

Canberra ACT 2601 Australia

Phone +61 2 6243 7000

Email infobreegovau or ArifSyedbreegovau

Web wwwbreegovau

3

FOREWORD






of the next decade





















futures

Bruce Wilson

Executive Director


4

CONTENTS


Acknowledgements 2

FOREWORD 3


GLOSSARY 9


1 INTRODUCTION 12



















331 Fuel Costs 21

332 CCS Costs 21



5








43 Wind 28

431 Introduction 28




441 Introduction 36







461 Introduction 43





51 Conclusions 63

REFERENCES 64



BREE CONTACTS 71

6

INDEX OF TABLES

















Technologies 51


7

TABLE OF FIGURES



operations date 32






















8











FT Fixed Tilt

h Hours




kW Kilowatts

kWh Kilowatt hours



m2 Square Meters


MW Megawatts

MWh Megawatt hours







PV Photovoltaic











9

GLOSSARY








value



such costs






with the project


(Australian) labour






project









10

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY



























2030 onwards










11



costs





per cent and


02 to 25 per cent




12

1 INTRODUCTION






































13



component costs























and LCOE estimates















(infobreegovau)


14










































15




16




consideration




OampM costs









and model
















Table 1

17





2012

2020



and commodity costs

4210

6392



and commodity costs

3470

5268



and commodity costs

7908

11778



and commodity costs

4778

7116



























18













(retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

216

170



coal (retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

301

266

19



















operation includes


technologies




technologies






20








Technologies



























doing




21















331 Fuel Costs




332 CCS Costs






















22














asserted were






coal


















data is available




23














unavailable































24














38 Auxiliary Loads







example

25













fixed labour

equipment and

vehicles



variable labour

consumables and

spare parts

















26
















OampM costs















2014 AETA study












27

















Estimates




02per cent for




Onshore wind






cent for



Offshore wind




technologies


storage



60000

15

59176

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139



28




70000

15

58285

707





60000

15

71312

565


storage



60000

1500

64105

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139


technologies



25000

25000 (no change)



38000

30000



47000

39000


Wind Onshore



40000

12

32500

10

Wind Offshore



80000

12

77600

30

43 Wind

431 Introduction




29



Onshore 40000 12

Offshore 80000 12





substation




spare parts and
























evident

30
























31


Source NREL (2011)




(corrosion)





major components





contract type







32






date






(2012)







33












suppliers













34




















OampM (Opex)







35


lowering costs







costs


Source Region

Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

On

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 40000 12 799451

Houston 2013 US - - 35-380002

BNEF 2013 Global - - 25000

3






4


Off

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 80000 12 1262526


7

Hassan (2013) UK - - 2391567


8

US DoE 2013 US - - 144970

9










36























(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000


441 Introduction



Fixed Tilt (FT)










37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

3

FOREWORD






of the next decade





















futures

Bruce Wilson

Executive Director


4

CONTENTS


Acknowledgements 2

FOREWORD 3


GLOSSARY 9


1 INTRODUCTION 12



















331 Fuel Costs 21

332 CCS Costs 21



5








43 Wind 28

431 Introduction 28




441 Introduction 36







461 Introduction 43





51 Conclusions 63

REFERENCES 64



BREE CONTACTS 71

6

INDEX OF TABLES

















Technologies 51


7

TABLE OF FIGURES



operations date 32






















8











FT Fixed Tilt

h Hours




kW Kilowatts

kWh Kilowatt hours



m2 Square Meters


MW Megawatts

MWh Megawatt hours







PV Photovoltaic











9

GLOSSARY








value



such costs






with the project


(Australian) labour






project









10

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY



























2030 onwards










11



costs





per cent and


02 to 25 per cent




12

1 INTRODUCTION






































13



component costs























and LCOE estimates















(infobreegovau)


14










































15




16




consideration




OampM costs









and model
















Table 1

17





2012

2020



and commodity costs

4210

6392



and commodity costs

3470

5268



and commodity costs

7908

11778



and commodity costs

4778

7116



























18













(retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

216

170



coal (retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

301

266

19



















operation includes


technologies




technologies






20








Technologies



























doing




21















331 Fuel Costs




332 CCS Costs






















22














asserted were






coal


















data is available




23














unavailable































24














38 Auxiliary Loads







example

25













fixed labour

equipment and

vehicles



variable labour

consumables and

spare parts

















26
















OampM costs















2014 AETA study












27

















Estimates




02per cent for




Onshore wind






cent for



Offshore wind




technologies


storage



60000

15

59176

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139



28




70000

15

58285

707





60000

15

71312

565


storage



60000

1500

64105

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139


technologies



25000

25000 (no change)



38000

30000



47000

39000


Wind Onshore



40000

12

32500

10

Wind Offshore



80000

12

77600

30

43 Wind

431 Introduction




29



Onshore 40000 12

Offshore 80000 12





substation




spare parts and
























evident

30
























31


Source NREL (2011)




(corrosion)





major components





contract type







32






date






(2012)







33












suppliers













34




















OampM (Opex)







35


lowering costs







costs


Source Region

Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

On

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 40000 12 799451

Houston 2013 US - - 35-380002

BNEF 2013 Global - - 25000

3






4


Off

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 80000 12 1262526


7

Hassan (2013) UK - - 2391567


8

US DoE 2013 US - - 144970

9










36























(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000


441 Introduction



Fixed Tilt (FT)










37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

4

CONTENTS


Acknowledgements 2

FOREWORD 3


GLOSSARY 9


1 INTRODUCTION 12



















331 Fuel Costs 21

332 CCS Costs 21



5








43 Wind 28

431 Introduction 28




441 Introduction 36







461 Introduction 43





51 Conclusions 63

REFERENCES 64



BREE CONTACTS 71

6

INDEX OF TABLES

















Technologies 51


7

TABLE OF FIGURES



operations date 32






















8











FT Fixed Tilt

h Hours




kW Kilowatts

kWh Kilowatt hours



m2 Square Meters


MW Megawatts

MWh Megawatt hours







PV Photovoltaic











9

GLOSSARY








value



such costs






with the project


(Australian) labour






project









10

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY



























2030 onwards










11



costs





per cent and


02 to 25 per cent




12

1 INTRODUCTION






































13



component costs























and LCOE estimates















(infobreegovau)


14










































15




16




consideration




OampM costs









and model
















Table 1

17





2012

2020



and commodity costs

4210

6392



and commodity costs

3470

5268



and commodity costs

7908

11778



and commodity costs

4778

7116



























18













(retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

216

170



coal (retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

301

266

19



















operation includes


technologies




technologies






20








Technologies



























doing




21















331 Fuel Costs




332 CCS Costs






















22














asserted were






coal


















data is available




23














unavailable































24














38 Auxiliary Loads







example

25













fixed labour

equipment and

vehicles



variable labour

consumables and

spare parts

















26
















OampM costs















2014 AETA study












27

















Estimates




02per cent for




Onshore wind






cent for



Offshore wind




technologies


storage



60000

15

59176

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139



28




70000

15

58285

707





60000

15

71312

565


storage



60000

1500

64105

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139


technologies



25000

25000 (no change)



38000

30000



47000

39000


Wind Onshore



40000

12

32500

10

Wind Offshore



80000

12

77600

30

43 Wind

431 Introduction




29



Onshore 40000 12

Offshore 80000 12





substation




spare parts and
























evident

30
























31


Source NREL (2011)




(corrosion)





major components





contract type







32






date






(2012)







33












suppliers













34




















OampM (Opex)







35


lowering costs







costs


Source Region

Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

On

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 40000 12 799451

Houston 2013 US - - 35-380002

BNEF 2013 Global - - 25000

3






4


Off

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 80000 12 1262526


7

Hassan (2013) UK - - 2391567


8

US DoE 2013 US - - 144970

9










36























(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000


441 Introduction



Fixed Tilt (FT)










37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

5








43 Wind 28

431 Introduction 28




441 Introduction 36







461 Introduction 43





51 Conclusions 63

REFERENCES 64



BREE CONTACTS 71

6

INDEX OF TABLES

















Technologies 51


7

TABLE OF FIGURES



operations date 32






















8











FT Fixed Tilt

h Hours




kW Kilowatts

kWh Kilowatt hours



m2 Square Meters


MW Megawatts

MWh Megawatt hours







PV Photovoltaic











9

GLOSSARY








value



such costs






with the project


(Australian) labour






project









10

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY



























2030 onwards










11



costs





per cent and


02 to 25 per cent




12

1 INTRODUCTION






































13



component costs























and LCOE estimates















(infobreegovau)


14










































15




16




consideration




OampM costs









and model
















Table 1

17





2012

2020



and commodity costs

4210

6392



and commodity costs

3470

5268



and commodity costs

7908

11778



and commodity costs

4778

7116



























18













(retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

216

170



coal (retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

301

266

19



















operation includes


technologies




technologies






20








Technologies



























doing




21















331 Fuel Costs




332 CCS Costs






















22














asserted were






coal


















data is available




23














unavailable































24














38 Auxiliary Loads







example

25













fixed labour

equipment and

vehicles



variable labour

consumables and

spare parts

















26
















OampM costs















2014 AETA study












27

















Estimates




02per cent for




Onshore wind






cent for



Offshore wind




technologies


storage



60000

15

59176

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139



28




70000

15

58285

707





60000

15

71312

565


storage



60000

1500

64105

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139


technologies



25000

25000 (no change)



38000

30000



47000

39000


Wind Onshore



40000

12

32500

10

Wind Offshore



80000

12

77600

30

43 Wind

431 Introduction




29



Onshore 40000 12

Offshore 80000 12





substation




spare parts and
























evident

30
























31


Source NREL (2011)




(corrosion)





major components





contract type







32






date






(2012)







33












suppliers













34




















OampM (Opex)







35


lowering costs







costs


Source Region

Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

On

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 40000 12 799451

Houston 2013 US - - 35-380002

BNEF 2013 Global - - 25000

3






4


Off

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 80000 12 1262526


7

Hassan (2013) UK - - 2391567


8

US DoE 2013 US - - 144970

9










36























(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000


441 Introduction



Fixed Tilt (FT)










37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

6

INDEX OF TABLES

















Technologies 51


7

TABLE OF FIGURES



operations date 32






















8











FT Fixed Tilt

h Hours




kW Kilowatts

kWh Kilowatt hours



m2 Square Meters


MW Megawatts

MWh Megawatt hours







PV Photovoltaic











9

GLOSSARY








value



such costs






with the project


(Australian) labour






project









10

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY



























2030 onwards










11



costs





per cent and


02 to 25 per cent




12

1 INTRODUCTION






































13



component costs























and LCOE estimates















(infobreegovau)


14










































15




16




consideration




OampM costs









and model
















Table 1

17





2012

2020



and commodity costs

4210

6392



and commodity costs

3470

5268



and commodity costs

7908

11778



and commodity costs

4778

7116



























18













(retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

216

170



coal (retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

301

266

19



















operation includes


technologies




technologies






20








Technologies



























doing




21















331 Fuel Costs




332 CCS Costs






















22














asserted were






coal


















data is available




23














unavailable































24














38 Auxiliary Loads







example

25













fixed labour

equipment and

vehicles



variable labour

consumables and

spare parts

















26
















OampM costs















2014 AETA study












27

















Estimates




02per cent for




Onshore wind






cent for



Offshore wind




technologies


storage



60000

15

59176

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139



28




70000

15

58285

707





60000

15

71312

565


storage



60000

1500

64105

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139


technologies



25000

25000 (no change)



38000

30000



47000

39000


Wind Onshore



40000

12

32500

10

Wind Offshore



80000

12

77600

30

43 Wind

431 Introduction




29



Onshore 40000 12

Offshore 80000 12





substation




spare parts and
























evident

30
























31


Source NREL (2011)




(corrosion)





major components





contract type







32






date






(2012)







33












suppliers













34




















OampM (Opex)







35


lowering costs







costs


Source Region

Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

On

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 40000 12 799451

Houston 2013 US - - 35-380002

BNEF 2013 Global - - 25000

3






4


Off

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 80000 12 1262526


7

Hassan (2013) UK - - 2391567


8

US DoE 2013 US - - 144970

9










36























(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000


441 Introduction



Fixed Tilt (FT)










37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

7

TABLE OF FIGURES



operations date 32






















8











FT Fixed Tilt

h Hours




kW Kilowatts

kWh Kilowatt hours



m2 Square Meters


MW Megawatts

MWh Megawatt hours







PV Photovoltaic











9

GLOSSARY








value



such costs






with the project


(Australian) labour






project









10

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY



























2030 onwards










11



costs





per cent and


02 to 25 per cent




12

1 INTRODUCTION






































13



component costs























and LCOE estimates















(infobreegovau)


14










































15




16




consideration




OampM costs









and model
















Table 1

17





2012

2020



and commodity costs

4210

6392



and commodity costs

3470

5268



and commodity costs

7908

11778



and commodity costs

4778

7116



























18













(retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

216

170



coal (retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

301

266

19



















operation includes


technologies




technologies






20








Technologies



























doing




21















331 Fuel Costs




332 CCS Costs






















22














asserted were






coal


















data is available




23














unavailable































24














38 Auxiliary Loads







example

25













fixed labour

equipment and

vehicles



variable labour

consumables and

spare parts

















26
















OampM costs















2014 AETA study












27

















Estimates




02per cent for




Onshore wind






cent for



Offshore wind




technologies


storage



60000

15

59176

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139



28




70000

15

58285

707





60000

15

71312

565


storage



60000

1500

64105

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139


technologies



25000

25000 (no change)



38000

30000



47000

39000


Wind Onshore



40000

12

32500

10

Wind Offshore



80000

12

77600

30

43 Wind

431 Introduction




29



Onshore 40000 12

Offshore 80000 12





substation




spare parts and
























evident

30
























31


Source NREL (2011)




(corrosion)





major components





contract type







32






date






(2012)







33












suppliers













34




















OampM (Opex)







35


lowering costs







costs


Source Region

Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

On

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 40000 12 799451

Houston 2013 US - - 35-380002

BNEF 2013 Global - - 25000

3






4


Off

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 80000 12 1262526


7

Hassan (2013) UK - - 2391567


8

US DoE 2013 US - - 144970

9










36























(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000


441 Introduction



Fixed Tilt (FT)










37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

8











FT Fixed Tilt

h Hours




kW Kilowatts

kWh Kilowatt hours



m2 Square Meters


MW Megawatts

MWh Megawatt hours







PV Photovoltaic











9

GLOSSARY








value



such costs






with the project


(Australian) labour






project









10

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY



























2030 onwards










11



costs





per cent and


02 to 25 per cent




12

1 INTRODUCTION






































13



component costs























and LCOE estimates















(infobreegovau)


14










































15




16




consideration




OampM costs









and model
















Table 1

17





2012

2020



and commodity costs

4210

6392



and commodity costs

3470

5268



and commodity costs

7908

11778



and commodity costs

4778

7116



























18













(retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

216

170



coal (retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

301

266

19



















operation includes


technologies




technologies






20








Technologies



























doing




21















331 Fuel Costs




332 CCS Costs






















22














asserted were






coal


















data is available




23














unavailable































24














38 Auxiliary Loads







example

25













fixed labour

equipment and

vehicles



variable labour

consumables and

spare parts

















26
















OampM costs















2014 AETA study












27

















Estimates




02per cent for




Onshore wind






cent for



Offshore wind




technologies


storage



60000

15

59176

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139



28




70000

15

58285

707





60000

15

71312

565


storage



60000

1500

64105

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139


technologies



25000

25000 (no change)



38000

30000



47000

39000


Wind Onshore



40000

12

32500

10

Wind Offshore



80000

12

77600

30

43 Wind

431 Introduction




29



Onshore 40000 12

Offshore 80000 12





substation




spare parts and
























evident

30
























31


Source NREL (2011)




(corrosion)





major components





contract type







32






date






(2012)







33












suppliers













34




















OampM (Opex)







35


lowering costs







costs


Source Region

Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

On

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 40000 12 799451

Houston 2013 US - - 35-380002

BNEF 2013 Global - - 25000

3






4


Off

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 80000 12 1262526


7

Hassan (2013) UK - - 2391567


8

US DoE 2013 US - - 144970

9










36























(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000


441 Introduction



Fixed Tilt (FT)










37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

9

GLOSSARY








value



such costs






with the project


(Australian) labour






project









10

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY



























2030 onwards










11



costs





per cent and


02 to 25 per cent




12

1 INTRODUCTION






































13



component costs























and LCOE estimates















(infobreegovau)


14










































15




16




consideration




OampM costs









and model
















Table 1

17





2012

2020



and commodity costs

4210

6392



and commodity costs

3470

5268



and commodity costs

7908

11778



and commodity costs

4778

7116



























18













(retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

216

170



coal (retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

301

266

19



















operation includes


technologies




technologies






20








Technologies



























doing




21















331 Fuel Costs




332 CCS Costs






















22














asserted were






coal


















data is available




23














unavailable































24














38 Auxiliary Loads







example

25













fixed labour

equipment and

vehicles



variable labour

consumables and

spare parts

















26
















OampM costs















2014 AETA study












27

















Estimates




02per cent for




Onshore wind






cent for



Offshore wind




technologies


storage



60000

15

59176

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139



28




70000

15

58285

707





60000

15

71312

565


storage



60000

1500

64105

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139


technologies



25000

25000 (no change)



38000

30000



47000

39000


Wind Onshore



40000

12

32500

10

Wind Offshore



80000

12

77600

30

43 Wind

431 Introduction




29



Onshore 40000 12

Offshore 80000 12





substation




spare parts and
























evident

30
























31


Source NREL (2011)




(corrosion)





major components





contract type







32






date






(2012)







33












suppliers













34




















OampM (Opex)







35


lowering costs







costs


Source Region

Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

On

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 40000 12 799451

Houston 2013 US - - 35-380002

BNEF 2013 Global - - 25000

3






4


Off

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 80000 12 1262526


7

Hassan (2013) UK - - 2391567


8

US DoE 2013 US - - 144970

9










36























(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000


441 Introduction



Fixed Tilt (FT)










37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

10

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY



























2030 onwards










11



costs





per cent and


02 to 25 per cent




12

1 INTRODUCTION






































13



component costs























and LCOE estimates















(infobreegovau)


14










































15




16




consideration




OampM costs









and model
















Table 1

17





2012

2020



and commodity costs

4210

6392



and commodity costs

3470

5268



and commodity costs

7908

11778



and commodity costs

4778

7116



























18













(retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

216

170



coal (retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

301

266

19



















operation includes


technologies




technologies






20








Technologies



























doing




21















331 Fuel Costs




332 CCS Costs






















22














asserted were






coal


















data is available




23














unavailable































24














38 Auxiliary Loads







example

25













fixed labour

equipment and

vehicles



variable labour

consumables and

spare parts

















26
















OampM costs















2014 AETA study












27

















Estimates




02per cent for




Onshore wind






cent for



Offshore wind




technologies


storage



60000

15

59176

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139



28




70000

15

58285

707





60000

15

71312

565


storage



60000

1500

64105

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139


technologies



25000

25000 (no change)



38000

30000



47000

39000


Wind Onshore



40000

12

32500

10

Wind Offshore



80000

12

77600

30

43 Wind

431 Introduction




29



Onshore 40000 12

Offshore 80000 12





substation




spare parts and
























evident

30
























31


Source NREL (2011)




(corrosion)





major components





contract type







32






date






(2012)







33












suppliers













34




















OampM (Opex)







35


lowering costs







costs


Source Region

Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

On

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 40000 12 799451

Houston 2013 US - - 35-380002

BNEF 2013 Global - - 25000

3






4


Off

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 80000 12 1262526


7

Hassan (2013) UK - - 2391567


8

US DoE 2013 US - - 144970

9










36























(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000


441 Introduction



Fixed Tilt (FT)










37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

11



costs





per cent and


02 to 25 per cent




12

1 INTRODUCTION






































13



component costs























and LCOE estimates















(infobreegovau)


14










































15




16




consideration




OampM costs









and model
















Table 1

17





2012

2020



and commodity costs

4210

6392



and commodity costs

3470

5268



and commodity costs

7908

11778



and commodity costs

4778

7116



























18













(retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

216

170



coal (retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

301

266

19



















operation includes


technologies




technologies






20








Technologies



























doing




21















331 Fuel Costs




332 CCS Costs






















22














asserted were






coal


















data is available




23














unavailable































24














38 Auxiliary Loads







example

25













fixed labour

equipment and

vehicles



variable labour

consumables and

spare parts

















26
















OampM costs















2014 AETA study












27

















Estimates




02per cent for




Onshore wind






cent for



Offshore wind




technologies


storage



60000

15

59176

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139



28




70000

15

58285

707





60000

15

71312

565


storage



60000

1500

64105

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139


technologies



25000

25000 (no change)



38000

30000



47000

39000


Wind Onshore



40000

12

32500

10

Wind Offshore



80000

12

77600

30

43 Wind

431 Introduction




29



Onshore 40000 12

Offshore 80000 12





substation




spare parts and
























evident

30
























31


Source NREL (2011)




(corrosion)





major components





contract type







32






date






(2012)







33












suppliers













34




















OampM (Opex)







35


lowering costs







costs


Source Region

Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

On

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 40000 12 799451

Houston 2013 US - - 35-380002

BNEF 2013 Global - - 25000

3






4


Off

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 80000 12 1262526


7

Hassan (2013) UK - - 2391567


8

US DoE 2013 US - - 144970

9










36























(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000


441 Introduction



Fixed Tilt (FT)










37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

12

1 INTRODUCTION






































13



component costs























and LCOE estimates















(infobreegovau)


14










































15




16




consideration




OampM costs









and model
















Table 1

17





2012

2020



and commodity costs

4210

6392



and commodity costs

3470

5268



and commodity costs

7908

11778



and commodity costs

4778

7116



























18













(retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

216

170



coal (retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

301

266

19



















operation includes


technologies




technologies






20








Technologies



























doing




21















331 Fuel Costs




332 CCS Costs






















22














asserted were






coal


















data is available




23














unavailable































24














38 Auxiliary Loads







example

25













fixed labour

equipment and

vehicles



variable labour

consumables and

spare parts

















26
















OampM costs















2014 AETA study












27

















Estimates




02per cent for




Onshore wind






cent for



Offshore wind




technologies


storage



60000

15

59176

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139



28




70000

15

58285

707





60000

15

71312

565


storage



60000

1500

64105

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139


technologies



25000

25000 (no change)



38000

30000



47000

39000


Wind Onshore



40000

12

32500

10

Wind Offshore



80000

12

77600

30

43 Wind

431 Introduction




29



Onshore 40000 12

Offshore 80000 12





substation




spare parts and
























evident

30
























31


Source NREL (2011)




(corrosion)





major components





contract type







32






date






(2012)







33












suppliers













34




















OampM (Opex)







35


lowering costs







costs


Source Region

Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

On

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 40000 12 799451

Houston 2013 US - - 35-380002

BNEF 2013 Global - - 25000

3






4


Off

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 80000 12 1262526


7

Hassan (2013) UK - - 2391567


8

US DoE 2013 US - - 144970

9










36























(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000


441 Introduction



Fixed Tilt (FT)










37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

13



component costs























and LCOE estimates















(infobreegovau)


14










































15




16




consideration




OampM costs









and model
















Table 1

17





2012

2020



and commodity costs

4210

6392



and commodity costs

3470

5268



and commodity costs

7908

11778



and commodity costs

4778

7116



























18













(retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

216

170



coal (retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

301

266

19



















operation includes


technologies




technologies






20








Technologies



























doing




21















331 Fuel Costs




332 CCS Costs






















22














asserted were






coal


















data is available




23














unavailable































24














38 Auxiliary Loads







example

25













fixed labour

equipment and

vehicles



variable labour

consumables and

spare parts

















26
















OampM costs















2014 AETA study












27

















Estimates




02per cent for




Onshore wind






cent for



Offshore wind




technologies


storage



60000

15

59176

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139



28




70000

15

58285

707





60000

15

71312

565


storage



60000

1500

64105

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139


technologies



25000

25000 (no change)



38000

30000



47000

39000


Wind Onshore



40000

12

32500

10

Wind Offshore



80000

12

77600

30

43 Wind

431 Introduction




29



Onshore 40000 12

Offshore 80000 12





substation




spare parts and
























evident

30
























31


Source NREL (2011)




(corrosion)





major components





contract type







32






date






(2012)







33












suppliers













34




















OampM (Opex)







35


lowering costs







costs


Source Region

Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

On

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 40000 12 799451

Houston 2013 US - - 35-380002

BNEF 2013 Global - - 25000

3






4


Off

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 80000 12 1262526


7

Hassan (2013) UK - - 2391567


8

US DoE 2013 US - - 144970

9










36























(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000


441 Introduction



Fixed Tilt (FT)










37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

14










































15




16




consideration




OampM costs









and model
















Table 1

17





2012

2020



and commodity costs

4210

6392



and commodity costs

3470

5268



and commodity costs

7908

11778



and commodity costs

4778

7116



























18













(retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

216

170



coal (retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

301

266

19



















operation includes


technologies




technologies






20








Technologies



























doing




21















331 Fuel Costs




332 CCS Costs






















22














asserted were






coal


















data is available




23














unavailable































24














38 Auxiliary Loads







example

25













fixed labour

equipment and

vehicles



variable labour

consumables and

spare parts

















26
















OampM costs















2014 AETA study












27

















Estimates




02per cent for




Onshore wind






cent for



Offshore wind




technologies


storage



60000

15

59176

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139



28




70000

15

58285

707





60000

15

71312

565


storage



60000

1500

64105

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139


technologies



25000

25000 (no change)



38000

30000



47000

39000


Wind Onshore



40000

12

32500

10

Wind Offshore



80000

12

77600

30

43 Wind

431 Introduction




29



Onshore 40000 12

Offshore 80000 12





substation




spare parts and
























evident

30
























31


Source NREL (2011)




(corrosion)





major components





contract type







32






date






(2012)







33












suppliers













34




















OampM (Opex)







35


lowering costs







costs


Source Region

Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

On

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 40000 12 799451

Houston 2013 US - - 35-380002

BNEF 2013 Global - - 25000

3






4


Off

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 80000 12 1262526


7

Hassan (2013) UK - - 2391567


8

US DoE 2013 US - - 144970

9










36























(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000


441 Introduction



Fixed Tilt (FT)










37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

15




16




consideration




OampM costs









and model
















Table 1

17





2012

2020



and commodity costs

4210

6392



and commodity costs

3470

5268



and commodity costs

7908

11778



and commodity costs

4778

7116



























18













(retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

216

170



coal (retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

301

266

19



















operation includes


technologies




technologies






20








Technologies



























doing




21















331 Fuel Costs




332 CCS Costs






















22














asserted were






coal


















data is available




23














unavailable































24














38 Auxiliary Loads







example

25













fixed labour

equipment and

vehicles



variable labour

consumables and

spare parts

















26
















OampM costs















2014 AETA study












27

















Estimates




02per cent for




Onshore wind






cent for



Offshore wind




technologies


storage



60000

15

59176

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139



28




70000

15

58285

707





60000

15

71312

565


storage



60000

1500

64105

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139


technologies



25000

25000 (no change)



38000

30000



47000

39000


Wind Onshore



40000

12

32500

10

Wind Offshore



80000

12

77600

30

43 Wind

431 Introduction




29



Onshore 40000 12

Offshore 80000 12





substation




spare parts and
























evident

30
























31


Source NREL (2011)




(corrosion)





major components





contract type







32






date






(2012)







33












suppliers













34




















OampM (Opex)







35


lowering costs







costs


Source Region

Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

On

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 40000 12 799451

Houston 2013 US - - 35-380002

BNEF 2013 Global - - 25000

3






4


Off

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 80000 12 1262526


7

Hassan (2013) UK - - 2391567


8

US DoE 2013 US - - 144970

9










36























(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000


441 Introduction



Fixed Tilt (FT)










37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

16




consideration




OampM costs









and model
















Table 1

17





2012

2020



and commodity costs

4210

6392



and commodity costs

3470

5268



and commodity costs

7908

11778



and commodity costs

4778

7116



























18













(retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

216

170



coal (retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

301

266

19



















operation includes


technologies




technologies






20








Technologies



























doing




21















331 Fuel Costs




332 CCS Costs






















22














asserted were






coal


















data is available




23














unavailable































24














38 Auxiliary Loads







example

25













fixed labour

equipment and

vehicles



variable labour

consumables and

spare parts

















26
















OampM costs















2014 AETA study












27

















Estimates




02per cent for




Onshore wind






cent for



Offshore wind




technologies


storage



60000

15

59176

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139



28




70000

15

58285

707





60000

15

71312

565


storage



60000

1500

64105

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139


technologies



25000

25000 (no change)



38000

30000



47000

39000


Wind Onshore



40000

12

32500

10

Wind Offshore



80000

12

77600

30

43 Wind

431 Introduction




29



Onshore 40000 12

Offshore 80000 12





substation




spare parts and
























evident

30
























31


Source NREL (2011)




(corrosion)





major components





contract type







32






date






(2012)







33












suppliers













34




















OampM (Opex)







35


lowering costs







costs


Source Region

Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

On

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 40000 12 799451

Houston 2013 US - - 35-380002

BNEF 2013 Global - - 25000

3






4


Off

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 80000 12 1262526


7

Hassan (2013) UK - - 2391567


8

US DoE 2013 US - - 144970

9










36























(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000


441 Introduction



Fixed Tilt (FT)










37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

17





2012

2020



and commodity costs

4210

6392



and commodity costs

3470

5268



and commodity costs

7908

11778



and commodity costs

4778

7116



























18













(retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

216

170



coal (retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

301

266

19



















operation includes


technologies




technologies






20








Technologies



























doing




21















331 Fuel Costs




332 CCS Costs






















22














asserted were






coal


















data is available




23














unavailable































24














38 Auxiliary Loads







example

25













fixed labour

equipment and

vehicles



variable labour

consumables and

spare parts

















26
















OampM costs















2014 AETA study












27

















Estimates




02per cent for




Onshore wind






cent for



Offshore wind




technologies


storage



60000

15

59176

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139



28




70000

15

58285

707





60000

15

71312

565


storage



60000

1500

64105

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139


technologies



25000

25000 (no change)



38000

30000



47000

39000


Wind Onshore



40000

12

32500

10

Wind Offshore



80000

12

77600

30

43 Wind

431 Introduction




29



Onshore 40000 12

Offshore 80000 12





substation




spare parts and
























evident

30
























31


Source NREL (2011)




(corrosion)





major components





contract type







32






date






(2012)







33












suppliers













34




















OampM (Opex)







35


lowering costs







costs


Source Region

Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

On

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 40000 12 799451

Houston 2013 US - - 35-380002

BNEF 2013 Global - - 25000

3






4


Off

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 80000 12 1262526


7

Hassan (2013) UK - - 2391567


8

US DoE 2013 US - - 144970

9










36























(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000


441 Introduction



Fixed Tilt (FT)










37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

18













(retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

216

170



coal (retrofit)

Thermal Efficiency

301

266

19



















operation includes


technologies




technologies






20








Technologies



























doing




21















331 Fuel Costs




332 CCS Costs






















22














asserted were






coal


















data is available




23














unavailable































24














38 Auxiliary Loads







example

25













fixed labour

equipment and

vehicles



variable labour

consumables and

spare parts

















26
















OampM costs















2014 AETA study












27

















Estimates




02per cent for




Onshore wind






cent for



Offshore wind




technologies


storage



60000

15

59176

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139



28




70000

15

58285

707





60000

15

71312

565


storage



60000

1500

64105

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139


technologies



25000

25000 (no change)



38000

30000



47000

39000


Wind Onshore



40000

12

32500

10

Wind Offshore



80000

12

77600

30

43 Wind

431 Introduction




29



Onshore 40000 12

Offshore 80000 12





substation




spare parts and
























evident

30
























31


Source NREL (2011)




(corrosion)





major components





contract type







32






date






(2012)







33












suppliers













34




















OampM (Opex)







35


lowering costs







costs


Source Region

Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

On

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 40000 12 799451

Houston 2013 US - - 35-380002

BNEF 2013 Global - - 25000

3






4


Off

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 80000 12 1262526


7

Hassan (2013) UK - - 2391567


8

US DoE 2013 US - - 144970

9










36























(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000


441 Introduction



Fixed Tilt (FT)










37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

19



















operation includes


technologies




technologies






20








Technologies



























doing




21















331 Fuel Costs




332 CCS Costs






















22














asserted were






coal


















data is available




23














unavailable































24














38 Auxiliary Loads







example

25













fixed labour

equipment and

vehicles



variable labour

consumables and

spare parts

















26
















OampM costs















2014 AETA study












27

















Estimates




02per cent for




Onshore wind






cent for



Offshore wind




technologies


storage



60000

15

59176

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139



28




70000

15

58285

707





60000

15

71312

565


storage



60000

1500

64105

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139


technologies



25000

25000 (no change)



38000

30000



47000

39000


Wind Onshore



40000

12

32500

10

Wind Offshore



80000

12

77600

30

43 Wind

431 Introduction




29



Onshore 40000 12

Offshore 80000 12





substation




spare parts and
























evident

30
























31


Source NREL (2011)




(corrosion)





major components





contract type







32






date






(2012)







33












suppliers













34




















OampM (Opex)







35


lowering costs







costs


Source Region

Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

On

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 40000 12 799451

Houston 2013 US - - 35-380002

BNEF 2013 Global - - 25000

3






4


Off

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 80000 12 1262526


7

Hassan (2013) UK - - 2391567


8

US DoE 2013 US - - 144970

9










36























(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000


441 Introduction



Fixed Tilt (FT)










37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

20








Technologies



























doing




21















331 Fuel Costs




332 CCS Costs






















22














asserted were






coal


















data is available




23














unavailable































24














38 Auxiliary Loads







example

25













fixed labour

equipment and

vehicles



variable labour

consumables and

spare parts

















26
















OampM costs















2014 AETA study












27

















Estimates




02per cent for




Onshore wind






cent for



Offshore wind




technologies


storage



60000

15

59176

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139



28




70000

15

58285

707





60000

15

71312

565


storage



60000

1500

64105

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139


technologies



25000

25000 (no change)



38000

30000



47000

39000


Wind Onshore



40000

12

32500

10

Wind Offshore



80000

12

77600

30

43 Wind

431 Introduction




29



Onshore 40000 12

Offshore 80000 12





substation




spare parts and
























evident

30
























31


Source NREL (2011)




(corrosion)





major components





contract type







32






date






(2012)







33












suppliers













34




















OampM (Opex)







35


lowering costs







costs


Source Region

Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

On

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 40000 12 799451

Houston 2013 US - - 35-380002

BNEF 2013 Global - - 25000

3






4


Off

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 80000 12 1262526


7

Hassan (2013) UK - - 2391567


8

US DoE 2013 US - - 144970

9










36























(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000


441 Introduction



Fixed Tilt (FT)










37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

21















331 Fuel Costs




332 CCS Costs






















22














asserted were






coal


















data is available




23














unavailable































24














38 Auxiliary Loads







example

25













fixed labour

equipment and

vehicles



variable labour

consumables and

spare parts

















26
















OampM costs















2014 AETA study












27

















Estimates




02per cent for




Onshore wind






cent for



Offshore wind




technologies


storage



60000

15

59176

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139



28




70000

15

58285

707





60000

15

71312

565


storage



60000

1500

64105

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139


technologies



25000

25000 (no change)



38000

30000



47000

39000


Wind Onshore



40000

12

32500

10

Wind Offshore



80000

12

77600

30

43 Wind

431 Introduction




29



Onshore 40000 12

Offshore 80000 12





substation




spare parts and
























evident

30
























31


Source NREL (2011)




(corrosion)





major components





contract type







32






date






(2012)







33












suppliers













34




















OampM (Opex)







35


lowering costs







costs


Source Region

Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

On

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 40000 12 799451

Houston 2013 US - - 35-380002

BNEF 2013 Global - - 25000

3






4


Off

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 80000 12 1262526


7

Hassan (2013) UK - - 2391567


8

US DoE 2013 US - - 144970

9










36























(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000


441 Introduction



Fixed Tilt (FT)










37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

22














asserted were






coal


















data is available




23














unavailable































24














38 Auxiliary Loads







example

25













fixed labour

equipment and

vehicles



variable labour

consumables and

spare parts

















26
















OampM costs















2014 AETA study












27

















Estimates




02per cent for




Onshore wind






cent for



Offshore wind




technologies


storage



60000

15

59176

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139



28




70000

15

58285

707





60000

15

71312

565


storage



60000

1500

64105

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139


technologies



25000

25000 (no change)



38000

30000



47000

39000


Wind Onshore



40000

12

32500

10

Wind Offshore



80000

12

77600

30

43 Wind

431 Introduction




29



Onshore 40000 12

Offshore 80000 12





substation




spare parts and
























evident

30
























31


Source NREL (2011)




(corrosion)





major components





contract type







32






date






(2012)







33












suppliers













34




















OampM (Opex)







35


lowering costs







costs


Source Region

Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

On

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 40000 12 799451

Houston 2013 US - - 35-380002

BNEF 2013 Global - - 25000

3






4


Off

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 80000 12 1262526


7

Hassan (2013) UK - - 2391567


8

US DoE 2013 US - - 144970

9










36























(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000


441 Introduction



Fixed Tilt (FT)










37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

23














unavailable































24














38 Auxiliary Loads







example

25













fixed labour

equipment and

vehicles



variable labour

consumables and

spare parts

















26
















OampM costs















2014 AETA study












27

















Estimates




02per cent for




Onshore wind






cent for



Offshore wind




technologies


storage



60000

15

59176

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139



28




70000

15

58285

707





60000

15

71312

565


storage



60000

1500

64105

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139


technologies



25000

25000 (no change)



38000

30000



47000

39000


Wind Onshore



40000

12

32500

10

Wind Offshore



80000

12

77600

30

43 Wind

431 Introduction




29



Onshore 40000 12

Offshore 80000 12





substation




spare parts and
























evident

30
























31


Source NREL (2011)




(corrosion)





major components





contract type







32






date






(2012)







33












suppliers













34




















OampM (Opex)







35


lowering costs







costs


Source Region

Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

On

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 40000 12 799451

Houston 2013 US - - 35-380002

BNEF 2013 Global - - 25000

3






4


Off

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 80000 12 1262526


7

Hassan (2013) UK - - 2391567


8

US DoE 2013 US - - 144970

9










36























(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000


441 Introduction



Fixed Tilt (FT)










37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

24














38 Auxiliary Loads







example

25













fixed labour

equipment and

vehicles



variable labour

consumables and

spare parts

















26
















OampM costs















2014 AETA study












27

















Estimates




02per cent for




Onshore wind






cent for



Offshore wind




technologies


storage



60000

15

59176

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139



28




70000

15

58285

707





60000

15

71312

565


storage



60000

1500

64105

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139


technologies



25000

25000 (no change)



38000

30000



47000

39000


Wind Onshore



40000

12

32500

10

Wind Offshore



80000

12

77600

30

43 Wind

431 Introduction




29



Onshore 40000 12

Offshore 80000 12





substation




spare parts and
























evident

30
























31


Source NREL (2011)




(corrosion)





major components





contract type







32






date






(2012)







33












suppliers













34




















OampM (Opex)







35


lowering costs







costs


Source Region

Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

On

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 40000 12 799451

Houston 2013 US - - 35-380002

BNEF 2013 Global - - 25000

3






4


Off

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 80000 12 1262526


7

Hassan (2013) UK - - 2391567


8

US DoE 2013 US - - 144970

9










36























(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000


441 Introduction



Fixed Tilt (FT)










37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

25













fixed labour

equipment and

vehicles



variable labour

consumables and

spare parts

















26
















OampM costs















2014 AETA study












27

















Estimates




02per cent for




Onshore wind






cent for



Offshore wind




technologies


storage



60000

15

59176

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139



28




70000

15

58285

707





60000

15

71312

565


storage



60000

1500

64105

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139


technologies



25000

25000 (no change)



38000

30000



47000

39000


Wind Onshore



40000

12

32500

10

Wind Offshore



80000

12

77600

30

43 Wind

431 Introduction




29



Onshore 40000 12

Offshore 80000 12





substation




spare parts and
























evident

30
























31


Source NREL (2011)




(corrosion)





major components





contract type







32






date






(2012)







33












suppliers













34




















OampM (Opex)







35


lowering costs







costs


Source Region

Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

On

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 40000 12 799451

Houston 2013 US - - 35-380002

BNEF 2013 Global - - 25000

3






4


Off

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 80000 12 1262526


7

Hassan (2013) UK - - 2391567


8

US DoE 2013 US - - 144970

9










36























(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000


441 Introduction



Fixed Tilt (FT)










37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

26
















OampM costs















2014 AETA study












27

















Estimates




02per cent for




Onshore wind






cent for



Offshore wind




technologies


storage



60000

15

59176

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139



28




70000

15

58285

707





60000

15

71312

565


storage



60000

1500

64105

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139


technologies



25000

25000 (no change)



38000

30000



47000

39000


Wind Onshore



40000

12

32500

10

Wind Offshore



80000

12

77600

30

43 Wind

431 Introduction




29



Onshore 40000 12

Offshore 80000 12





substation




spare parts and
























evident

30
























31


Source NREL (2011)




(corrosion)





major components





contract type







32






date






(2012)







33












suppliers













34




















OampM (Opex)







35


lowering costs







costs


Source Region

Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

On

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 40000 12 799451

Houston 2013 US - - 35-380002

BNEF 2013 Global - - 25000

3






4


Off

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 80000 12 1262526


7

Hassan (2013) UK - - 2391567


8

US DoE 2013 US - - 144970

9










36























(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000


441 Introduction



Fixed Tilt (FT)










37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

27

















Estimates




02per cent for




Onshore wind






cent for



Offshore wind




technologies


storage



60000

15

59176

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139



28




70000

15

58285

707





60000

15

71312

565


storage



60000

1500

64105

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139


technologies



25000

25000 (no change)



38000

30000



47000

39000


Wind Onshore



40000

12

32500

10

Wind Offshore



80000

12

77600

30

43 Wind

431 Introduction




29



Onshore 40000 12

Offshore 80000 12





substation




spare parts and
























evident

30
























31


Source NREL (2011)




(corrosion)





major components





contract type







32






date






(2012)







33












suppliers













34




















OampM (Opex)







35


lowering costs







costs


Source Region

Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

On

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 40000 12 799451

Houston 2013 US - - 35-380002

BNEF 2013 Global - - 25000

3






4


Off

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 80000 12 1262526


7

Hassan (2013) UK - - 2391567


8

US DoE 2013 US - - 144970

9










36























(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000


441 Introduction



Fixed Tilt (FT)










37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

28




70000

15

58285

707





60000

15

71312

565


storage



60000

1500

64105

1519


storage



65000

20

72381

1139


technologies



25000

25000 (no change)



38000

30000



47000

39000


Wind Onshore



40000

12

32500

10

Wind Offshore



80000

12

77600

30

43 Wind

431 Introduction




29



Onshore 40000 12

Offshore 80000 12





substation




spare parts and
























evident

30
























31


Source NREL (2011)




(corrosion)





major components





contract type







32






date






(2012)







33












suppliers













34




















OampM (Opex)







35


lowering costs







costs


Source Region

Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

On

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 40000 12 799451

Houston 2013 US - - 35-380002

BNEF 2013 Global - - 25000

3






4


Off

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 80000 12 1262526


7

Hassan (2013) UK - - 2391567


8

US DoE 2013 US - - 144970

9










36























(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000


441 Introduction



Fixed Tilt (FT)










37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

29



Onshore 40000 12

Offshore 80000 12





substation




spare parts and
























evident

30
























31


Source NREL (2011)




(corrosion)





major components





contract type







32






date






(2012)







33












suppliers













34




















OampM (Opex)







35


lowering costs







costs


Source Region

Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

On

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 40000 12 799451

Houston 2013 US - - 35-380002

BNEF 2013 Global - - 25000

3






4


Off

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 80000 12 1262526


7

Hassan (2013) UK - - 2391567


8

US DoE 2013 US - - 144970

9










36























(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000


441 Introduction



Fixed Tilt (FT)










37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

30
























31


Source NREL (2011)




(corrosion)





major components





contract type







32






date






(2012)







33












suppliers













34




















OampM (Opex)







35


lowering costs







costs


Source Region

Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

On

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 40000 12 799451

Houston 2013 US - - 35-380002

BNEF 2013 Global - - 25000

3






4


Off

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 80000 12 1262526


7

Hassan (2013) UK - - 2391567


8

US DoE 2013 US - - 144970

9










36























(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000


441 Introduction



Fixed Tilt (FT)










37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

31


Source NREL (2011)




(corrosion)





major components





contract type







32






date






(2012)







33












suppliers













34




















OampM (Opex)







35


lowering costs







costs


Source Region

Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

On

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 40000 12 799451

Houston 2013 US - - 35-380002

BNEF 2013 Global - - 25000

3






4


Off

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 80000 12 1262526


7

Hassan (2013) UK - - 2391567


8

US DoE 2013 US - - 144970

9










36























(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000


441 Introduction



Fixed Tilt (FT)










37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

32






date






(2012)







33












suppliers













34




















OampM (Opex)







35


lowering costs







costs


Source Region

Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

On

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 40000 12 799451

Houston 2013 US - - 35-380002

BNEF 2013 Global - - 25000

3






4


Off

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 80000 12 1262526


7

Hassan (2013) UK - - 2391567


8

US DoE 2013 US - - 144970

9










36























(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000


441 Introduction



Fixed Tilt (FT)










37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

33












suppliers













34




















OampM (Opex)







35


lowering costs







costs


Source Region

Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

On

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 40000 12 799451

Houston 2013 US - - 35-380002

BNEF 2013 Global - - 25000

3






4


Off

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 80000 12 1262526


7

Hassan (2013) UK - - 2391567


8

US DoE 2013 US - - 144970

9










36























(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000


441 Introduction



Fixed Tilt (FT)










37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

34




















OampM (Opex)







35


lowering costs







costs


Source Region

Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

On

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 40000 12 799451

Houston 2013 US - - 35-380002

BNEF 2013 Global - - 25000

3






4


Off

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 80000 12 1262526


7

Hassan (2013) UK - - 2391567


8

US DoE 2013 US - - 144970

9










36























(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000


441 Introduction



Fixed Tilt (FT)










37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

35


lowering costs







costs


Source Region

Fixed OampM

(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

On

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 40000 12 799451

Houston 2013 US - - 35-380002

BNEF 2013 Global - - 25000

3






4


Off

sh

ore

AETA 2012 Australia 80000 12 1262526


7

Hassan (2013) UK - - 2391567


8

US DoE 2013 US - - 144970

9










36























(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000


441 Introduction



Fixed Tilt (FT)










37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

36























(AUS$MW)

Variable OampM

(AUS$MWh)

Total OPEX

(AUS$MW)

Onshore $32500 $10 $65790

Offshore $77600 $30 $194000


441 Introduction



Fixed Tilt (FT)










37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

37


characteristics







configurations




























year basis

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

38



capacity per year


















Total plant acreage



per year

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

39










Total FOM $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $year 2500000 3800000 4700000

Total OPEX $kWh 00136 00181 00206



















EPRI 2010 AETA 2012



10


40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

40







2013 Update


OPEX $kWh 00136 00134


OPEX $kWh 00181 00141


OPEX $kWh 00206 00173

















451

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

41


OampM Costs


11

NREL 2013

12

IRENA 2013a

13

Photon 2013

14


201315


OPEX $kWh 00134 00216 to

00383

00121 to 00266

00098 00094 to 00127



Not provided

Not provided

25 to 27


Not provided

Not provided

00136 to 00147



Not provided

Not provided

32 to 34


Not provided

Not provided

00174 to 00185
























11








42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

42





experience














follows



$30kWyear for SAT





OampM costs






capabilities

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

43


461 Introduction





Linear Fresnel (LF)









and


















44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

44







this report









costs were analysed



























45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

45





Insurance

Labour costs and



of sent out energy


inspections and





VOM costs




Table 12


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage







FOM $MWyear 60000 65000 70000 60000 65000 65000

VOM $MWh sent out 15 20 15 15 15 20



46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

46




per year


Plant

Characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough

without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough

with

Storage

Solar

Tower

without

Storage

Solar

Tower

with

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

without

Storage

Linear

Fresnel

with

Storage



FOM $year 8280000 8775000 8540000 1080000 14950000 14625000

VOM $year 4170636 9933840 4969548 993384 6951060 16556400

OPEX $year 12450636 18708840 13509548 2073384 21901060 31181400

OPEX $kWh 00448 00377 00408 00313 00473 00377

FOM per cent 6650 4690 6321 5209 6826 4690

VOM per cent 3350 5310 3679 4791 3174 5310


Figure 5


47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

47



















Plant

characteristics

Units Parabolic

Trough without

Storage

Parabolic

Trough with

Storage

Solar Tower

without

Storage

Solar Tower

with Storage

















48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

48


production





















Parabolic Trough

without Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 59176


OPEX $kWh 00448 00412


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293

Solar Tower without

Storage

FOM $MWyear 70000 58285


OPEX $kWh 00408 00313

Solar Tower with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 60000 71372


OPEX $kWh 00313 00228


Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 64107


OPEX $kWh 00473 00434

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

49


Linear Fresnel with

Storage

FOM $MWyear 65000 72381


OPEX $kWh 00377 00293





















50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

50

















51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

51


CSP

Technology

Year Capacity

(MW)


(kWhm2year)

LCOE 2012

$kWh Installed

Trough

1981 05 PSA Spain 2000 064




2008 - 2009 50 Andasol 1 2 Spain 2000 035




cooling no storage)


Tower


2007 11 PS10 Spain 2000 034

2009 20 PS20 Spain 2000 036


cooling 15hr

storage)

Spain 2000 033


(dry cooling

storage)






52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

52





















forecast



7 above


53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

53





for ST technology





(IRENA 2013b)









technologies






0025kWh















54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

54

















Offshore Wind




55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

55











2012 2020 2025 2030 2040 and 2050

















56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

56


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

57


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

58


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

59


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

60


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)




61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

61


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

LCO

E ($

MW

h)





62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

62


0

50

100

150

200

250

AETA 2012

AETA 2013

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

63

51 Conclusions












construction period










64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

64

REFERENCES




Ending 2012 USA
















Energy Association







GDAE1054MAR January










65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

65


Germany January


Overview Germany


















Consulting









See wwwcsptodaycom

See wwwepiaorg


See wwwidaees

See wwwieaorg

See wwwirenaorg

See wwwnrelgov


66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

66

See wwwrenoveteces

See wwwseiaorgau


See wwwworldbankorg






67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

67

Appendix A































29 Wind (on-shore)

30 Wind (off-shore)

31 WaveOcean

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

68






37 Nuclear Gen 3+


39 Solarcoal hybrid


69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

69

Appendix B



















Australian Treasury



CSIRO





Evans and Peck

Ferrostaal


Grid Australia

Intergen




70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

70


Oceanlinx Limited

Origin Energy







Wyldgroup

WorleyParsons



71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

71


(02) 6243 7901


(02) 6243 7718








(02) 6243 7988

72

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