Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire

World History 1750-Present

HAPSBURG EMPIRE DECLINESAustria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire

Hapsburg Empire Declines

• Nationalism led to unity in Italy and Germany

• Nationalism led to something entirely different for the Austrian Empire

• The Austrian Empire had been one of the largest empires in Europe

• The Austrian Empire consisted of Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, and parts of Romania, Poland, Ukraine, and Italy

Hapsburg Empire Declines

• The Hapsburg family ruled over the Austrian Empire and were very conservative

• The Hapsburgs restricted the press and limited industrial development because it threatened tradition

Hapsburg Empire Declines

• By 1850, the Austrian Empire had a population of 50 million

• Of those, only ¼ were Austrians

Hapsburg Empire Declines

• ¼ of the population were Italians and Hungarians

• ½ were Slavic, including Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Ukrainians, Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes

Hapsburg Empire Declines

• Each of these groups wanted their own country

• Nationalists revolts broke out in 1848, but were crushed by the government

Hapsburg Empire Declines

• In the mid-1800s, 18-year-old Francis Joseph inherited the throne

• After being defeated by France and Sardinia in 1858, Joseph realized he needed to strengthen his empire

Hapsburg Empire Declines

• He granted a new constitution that set up a legislature

• The legislature was dominated by Austrians

• This upset the other groups, especially Hungarians

Hapsburg Empire Declines

• After the defeat by the Prussians in 1866, the Hungarians forced Austria to accept a Dual Monarchy

• The Austria-Hungarian Empire was created

Hapsburg Empire Declines

THE AUSTRIA-HUNGARY EMPIREAustria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire

The Austria-Hungary Empire

• Francis Joseph ruled both in foreign matters, but Austria and Hungary were independent of one another domestically

• This made Hungarians happy, but upset the other nationalities

• Some of the influential Slavic leaders wanted to create a Slavic nation

• This led to great unrest in the country that would boil over in the early 1900s

The Austria-Hungary Empire

THE OTTOMAN EMPIREAustria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire

• The Ottoman Empire faced many of the same problems the Austria-Hungarian Empire faced

• It was a very large empire made up of many nationalities

• In the Balkans, Serbia had won independence in 1830

• Southern Greece won independence during the 1830s

The Ottoman Empire

• During the 1800s, many other groups revolted against the Ottoman Empire

• During the turmoil of the mid-1800s, many European countries saw the weakening Ottoman Empire as a chance to grow their own empires

The Ottoman Empire

• European powers scrambled to divide up the Ottoman Empire

• Russia pushed south toward the Black Sea and Istanbul (capital of Turkey)

The Ottoman Empire

• Austria-Hungary took control of Bosnia and Herzegovina

• The action angered the Serbs, which saw the land as their territory

The Ottoman Empire

• Britain and France wanted to take over Ottoman territory in the Middle East and north Armenia

• Many Europeans and other world leaders were very concerned about the developments in Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire

• Both of the Empires were located along the Balkan mountains

• The area became known as the Balkan Powder Keg

The Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire

• The Ottoman Empire tried to westernize

• The Ottoman Empire sent students to western nations to learn about advanced medicine, technology, and farming techniques

• The advanced healthcare created a new set of problems

• It led to a population increase

• This led to fighting over land

The Ottoman Empire

• In the 1890s, a group of liberals formed a movement called the Young Turks

• In 1908, the Young Turks overthrew the sultan (leader of the Ottoman Empire)

• Their reforms were not realized due to World War I, which broke out in 1914

The Ottoman Empire

ARMENIAN MASSACREAustria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire

Armenian Massacre

• In the 1890s, another major event took place in the Ottoman Empire

• The largest nationality in the Ottoman Empire were the Turks and they were Muslims

• The Turks tried to suppress the nationalist minorities

• This suppression reached its height when the Muslim Turks accused Christian Armenians of supporting Russian aggression

Armenian Massacre

Armenian Massacre

• When the Armenians protested repressive Ottoman policies, the sultan had tens of thousands of Armenians slaughtered

• Between 600,000 and 1.5 million Armenians were killed over the next few years

Armenian Massacre

• The slaughter was genocide

• Genocide: a deliberate attempt to destroy a racial, political, or cultural group