Nationalism in EuropeNationalism in Europe How does Nationalism both break up

and unify countries in Europe?

Austria-Hungary

RussiaOttomanEmpire

Germany Italy

Radicals in France 1830: Louis-Philippe now King of the French Rules for 18 years but French people are tired of a monarchy

(again!) and violence erupts (again!) Radicals create another constitution, which has president

sharing power w/ the assembly. Monarchy abolished (again) 1848: French people elect Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon’s nephew) as their president, 4 yrs later become Emperor

Involved in two wars, helps Italians defeat Austria but loses to Prussia

Emp. Napoleon III industrializes France and creates jobs

Nationalism says people should unite based on their language, nationality or culture

Pos –overthrow absolute rule Neg –extreme nationalism leads to war

Nation

CultureCulture – shared way of life

History -History -a common past

Language-Language-shared communication

TerritoryTerritory – land belongs to group

NationalityNationality – shared ethnic ancestry

Religion- shared by most

What is Nationalism?

Language Fuels NationalismLanguage Fuels Nationalism

Answer the following in comp. sentences1. Name the four language families in Europe.2. Where in Europe do you primarily find those

families (North, South, East, West, Central)?3. What family does English belong to?4. Does Eastern or Western Europe have more

languages? Name five languages in that area.5. What part of Europe that is not yet a country

could be unified by language?

Nationalist Thought Political thought in 1800s Europe:

1) Conservatives – no change, no voting, absolute monarchs rule (nobles, landowners)2) Liberals – some change, educated vote, more power for Parliaments (middle class, merchants)3) Radicals – drastic change, all people should vote, government should be full democracy (poor, workers)

Liberals & Radicals are Nationalists who think loyalty should be to a your nation, not a king (esp. foreign king)

1827, 1848: Nationalist Revolutions breakout in Europe

1)Ottoman Empire ruled by Muslim Turks Ottoman Turks controlled Greeks, Arabs, Armenians, & Slavic speaking Balkans Revolutions in Greece (1827)& Balkans (1860s)

2) Russian Empire ruled by the Romanovs

Czar Nicholas I begins Russification, which forced Russian culture/language on other ethnic groups in the EmpireNationalist revolution starts in Poland in 1830, Nicholas I tries to further expand Empire in Crimean War (1853) & loses

1827

Alexander II emancipates peasants but is assassinated, Alexander III strengthens absolutism – more nationalist revolts

Britain, France, Russia help Greeks win. Ottomans forced to grant equal citizenship to all

Nationalism Weakens Conservative Rule

LOSS

3) Austrian Empire ruled by the Hapsburgs The Austrians controlled twelve different ethnic groups

1866: Austria loses their northern German States to Prussia in the Seven Weeks War

1848: Revolutions begin to breakout in the empire starting with the Czechs. 1866: Hungary attempts to split from Austria

18661866

Emperor Franz Joseph puts down Czech revolt but Hungary is given equal status, the Empire becomes Austria-Hungary

18481866

Nationalism Unifies Italy 1800:Giuseppe Mazzini begins Italian Nationalism movement 1852: King Victor Emmanuel II (liberal) of the Italian state of Sardinia names

Camillo di Cavour as his Prime Minister

1858: Di Cavour wants to unify all Italians, convinces Napoleon III to help drive Austria out of No. Italy Sardinia & France beat Austria & unify all of Northern Italy except for the Venetian Region

Sardinia

King Victor Emmanuel II

Camillo di Cavour

1860: So. Italy- nationalists are led by Giuseppe Garibaldi Garibaldi leads his “red-shirts” against conservatives in S.

Italy, controls Kingdom of Two Sicilies & part of Papal States Vic. Em. & Di Cavour meet w/ Garibaldi, will unite all of Italy Victor Emmanuel will be King, Di Cavour Prime Minister 1866: Italians beat Austria and take Venetian region. 1870: King VE convinces Pope to give up Papal states Pope still controlled the Vatican but Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy

Pope Pius XI

Rome

Garibaldi

Nationalism Unifies Germany 1861: Rioters in Berlin force a liberal constitution for the

Kingdom of Prussia Wilhelm I becomes new King of Prussia

Wilhelm appoints a junker (landowner) named Otto von Bismarck to become PM

Bismarck was a master of “real politik” meaning politics of reality (tough/practical)

Bismarck runs Prussia w/o Parliament’s consent – rule by blood & iron Bismarck’s goal is to expand Prussia’s territory & unite all the German states

1) 1864: Bismarck convinces Austria to join him in a war against Denmark

Wilhelm I

Otto von Bismarck

Weak will be

devoured by the strong!

Schleswig-Holstein

2) 1866: Prussia wants 22 Austrian controlled N. German states, turns its back on Austria starting Seven Weeks War

Austria humiliated, Prussia gets Confed. of N. German States

3) 1867: France & Prussia go to war over control of So. German states

1870: Prussia wins Franco-Prussian War, humiliation for Napoleon III

4) 1871: Prussia unites the So. German States with Prussia creating the Empire of Germany

Wilhelm becomes Kaiser of the German Empire – Bismarck is Chancellor (Prime Minister)

Confederation of North German States