Author Index

Alfrey, G. F. 11, 31, 128-130, Dodd, E. E. 10, 60, 81, 91, 92, 134, 221 94, 100, 109, 124, 147, 148,

Alpert, D. 164 221. Alty, T. 60-61, 64, 65-66 ff. , Dolezalek, F. 13, 221

70-80, 82-84, 86, 90, 95, Dyk, C. 82, 98, 223 117, 121, 167, 223

Armstrong, Lord 14 Arnold, H. D. 109 Arons, A. B. 120, 223 Aseiman, E. 81-83, 223

Bateman, H. 114, 223 Becker, J. A. 46, 222 Bennet, W. H. 215, 224 Bernal, J. 90, 223 Beyersdorfer, P. 147, 224 Blackwood, O. 83, 223 Blactin, S. C. 147, 224 Blanchard, D. C. 65, 120-121,

223 Böning, P. 147, 197, 224 Bowden, F. P. 1, 3, 10, 16, 32,

55, 58, 139, 143, 179, 185, 191,193,197,198,221,222

Boer, J. H. de 46, 222 Broglie, M. de 65, 223 Büsse, W. 80, 81, 83, 84, 98,

223 Bulgin, D. 208, 224

Chalmers, J. A. 60, 63, 66, 73, 75, 78, 121, 122, 224

Chapman, Seville 60, 82, 84, 113-115,124,136,191,215, 216, 223

Clayton, J. M. 219, 224 Coehn, A. 60-67, 73, 81-83, 98,

122, 222, 223 Compton, K. T. 54, 222 Coulomb, C. A. 202 Currie, W. B. 191, 224

David, H. G. 91, 223 Davisson, C. J. 42, 222 Davy, H. 15, 222 Debeau, D. 134, 143, 150, 172,

223 Debye, P. 17, 20, 222 Dinger, J. E. 25, 65, 222

Loeb, Statie Eleetrifieation

English, W. N. 118, 223 Einarsson, A. W. 27, 96, 222 Elster, J. 59, 80, 221 Erickson, H. A. 84, 85, 98, 223 Errera, L. A. 27 Eversole, W. G. 23, 30, 222

Fajans, K. 78, 221 Finch, G. 1. 165, 224 Fordham-Cooper, W. 13, 224 Forrest, J. C. 211, 224 Fowler, R. G. 165, 223 Fowler, R. H. 51, 90, 222 Franke, W. 147, 224 Fredrickson, W. R. 31, 222 Freundlich, H. 78, 222 Frumkin, A. 60, 61, 64, 73, 75,

77, 78, 79, 83, 84, 89, 221

Galvani, L. 32, 222 Gandy, H. W. 172, 223 Geitei, H. 58, 80, 222 Germer, L. H. 42, 222 Gill, E. W. B. 11, 31, 124, 128,

129, 130, 134, 135, 150, 196 221, 222, 223

Glasstone, S. 23, 222 Gouy, M. 17, 20, 222 Grant, C. 164 Guest, P. A. 146, 223 Gunn, Ross 25, 65, 205,

224 222,

Hansen, J. W. 99, 100, 109, 136, 141, 223

Harder, E. L. 219, 224 Hardy, W. 18, 221 Harkins, W. D. 79, 222 Harper, W. R. 55, 60, 64, 73,

81, 124, 166, 169, 184, 185, 190, 223, 224

Hartog, H. den 164, 223 Hawksbee, F. 148, 223

Heimholtz, H. L. F. 17, 33, 63, 64,66,222

Henniker, J. C. 30, 222 Henry, P. S. H. 1, 192, 193,

194,197,198,210,212,221, 224

Henry, W. S. P. 22, 222 Hermann, G. 39, 54, 222 Hertz, A. 179, 223 Hoag, J. B. 147, 224 Hopper, V. D. 99, 100, 109,

222 Hoselitz, K. 91, 222 Huber, E. 175, 223 Hückel, E. 17, 20, 22, 222

J ex, C. S. 193, 224 J ohonnot, E. S. 89, 96, 223

Kelvin, Lord 33, 51, 52, 53. 208, 222

Kenrick, F. B. 75 Kientzler, C. F. 120, 223 Kingdon, K. H. 46, 222 Kip, A. F. 27, 96, 221 Kleeman, R. D. 31, 222 Knoblauch, O. 16, 222 Kuettner, J. 216, 224 Kunkel, W. B. 10, 55, 81, 94,

99, 100, 109, 136, 137, 140, 141, 142, 144, 221, 223

Laby, T. H. 99, 100, 109, 223 Ladenburg, R. 204, 224 Lahr, P. H. 23, 222 Langevin, P. 92, 94, 95 Langmuir, 1. 46, 79, 222 Leise, K. H. 165, 224 Lenard, P. 14, 49, 59, 73, 80,

81, 83, 84, 90, 96, 97, 98, 113,221, 223

Leontovich, M. 114, 223 Linford, L. B. 47, 222 Loeb, L. B. 27, 96, 113, 222,

223, 224 Lorentz, H. A. 33, 222

Macky, W. A. 118, 223 Margenau, H. 113, 223

15

226

McBain, ]. W. 86, 223 McDonald, 1. G. 213, 224 McEachron, K. B. 217, 224 McKeown, S. F. 13, 221 McTaggart, H. A. 60, 65, 66,

72, 73, 75,86, 121, 223 Medley, ]. A. 132, 196, 211 to

212, 223, 224 Millikan, RA. 33, 49, 50, 51,

52, 83, 92, 98, 222 Moreau-Hanot, M. 204, 224 Mozer, M. 64, 65, 81, 82, 83,

222 MueHer, E. W. 43, 222 Muller, F. A. 164, 223 Munson, R ]. 91, 223 Murphy, G. 113, 223

Natanson, G. L. 114, 223 Nichols, M. H. 44, 222 Nolans, ]. ]., and P. ]. 83, 222 Norinder, H. 191, 224

Obolensky, W. 82, 223

Pasquill, F. 60, 63, 66, 73, 75, 78, 121, 222

Pauling, L. 22 Pauthenier, M. 204, 224 Pearce, D. C. 191, 224 Perrin, ]. 17, 222 Peterson, ]. W. 10, 128, 129,

130,132,134,136,149,151, 164-169, 174, 176, 185, 190, 196, 197, 199, 200, 221, 223, 224

Portsman, 14, 221

Author Index

Quincke, G. H. 20, 221

Raydt, U. 61, 222, 223 Reynolds, S. E. 25, 28, 30, 32,

80, 190, 192, 222 Richards, H. ]. 15, 222 Richardson, O. W. 33, 48,

222 Rinde, C. H. 200, 224 Robinson, H. 147, 223 Rohatgi, V. K. 155, 165-166,

223

Taylor, ]. P. 46, 222 Thomas, D. G. A. 147, 224 Thompson, ]. 191, 224 Thomsoll, G. P. 42, 222 Thomson, ]. ]. 18, 33, 65,

66 Throssel, W. R 10, 16, 139,

221 Todd, ]. B. 213, 224 Traube, 1. 79, 222 Tyndall, A. M. 91, 223

Rudge, W. A. O. 14, 146, 221, Vassails, G. 94, 223 224

Schaefer, V. ]. 31, 222 Schonlalld, B. F. ]. 219, 224 Schottky, W. 41, 222 Scrase, F. ]. 190, 224 Seaton, N. 164, 223 Shaw, P. E. 193, 224 Simpson, C. G. 82, 98, 190,

224 Siskna, R 191, 224 Smoluchowski, W. v.

22, 65, 222 Souder, W. H. 50 Stirling, ]. 115 Stromberg, 200 Stuhlman, O. 120, 223 Swain, R C. 86, 223 Swann, W. F. G. 208,

17, 18,

224

Tabor, D. 3, 55, 58, 143, 179, 185,191,193,197,198,221, 222

Taylor, H. S. 23, 222

Veenemans, C. F. 46 Vieweg, H. F. 15, 222 Vollrath, R E. 55, 222 Volta, A. 32, 52, 222

Wagener, ]. C. S. 39, 222 Wagener, P. S. 54, 222 Wagner, P. E. 134, 153, 164 to

169, 179, 181, 190, 184 to 185, 194, 197-198,200,224

Walther, R 147, 224 Wauk, V. 13, 221 WeHs, ]. A. 212, 224 Whytlaw-Gray, R, and H.

Whittaker 110, 223 Wijsman, R ]. 144 Wilson, C. T. R 96, 223 Wilson, H. A. 33, 221, 222 Woodcock, A. H. 118, 119,223 Workman, E. ].25,28, 30, 32,

80, 190-192, 222

Zeleny, lohn 118, 223 Zisman, W. A. 54, 164, 222

Subject Index

Abrasion of Metals in Contact Charging 58 Acids, Effect of in charging 15 Adsorbed Ions and Contact Potential 46 - Layers and Electron Emission 47 - -, Surface Coverage 46 Adsorbtion by VAN DER WAAL'S Forces 45 Aggregation of Dust's Influence on Analysis

137 Aging in Spray Mobility Spectra 88 Aircraft, Precipitation Static Charging 1, 14,

214 Al2ü 3 Contact Charging 169, 177, 186, 187 Alkali Halides in Contact Charging 135, 164,

171, 188 Alkalies, Effect of in charging 15 Alpert Vacuum Techniques in Contact Charg­

ing 164, 176 Alternating Potential Corona in Static Eli­

mination 212 ALTY's Cataphoresis Theory 67, 70, 86, 87

Theory, Dipole ürientation Illustrated 67 - - of Double Layers Derived 68, 70 - - of Gas Solution in Cataphoresis 70 Anions, Excess in Double Layer, Estimates

70, 83, 84, 86 Apparent Contact Potential in Rolling Con­

tact Charging 126, 183, 186, 196, 197 - Work Function 48, 126, 160, 174, 183,

186, 196, 197 Aqueous Electrolytic Charging 9

Films on Solids 10,129,132,139,141,149 - Solutions, Relative Potential of Double

layers 75 Asymmetrie Charging, see also Symmetrical

Charging 82,83,86,92,97,117,118,119 to 122, 123, 135, 141, 142, 143, 145, 146, 149, 152, 154, 170, 186 -, Dangerous Conditions for 146 -, Data for Dusts 141, 142 - in Contact 135, 141-146, 149, 152, 154, 170, 186 - in Spraying und Bubbling 82, 83, 86, 92,97,117, 122, 123 -, infrequency of 117 - of Al 2ü 3 Single Crystals 170, 186

of Dust, Charge Exchange in 145 of Dust Clouds 141-146 of Dust Clouds illustrated 142

Asymmetrie Charging of Larger Droplets 118 - of Sea Spray 117-122 - Quantitative Criterion of 141, 143 Field Induced Contact Charging, see also Induced Charging 131 Heating in charging 125, 192 Rubbing yields charge Transfer 28, 190, 191, 192-197

Atmospheric Ions, unimportant in charging 202

Avogadro Number 39

Back Discharge, see also Return Flow or Leakage 7, 8, 13, 16, 18, 32, 55, 91, 115, 116,117,120,126,135,150,153,154,155, 156,157,161,165,166,180,184,185,186, 196, 197,209 - from Heated Points Makes PETERc SON'S Law fail 184, 185, 186 -, Gaseous 8, 117, 120, 135, 150, 153, 154,155,156,157,161,165,180,184,197, 209 - in Rolling Contact 135, 150, 154, 155, 156, 166, 184 -, Metallic 55 -, or Return Flow in Spray Electrfica-ti on 91, 116, 117, 118

Binding Forces for Ions 6, 8 Boltzmann Distribution Law, see also MAX­

WELL BOLTZMANN 6, 20, 114, 193 Bound Electrical Double Layer, Values for,

see also - Electrical Double Layer 24 BOWDEN'S Rolling Contact Theory Applied

179 Bubble Charge Constant above Critical Size

66 Rate of Absorbtion 71 Size and Changed Charge Sign 65 Solution of Gas in 71

Bubbles, Bursting Mechanism of 89, 119, 120 -, Small, Spray Electrification from 118 Bubbling and Spraying Reversal of Sign in

81, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 94, 95, 123, 124 -, Charging by 60, 64, 84, 86, 88-94, 97,

118-122 Concentration of Ions in thin films 94 Condensation on Ions in 91, 93, 94, 95 Constitution of Sm all Ions in 90, 92

15*

228 Subjeet Index

Bubbling Data, interpreted by CHAPMAN 89 Mobility Spectra 88-92

Effeet Acids and Alkalies 89 - Effeet Heat on 89, 92 -, Effeet of Humidity 96 -, Effect of KCI and AICla 89 -, Effect of Soap 89, 96 -, Effeet of Suerose 89, 90, 91, 95 -, Effeet of Surfaee Tension 94, 95 -, Effeet of Violent and Gentle

Bubbles 89, 92 -, Law of Langevin in 91, 92 -, Law of Mass Dispersion 92 -, Law of Stokes-Cunningham 92 -, Law of Solid Elastie 92

of Pure Water 88, 89 - Reveal Largely Sm all Ions 88 - Valenee of Ions 92, 94

Nature of Surfaee Rupture 89,118,119, 120 Relative Amounts of Charge 97

Cataphoresis 16, 19, 65, 66 - and True Nature of Double Layer 66 - of Gas Bubbles 65 Cataphoretie Drift Velo city 20, 65 Calorimetrie Measurement of Work Function

49 CHAPMAN'S Bubbling Mobility Spectra 88,

89, 90, 91, 92 Calculation Double Layer thiekness 86 Data on Charge and Droplet Size in Spraying 98 Erikson Mobility Tube Studies of Spray­ing and Bubbling 84 Estimate of Charge Generation in Bub­bling 90, 94 - of Charge per drop in Shattered Droplets 98 Interpretation of Bubbling Data 89 Observations on Shattering of Raindrops 82 Spray Mobility Speetra 86, 87 Table of Relative Amounts of Charge in Spraying and Bubbling 97 - of Spray Charging large drops 99

Charge Aeeumulation on Water Surfaees, time of, see also Relaxation Time for Surfaee Charging 67-73, 84, 90, 121, 122, 123, 128 and Drop Diameter in Spray Eleetrifiea­tion 111, 116, 121 and Droplet Diameter in Spray Electri­fieation of Sea Water, Data on 121 Asymmetry Readily deteeted in Rolling Contact Studies 152, 154 Elimination, see Statie Elimination

Charge Generation by Disrupting Drops, Quantitative 83, 97, 98, 123 on Bubble, Constant above eritieal size 60 on Pure Water Air Bubbles Zero 66 Reversal with Inducing Fields 11, 121, 128-134, 196 Separation, Eleetrolytie, Magnitude of, see Magnitude of Charge Separation 7, 13, 17, 20, 24, 25 Sign and Bubble Size 65, 122

-, Size limitations on Droplets 117, 118 Transfer by Rubbing Identieal materials asymmetrieally 28, 190, 191, 192, 195 - Distanee in Contaet Charging 183 - Effeetive Area for in Rolling Contaet Charging 179 - Meehanism, Other possible 192 - Meehanisms on Rolling Con taet Charg-ing 186

Charged Dust Clouds Sparking Between 214 - Particles in Gas stream yield high statie

charge 204 Charging, see also Rolling Contact Charging

and Contaet Charging - and Diseharging of aireraft by Engine

exhaust 205, 214, 215 -, Asymmetrie, see Asymmetrie eharging

82, 83, 86, 92, 97, 117, 122, 123, 135, 141-146, 149, 152, 154, 170, 186 by ares and glows 207 by Bubbling 60, 64, 84, 86, 88-94, 97, 118-122 by Contaet Potential Processes 55 by Flow of Liquids 5, 8, 9,13,16,18,61, 208 by Flue gases 205 by Gaseous Eleetronie Meehanisms 203 by Ions, eonditions for 201, 202, 204 by Ions in Gases 3, 201, 202, 203, 204 Currents in Spray Electrifieation 83, 98, 123 - magnitude of 13, 25, 83, 98,123,156, 157, 199, 205, 207, 212, 215 Eleetrolytie, see Eleetrolytie Charging in Thunderstorms, see Thunderstorm Eleetrifiea tion of Aircraft by Exhaust Gases 205 of Aireraft in flight, see Preeipitation Statie of automobiles 208 of Dust measurement of 127 of Dusts in Metal-Metal Contaets follows work functions 143 of Solids by Rupture of Surfaee Dipoles 197 Processes and Luminosity 200 Rate in Rolling Contact Eleetrifieation 149, 156, 157, 159, 160, 163,167-173,175, 178, 180

Subjeet Index 229

Charging Rate in Rolling Contaet Electri­fication and Surfaee Exposed 178, 180 - Independent of gas Pressure on Roll­ing 149, 150, 154, 155, 156, 166 Simultaneous by two Processes 12, 15, 112, 115-117, 121, 125, 128, 132, 143, 150, 196 Symmetrie, see also symmetrieal Charg­ing 2, 98, 99, 109, 111, 113, 115-117, 123, 124, 140-145

Cleanliness and Cleaning Teehniques 9, 11, 12,13,16,45,125,130,132,152,165,171, 172,175,176,177, 190, 197, 199

Cleansing, Effeet of Organie Solvents for Contaet Eleetrifieation Studies Demon­strated 152

COEHN'S Law 61, 62, 66, 98 -, Test of in Spraying 98

- Studies on Double Layer and Dielectric Constant 61

Coloration of Crystals in Contaet Charging 171, 172, 189

Composite Surfaee Charging 12,15,112,115, 117,121,128,132,143, 150, 196

Coneentrated Salt Solutions, Asymmetrie Chargingof118, 121, 128, 132, 143, 150, 196 Solutions Eifeet on Double Layers, see also Spray Eleetrifieation, Observations of Reversal of Charge in Coneentrated solutions 33, 80, 83, 84,86-88,94,123,124

Condensation of Water Vapor on Bubbling Ions 91, 93, 94, 95

Conduetivity and Leakage in Rolling Con­taet Charging 153, 155, 157, 158, 159, 160, 162,164, 165, 166, 169, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 189 in Rolling Contaet Charging Unaffeeted by dry N. 153 in Rolling Contaet Charging and by heating 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 185, 189 Measurements in Rolling Contaet Charg­ing 153, 158, 159, 160, 162 of Flames in Statie Charging 206

-, Surfaee in statie elimination 210 -, Surfaee or Volume, Ageneies aiding 210 -, Volume in Statie Elimination 209 Contact, Asperities in Rolling 179

Charging 2, 58, 125-134, 135, 137, 140 to 149, 150-192 -, see also Rolling Contact Charging

and abrasion or adhesion 58 - and External Fields 128-134 - and Spark Breakdown 135, 150, 153, 154, 155, 156, 166 - and Work Functions or Apparent Contact Potentials 55,126,160,174,176, 183, 186, 196, 197

Contaet Charging, Basic, Unaffected by In­ducing Fields 128, 130, 134 - by Induction, Gill Theory 128 - by Solid-Solid Contacts 125 -, Contamination in 12, 130, 133, 158, 159, 160, 176, 177, 193, 199 -, - by Heating in 17, 130, 133, 158, 159, 176, 177 - (Defined) 166 -, Diffieulty of Charge dissipation in 136, 150, 151, 153 -, Distance for charge Transfer 126, 183 - does not ereate luminosity in Frie­tional Heating of Asperities 201 -, Eifeet of H. and 02 with Ni 135, 150, 161, 174 -, - of gas Press ure 135, 149, 150. 154-156, 166 -, - of Rolling Speed on 149,157,160, 167, 168, 174, 182, 185 -, Effeetive work function, concentra­tion, extern al fields and Thermal Dif­fusion in, illustrated 196-197 -, Eleetrolytie Effeet in, see also Charg­ing Simultaneous by two Processes 15 - follows Adsorbtion Isotherm 135 - Fraction of Surfaees involved 126, 179-182 -, Gas Pressure and Sparking 135, 150, 153, 154, 155, 166 -, Henry Model with Common Ions 194 - important faetors in 197 -, Indueed, Conditions for 130 -, lnfluenee of Eleetrieal Fields in 11, 126, 128, 130, 133, 134, 196, 203, 208 - Light Emission by at low gas pressure 148, 150, 200 - lirnited 5, 9 - Limiting Potential by Sparking value, of 150 - of Al20 a on Ni 169 - of Clean single erystals of Quartz, Al20 a and MgO on atomieally clean Cu, Ni, and Pt 176

of Dusts, Techniques of Study 127 -, Shape Faetors in Fall 136 of Hg on Glass 117, 147, 148, 200 of lee on lee 28, 190, 191 of Identieal Surfaees with Tempera­

ture differenees, see also Tribo-Electri­fieation 190

of Metal-Inorganic Insulators 134 - of MgO on Ni 172 - of NaCI and Halides on Ni 135, 171 -, Other Possible Charge transfer me-ehanisms in 192 -, Possible Teehniques in 127

230 Subject Index

Contact Charging, Quantitative measuring techniques in 120 - of Quartz on Ni 135, 167-169 - Rate and Oxidation of Ni surface 135, 150, 161, 174 -, Rate effect of gas pressure on, Curves for 150 -, Reproducibility in 135-136 -, Rolling of Insulator spheres against Metal 149 - Studies, Falsification by Polarization 128 Electrification, see Contact Charging Potential Difference 32, 33, 44, 48, 51, 53, 54, 56, 126, 143, 186, 196, 197

and Adsorbed Ions or Atoms 45 - - and Patchy Surfaces 47 - - "Apparent" in Contact Charging 126, 183, 186, 196, 197

" Apparent" in Ion Transfer 196, 197

for Connected Metals Facing Each Other 44 - - Measurements of 48, 51, 53, 54 - - Ni-Pt Dust Charging 143 Potentials of FRUMKIN'S Solutions 78

Contamination by Heating in Rolling Con­tact Charging, see also Contact Charging Contamination by Heating 130, 177 in Asymmetric Tribo-Electrification 193 Influence on Dipole Rupture Charging of Piezo electric Quartz 199 of Surfaces in Rolling Contact Charging 130,154,156,158,159,163,169,171,174, 177, 199

Corona Discharge as a Static Eliminator 207, 212 - Charge Generators in Static Charging 203, 205, 206 from 2 sets of opposite polarity points in Static Electrification 212 interference on aircraft 215

Coulomb Fields and Limiting Droplet Charge 115, 117

- Forces 41 COULOMB'S Law 108 Covering, Ions at aqueous surfaces 67 Critical specific resistance for charging 7, 8,

13, 16, 210 Crystal Plane and Work Function 44 - Structure unaltered by Grinding 165,168

DEBEAU'S Studies of Contact Charging 134 Deliquescent 9 Dielectric Constant and Electrical Double

Layer 61, 67 - and Spray Electrification 61, 81, 99, 113, 114, 124, 214

Dielectric Polarization, Types of 128, 131 Diffusion of Gas through Bubble Surface 70 - of Ions, across boundaries, charging by

6, 194 Dipole Adsorbtion and Contact Potential 45

Concentration oriented at Water-Air Interface 74 Orientation at Water Surfaces 63, 67, 73, 75-80, 90 - in Concentrated Solutions 80 Rupture in Spray Electrification 73, 92, 94, 117, 123, 198 Solid Surface Charging by Rupture of 197

Dipoles, Fraction of Water Oriented at Surface 66

Distance Critical for Image Forces 41 - for charge transfer in contact charging

126, 183 Discharge in air, see Gaseous Discharge Discharging Problem in Contact Electrifica­

tion Studies 136, 150, 151, 153 Dispersion methods Effect of, on Dust

Electrification 137, 138, 139 Disruption and charging of drop lets by fast

air stream 98 DODD'S analysis of spray electrification by

Hopper-Laby Method 100, 109 Gaussian Curves for Spray Electrified Droplets 112 Results, Significance of 115 Statistics of Spray Electrified Drops, Taple of 112 Study of Blown Glass Spheres 147 Table of Dielectric Constant and Charge in Sprayed Liquids 114

Double Layer and Surface Ten~ion 75 -, Aqueous Dipole Concentration in 74 -, -, Ions in 67, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, 84, 86 -, -, Total Potential of 73, 75 - at Liquid Gas Interfaces 60, 61, 65, 67, 73. 74, 75-80,81-84,89-91, 122-124 -, Bubble, Solution of Gas in 71 - Effect of Concentrated Solutions on 33, 80, 84, 86, 87, 88, 94, 121, 124 - Electrical 17, 19, 20, 22, 2}, 24, 46, 60, 61, 65, 67, 73, 75, 82, 83, 84, 86, 90, 122, 198 - Formation or Relaxation time and Bubble rupture .67, 70, 84, 90, 122

20

-, Theory of ALTY 67, 70 in Cataphoresis 65 liquid-solid more accurate calculation

Potentials, Relative, in solution 75 Rupture in Spray Electrification 81

to 84, 89-96, 198

Subject Index 231

Double Lager Structure of LENARD, BUSSE, and CHAPMAN 82, 84, 86 -, Temporal Growth of, see also Rela­xation Time in Spray Electrification 70, 84, 90, 121, 122, 123

Drift Velocity, Cataphoretic 65 Droplets, Charging of by Air ions 94, 137,

202 -, Discharge or Disruption of by Surface

Fields, see also Return Flow, or Bock Discharge, or Gaseous Discharge 118

-, Disruption by Fast Air Stream 98 -, Sea water, Size and Salt Content from,

Table of 120 Dust Cloud, Aggregation in Studies of 137

-, Asymmetrical and symmetrical charg­ing of 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145 -, Change of Charge in 94, 137, 202 - Charging, Effective Combinations for 146 -, Effect of Turbulence in Blowing 137, 138

Electrification, Data on 141 - Interpreted 142 - Statistics 140 Eleetrified by Dispersion or Separa­

tion 140, 143 - Methods of Dispersion of 137, 139 - Observations 140

- -, Range of Charge and Size observed 137 Clouds, Charged, Spar king between oppo­sitely charged 214 Electrification, see also charging of dusts 136 - Analyzer, Dispersion Devices Illu­strated, see also Hopper-Laby Dust Ana­lyzer 139 - - of KUNKEL and HANSEN, Limi­tations of 107 - - of KUNKEL and HANSEN, Opera­tion of 103 - caused by Dispersion or Separation 140, 143 -, Change of Charge in Studies 94, 138, 202 -, Charging Data for 141 -, Dangerous Charging Conditions for 146, 214 - Dangerous, Effeet of Humidity 146, 214 -, EHeet of Methods of Dispersion of 137, 139 -, Effect of turbulence on 137, 138 -, Efficacious Combinations for 146 -, Experimental Techniques 137 -, Little Affected by Humidity 141 - of Glass, Effeet of humidity 141, 149

Dust Eleetrification oi Glass spheres 147, 148 - on Dispersal and Diameter or Surface

143 - on Dispersion not Eleetrolytic 140, 143 - on surface impact 136 -, Paucity Neutral Particles Observed 145 -, Statie Elimination in 213, 214 -, Statistics for 140, 144 -, Study by Hopper-Laby Technique 100 -, Unit Contacts in 144, 145, 149 Metal, Charges According to Work Func­tion 143 Partic1es, Micro photographs of 138 Powders, Choice of for Hopper-Laby Analyzer 138

Dusts, Moisture Layers on particles 139 -, Statistical analysis of Electrification of

144

Efflorescent 9 Einstein Photoelectric Law 33, 49, 203 "Electrie Light", First 148, 200 Electrical Discharge Luminosity in some

contact eharging 148, 150, 200 Double Layer, see Double Layer Electri­cal - - and Dielectric Constant 61, 67 - - at Liquid Gas Interfaces 60, 61, 65, 67, 73, 74, 75-80, 81-84, 89-91, 122-124 - - Surfaee Charge Density 17,19,24 - -, thickness 17, 19, 20, 22, 24, 60, 61, 67, 73. 75, 82, 84, 86 - Layers and Contaet Potentials 46 Endosmosis 16, 32, 61 Fields, induction charging and contact charging by, see also Induced Charging 11,121,124,126,128-133,134,196,203, 208 Fringing Fields and Adsorbtion 47

Electrification, see Charging by, or C'ontact Charging or Rolling Contact Charging by Bubbling, see Bubbling by Contact, see Contact Electrification or Contact Charging by Contact, Multiple proeesses in, see also Charging, Simultaneous by two Pro­eesses 125 by Flow, see Flqw Electrification by Rolling Contact, see Rolling Contact Electrification by Spraying, see Spray Eleetrification by Steam jets 14 in Solid-solid Contacts 125 in Thunderstorms 215

232 Subject Index

Eleetrifieation of Dusts, see Chargingof Dusts or Dust Charging of

Eleetroehemical Potential 23, 24 - -, Table of Values of 24 Eleetrokinetic, or Heimholtz Potential, see

Elektrokinetie Potential Potential, see also Potential Zeta of Heimholtz at solid-liquid Interfaces 2, 16-20,21-23,24,31,61,63,64,65, 72, 73,

75, 79, 80, 86 122 and Adsorbtion Isotherms 79

- and Surface Tension 80 - in Freezing Potential Study 31 -, more accurate calculation 20 - of McTAGGART 86 - Table of Observed values 24 Potentials in Homologous Hydrocarbon chains 79

Electrolytic and Spray Electrification, Dif­feren tia ted 14 and Volta Potentials Different 56 Charging 2,4,9,12,15,16,31,125,130, 143 - Differs from Volta Charging 53 -, Evidence for 12 -, Evidence for, past 12 -, Existence of 9 - in Contact Charging 15 - not active in Dust Dispersion 143 -, Polarisation by Fields in 28, 121, 130 -, Summary of 31 -, Verified cases 16 flow charging 13, 61 - - by impact of jets 13

Electromotive Force of a cell 4 - series 5 Electron Beam Detects Contact Potential

Field 54 Emission and Adsorbed Layers 47 Transfer in Contact Electrification 55,57, 144, 14 5, 160, 174, 176, 177, 184, 186-190 - in Insulator-Metal charging after WAGNER 184-190 - in Rolling Contact Charging 160, 174, 176, 184, 186-190 - per unit contact area in dust charg­ing 144-145

Electrons in Metals 33 Electrophoretic Mobility 17, 22, 66 Electrostatic charge, Elimination of 209,211,

213 Discharge in air, see gaseous discharge Dischargers in Static Elimination 211 Dust Precipitation and Flue Gases 205 Forees in Rolling Contact Charging 152, 166, 167, 174, 180, 181, 182 Radioactive and Gas Diseharge, Charge Elimination, Disadvantages 213

Energies of Emitted Charges in Photo and Thermionic effects too low to yield static charging 203

Energy Level Diagram of Metal 40 - - Diagrams, Atomic 35 Engine Exhaust, charging or discharging by

in precipitation static 205, 214, 215 Erikson Air Blast method and Contact

Charging of Dusts 127 - - mobility analyzer 60, 61, 84, 98, 113, 127 - - - Method 84 Mobility Analyzer needed to Detect Net Spray Charging 113 - - used for disrupted drops 98

Exhaust charging by planes 205 External Field, Avoidance of in charging

studies 11, 60, 73, 121, 125, 128, 133 -, effect on Work Function 43 Fields in Contact charging 11, 60, 73, 121, 125, 128, 133, 196, 197

Failure of PETERSON'S Law at High Rolling Speeds by Back Discharge from heated asperities 185

Fermi Band, Temperature Dependence 40 Distribution Law 33, 36, 37, 38, 39

- Energy Level Diagram 40 - levels 40, 128 Field Emission Back Discharge 55, 126, 184

Induced Charge Separation 11, 60, 73, 121,124,125,126,128,130-134,196,203, 208

First Electric Light 148, 200 Flame Conductivity in Static Charging 206 Flaming, Surface Contamination by 133 Floating, insulated machinery, shock hazards

from 212 - - systems in Static Elimination 212 Flow charging by jet impact 13

- or Flow Electrification 5, 8, 9, 13, 16, 18, 61, 124,208,214 - Systems 9 Electrification, Electrolytic, Evidence 13

Flue Gases, charging by 205 Fraction of Surface active in Contact Charg-

ing 126, 127, 179, 180, 182 Free Electrons in Metals 33, 50 - - in Metals proven 50 - -, numbers of computed 39 Freezing Potentials 25-31, 80, 216

and Electrokinetic Potential 31 - and Thunderstorms 27, 216 - of WORKMAN and REYNOLDS 25-30, 80, 216

Frictional Charging, true and contamination 193

Subject Index 233

Frictional Electrification, see also Tribo­Electrification 2,28,140, 143, 166, 192, 193, 197, 201 -, True 192 Heating at Asperities not due to Contact Charging 201

FOWLER'S function for evaluation of Work Function 51

FRUMKIN'S Table Contact Potentials of Aqueous Solutions 78

- - Relating Electrokinetic Potential and Adsorbtion 79

Fused Quartz, Rolling Contact Charging of 154, 167, 169

Galvanic Action from Metals 4 - and Volta Potentials Different 33, 56 - Potential in Metals, Illustrated and Defined

44 Gas Adsorbtion and Contact Charging 135,

150 Pressure in Contact Charging 135, 150, 154. ISS. 156 -, Influence of on Contact Charging 150 Pressures in Contact charging, DEBEAU'S study 135 Stream charging by ions or electrons yields repelling potentials only 204

Gaseous Carriers, Change of Charge of Par­ticles by 94, 138, 202 -, Charging by 3, 138, 201, 202, 203, 204 Discharge in Contact charging, see also Back Discharge 8, 117, 120, 135, 150, 153,154,155,156,157,161,165,180,184, 197, 209, 211-212 -, Static Elimination by 211-212 Electronic Mechanisms in Static Charg­ing 3, 201-204

Gasoline transfer of, grounding in 124, 208, 214

-, Spray or Flow charging of 13, 61, 124, 208, 214

Gaussian Charge Distribution in Spraying 111-113 distribution 111,112,113,115,144,145, 148 Distribution in Charging of Dust Clouds 144, 145 - on Blown Glass spheres 148

GIBB'S Surface Tension, Concentration Law 75, 76, 77

Glass, Secondary Emission on Ion bombard­ment 155

Groups of Ions in Spray and Bubbling Electrification 80, 83, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94

Heating by Rolling in Contact Charging 158.

163. 185 Effect in Tribo Electrification 193 - of High Speed Rolling Contact Charging 1 58

Heimholtz Double Layer, see also Double Layers or Electrical Double Layers at Liquid-Solid Interfaces, also see Zeta Potentials 2, 16-20, 21-23, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 72, 73, 75, 79, 80, 86, 122, 125 Simple Double Layer, Theory inappli­cable to Bubbles or to gas-water inter­face 61, 65, 66 Theorie of Endosmosis 16, 61

Henry Model for Contact Charging 194 HENRY'S Explanation ofTribo-Electrification

on asymmetrie Rubbing of identical ma­terials 193

potential diagram of Ions in two op­posed surfaces 194, 195

HERTZ'S Equation for Plastic Flow on Con­tact 179

Hg Rolling on Glass at low pressure give luminosity by Glow discharge 148, 200

Homogeneous Charging, see also symme­trical and asymmetrical charging or charging symmetrie al and asymmetrical 2,81,84,94,95,98,109,111, 113, 115, 140, 141, 143, 144

in Spraying observed by BÜSSE 84 of Dust Clouds 140-144 of liquid drops 98-115 studies of DODD 109

Homologous Hydrocarbon series and Electro­kinetic Potential 79

Hopper-Laby Dust Analyzer, Aggregation in Dust Clouds 137 - -, Change of Charge in Clouds in 94, 138, 202

-, Choice of Powders for 138 -, Dispersion Devices illustrated 139 -, Observations with 140 -, Shape factor, Effect of 137 -, Size of Particles adapted to 137 and Spray Electrification Analyzer

99, 107, 127, 136-140 - and Spray Electrification Analyzer Design of HANSEN and KUNKEL 101 - and Spray Electrification Analyzer, Limitations of 107

Humidity and Induction Contact Charging 10-12, 129

-, Effect of on Dust Electrification by Dis­persion 141, 143, 149

-, - of on Mobihty Spectra in Bubbling and Spraying 96 in Electrification by Dusts and Contact charging 10-12,125,129,134,141,143,147

234 Subject Index

Humidity in Prevention of Static Electri-fication from Dusts 146, 214

- in Static Elimination 211 Hydration Energy of Ions 78 Hydrogen Ion Concentration 4, 26 Hydrophobie 9, 79 Hydrophyllic 9, 78, 80 Hygroscopic Surfaces 9

lee-lee, Contact Charging of 28, 190, 191 Image Force Field Electronic 41 - Forces and Ion Adsorbtion 45 - - of Ions 6 Impurities in Quartz Used in Rolling Con­

tact Charging 1 78 Impurity Ions at Double Layers 67, 70 Induced and Contact Charging Superposed

11, 128-132 Charging, see also Kelvin Water Dropper 11,121,124,126,128,129,130,131,132, 134, 196, 203, 208 - Linear with applied field 121, 128, 129, 134 - of Spray Electrified Drops 120 -, Theory of GILL in Contact Charging 128 Contact Charging and humidity 11, 129

-, Apparent by Polarization 131 - -, Conditions for 130 - - of Clean Metal, Insulators un-likely 131 Fields do not Affect Basic Contact Charg­ing 134

Induction Charging in Auxiliary Fields 208 - -, PETERSON'S Curves for 129 - Effects in Contact Charging 128 Influences Modifying Work Function 42 Ion Bombardment Cleansing of Metal in

Rolling Contact Charging 175 Concentration Effects in Contact Charg­ing 196, 197 Distribution at Water Surface Illustrated 67 Exchange Charging, Thermal, in Tribo­Electrification 193 generating processes in static charging 202 Groups in Spray Electrified Droplets 116 Mobility Spectra, see also Mobility Spec­tra of Ions 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90-96, 116, 123

-, Effect of Acids and Bases on 89 - - - of Soap on Bubbling 96 - - Mass Dispersion Law, Elastic Solid Law and Langevin Law for 92

Ionic Charge Transfer in charging of metals by AI 20 a , MgO and Alkali Halides 188, 189

Ionic Charge Transfer in Contact Charging 188, 189, 193, 196, 197

- Constitution in Bubbling Spectra 90, 92 - Image Forces, see Image Forces Ionization Processes, Charging by 201 Ionized gas streams require partic1es to charge

effectively 203 Ions, Binding forces for, see Binding Forces - from Corona in Static Elimination 212 -, Gaseous, Conditions for charge generation

by 202 -, Langevin in Bubbling 94 -, Multiple Charges, or Valence of in Bub-

bling 92, 94 -, Ratio of Sign in Bubbling and Spraying

86 Isoelectric point 4

Kelvin Methods for measuring contact po-tential difference 52, 53, 54, 164, 174

- Null Method for Contact Potential 53 - Water Dropper 60, 74, 75, 208 KELVIN'S demonstration of Difference be­

tween Volta and Electrolytic charging 53 Original Condenser method showing con­tact potential 52 Radioactive Methode for Contact Po­tential 54

KUNKEL'S charging statistics for Quartz illustrated 140 data for charging of dusts, tables of 141 Statihical Analysis of charging of dusts 144 - theory of dust electrification 148, 149

Kunsman Catalysts 205

Langevin Ions 94, 95, 116, 123, 202 - Ions from Bubbling 94 LANGEVIN'S Mobility Theory 92 LANGMUIR'S Adsorbtion isotherms 79, 135,

150 - Apparent Adsorbtion Isotherm in con­

tact charging 135, 150 Leakage Currents, Apparent, in Rolling Con­

tact Charging 160, 161, 176, 178, 189 -, Surface, in Contact Charging Studies 153,158,160,162,173,175,176,177, 178, 189

LENARD'S Studies of Spray Electrification 80

- Theory of Water-Air Interface 82, 84 Lightning Discharge and Spray Phenomena

82, 97, 98, 216 - Stroke Mechanism 216 - - Protection against 216 Limited Contact Charging 9

Subject Index 235

Liquid-Gas Interfaces Electrical Double Layers, see Double Layers 60, 61, 65, 67, 73, 75, 80, 81-84, 89-91, 122-124

Luminosity by Discharge in Contact charging of glass at low pressure 148, 150, 200 from Shock waves not associated with contact charging 200 from sparks in rolling contact charging with gas 150 in contact charging 200

Lyotropic Series 78

Mass Dispersion Law in Ion Mobility 92 Maximum Charge in Rolling Contact Charg­

ing Defined 162 -, or apparent saturation charge, in Rolling

contact charging 166, 167, 168, 171, 173, 174, 178, 180, 185 Saturation charge, hard to evaluate 167, 168, 171, 174, 178, 180

Maxwell-Boltzmann Law 35-39 - Distribution Law 34-39 - -Wagner Polarization 128, 129, 131 Maxwellian Energy Distribution of Emitted

Electrons 49 Mechanical Force and charge separation by

impact 117 Mechanism of solid-solid contact charging

125, 142, 145, 146, 160-163, 165, 166, 178-190, 193-197

MEDLEY'S Field Induced Charging, Diagram for 133

- Induced contact charging study 132 Melting and Regelation of Ice-on-Ice via

Freezing Potentials, cause charging 28, 191

Mercury, Spray Electrification of 117, 147 Metal Dusts, Statie Eleetrifieation, Hazard

from 56, 142, 146, 214 - -Inorganic Insulator systems, Contaet

Charging 134 Metallic State Energy Bands 33, 35 MgO, charge transfer in Rolling contact

charging of Ni 189 - Pure, Fast Diseharge of after rolling con­

tact charging 173 -, Periclase, Rolling contact charging of

172, 173, 189 Millikan Oil Drop Technique to analyze spray

Droplet Spectrum 98, 99 Minimum Spar king Potential and Contact

charging 135, 150, 153, 154, 155, 156, 166 Mobilities of Ions, Mass Dispersion Law for

92 of Large Ions Solid Elastic Law for 93 of Large Ions Stokes-Cunningham Law 92

Mobility Cataphoretic 22, 65, 66 Ionic 83, 85, 90, 96, 123, 204 - and charging by Ionized gas streams 204 Measurements by Erikson Tube in Spray Electrifica tion 84 of Charged Particles in Gases 204 of Electrified Liquid Particles 83, 85, 90-94 Spectra in Spray Electrification, Ion species in 90-96, 123 - of Large Ions on Spraying 83, 85, 90, 93 - on Bubbling 88-91 - on Spraying 86-88

Moisture films on Dusts 133, 134, 139 - - on Surfaces 9-12, 128, 129, 133, 134,

139, 149, 209 Molten Metal Surfaces, no true spray electri­

fication of 117

Number of Free Negative Ions on bubble surface 70

Numbers of Metallic Free Electrons com­puted 39

Oil Drop Method, MILLIKAN'S, for charging of Dusts 127

Oxidation and Reduction of Metal, Effect on Rolling Contact Charging 174

Particles with Unipolar Carriers in gas streams gi ve high charges 204

Pauli Exclusion Principle 33, 34, 45 Plasmas from Ares and Glows, Static gene­

ration by 207 PETERSON'S Contact Charging Studies 149

Curves for Contaet Charging and Gas Press ure 150 - for Induction Charging 129 - for maximum Rolling Contact charge of Quartz as Gas Pressure of N 2 Changes 154 Dipole Rupture Charging of Piezoelectri­fied Quartz 199 law of rolling contact charging fails at high speed 167, 168, 174,180,181,182,185 Rolling contaet charging rate for fuzed quartz 156 Squirrel Cage or Rotating Cylinder Device for Rolling Contact Studies 151 Study of Induction Contact Charging 10, 129

Photoconductivity in Rolling Contact Charg­ing 164

236 Subject Index

Photoelectric Charge generation in Static Charging 203, 204, 205 Effect 33, 49, 203 Studies and Work Function 49

Piezo Electric Polarization and Charging by Rupture 3, 197, 199

POISSEUILLE'S Law 17, 18, 62 Poisson Distribution 115 PorSSON'S Equation 21 Polarization, Apparent, Induced Contact

Charging by 128, 131 - of MAXWELL and WAGNER 128, 131 Polarized Double Layers Charging by Rup­

ture qf 197, 199 Polishing, Effect of, on Rolling Contact

Charging 172, 173, 180, 189 Pollution, atmospheric by Electrostatic

Stabe eliminators 213 Positive Charge on Large Spray Drops 81 - to Negative Ion Ratio in Bubbling 86 Potential, Apparent, Contact, in Rolling

Contact Charging 126, 183, 186, 196, 197 -, Contact, see Contact Potential

Diagram for Electron Exchange, In­sulator, metal by WAGNER 184 - of HENRY for Ions in Solids on Con­tact 1 94, 195

-, HELMHOLTZ, or Zeta, at Solid-liquid Inter­faces 17, 20, 24, 63, 64, 72, 73, 75, 79, 80, 86, 122

-, Total at Air-"Water Interface 73, 122 Potentials, Relative of Double Layers, in

Aqueous Solution 75-80 -, Residual by Gaseous Discharge in l~oll­

ing Contact Charging 166 Precipitation Static in Aircraft 14, 207, 214 Pressure Melting of lee in Skating, non-

occurren t 191 Probe Techniques in Contact Charging 127 Protection against Lightning Stroke 216 - - spray electrification hazards 124, 214 Pure Water Gives Zero Cataphoretic Charge 66 Pyroelectric Polarization and Contact Charg-

ing by Dipole Rupture 3, 199

Quantitative Measuring Techniques in Con­tact Charging 126

Quantity, Absolute of Charge by Spraying or Bubbling 83, 84, 123

Quartz Single Crystal Studies in Rolling Contact 168

Radio Active Ionizers in Contact Potential measurement 54

Radioactive Ionizers, Static Elimination by 21)

Raindrops Breakup, of 82, 98 Relaxation Times in Bubbling and Spraying,

see Time of Relaxation or Double Layer, Temporal Growth of 70, 84, 90, 121, 122, 123 - in spray electrification 67-73, 84, 90, 121, 122, 123

Resistance, Critical Specific for charging 7, 8. 13. 16, 210

Reversal of charge by concentrated solutions in spraying 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 94, 121, 124

Return flow and Resistance 7, 8, 13, 16 - by gas discharge 117, 120, 135, 150, 154, 155, 156, 157, 161, 165, 166 - by Field Eission or otherwise in Contact Charging 184 - currents, or Back Discharge 7, 8, 13, 16, 18, 32, 55, 115, 118, 120, 126, 135, 150, 154, 155, 156, 166, 184, 185, 186 - from heated points in fast rolling con­tact charging 185, 186 - in Contact Charging 55, 126, 135, 150,154,155,156,166,184,185,186 - in Contact Potential Charging of Me­tals 55 - in Symmetrie al or Spray Charging of Droplets 118

Rolling Contact Charging, see also Contact Charging, Rolling 149-190 - -, Instrumental, Cleaning Metal by Bombardment 175 - -, Instrumental, Cleaning Techni­ques 125,126,152,165,171,172,175,177 - -, Instrumental, Contamination Ef­fects 129, 154, 156, 158, 159, 163, 169, 171,174,177 - -, Instrumental, Contamination by Heating 177 "- -, Instrnmental, Discharging Tech­nique 153, 165, 166 - -, Instrumental, Potential after Ga­seous Discharge 166 - -, Instrumental, Reproducibility of data for 171, 172 - -, Instrumental, Sphere in Cylin­ders, Apparatus for, see also PETERSON'S Rolling cylinder Device for Contact Charg­ing Studies 151, 164, 175 - -, Instrumental, with Modern out­gassing Procedures 164, 176 -- -, Observation of Alkali Halide Single crystals 171, 172 - --, Observation of asymmetry in Al.oa Single Crystals 170, 186 -- -, Observation, of Borosilicate Glass against Ni 158, 159

Subject Index 237

Rolling Contact Charging, Observation of Conductivity and Leakage current 153, 155,156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 165, 169, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178,179, 189 - -, Observation of Conductivity un­affected by N 2 153 - -, Observation of Curves for Vari­ous Quartz forms 168 - -, Observation of Effect of "Color­ation" in Crystals 171, 172, 189 - ---, Observation of Effeet of Electro­statie Forces 152,166,167174,180,181, IS2 - ---, Observation of Effeet of Electro­static Forces increasing contact area 174, 181, 182 - --, Observation of Effect of Electro­static Forces that non-uniform charge causes sticking 182 - --, Observation of Effect of Gas Pressure in 135, 150, 154, 155, 156, 166 - --, Observation of Effect of Rolling Speed 149, 157, 160, 167, 168, 182, 185 - ---, Observation of Effect of State of Oxidation of Metal 1 74 - ---, Observat on of Effcet of Surfacc Finish 172, 173, 180, 189 - -, Observation of Heating in 157 to 163, 185, 189 - -, Observation Initial and Fractional rates and maximum charge as observed by WAGC>1ER 167 -- --, Observation of no Axial Asym­metry in Quartz 169, 186

Observation of Photoconductivity 164

Observation of Rate curves 156, 157, lj9

- -, Observation of Rolling Speed In­fluence on Saturation Charge 157, 185 - -, Observation of Single Crystals of AI 20 S ' Sapphire 169 - ---, Observation of Single Crystals of MgO 172, 173 - -, Observation that fast gives Back Discharge from heated asperitics 185, 186 -- -, Theory considcring \Vork Func­tion 174 - -, Theory for Calculation of Rate and Surface Exposed 178, 179, 180 - -, Theory, Interpretation of Data for 160-164, 178, 190

-, Theory of 161, 165, 178, 179 - -, Theory of A120 3 , Mechanism 187 - -, Theory of Apparent Maximum and Saturation Charges Defined 166, 167, 168,173.178,180,185

Rolling Contact Charging, Theory of Bowden and Tabor Applied 179 - --, Theory of Charge Exchange Me­chanisms in 186 - -, Theory of Contact Potentials with Quartz-metal 186 - -, Theory of Distance for charge transfer in 183 - --, Theory of Effecti ve Area for Charge Transfer 179 - -, Theory of Electron and Ion Trans­fer in 160, 186-190 - -, Theory of Metals by Alkali Hali­des 188

-, Theory of MgO 189 - -, Theory of PETERSON 161 - --, Theory of Primary Process of Charge Transfer 160, 166, 186 - -, Theory of Saturation Charge and True Charge Separation 183

-, Theory of Surface States 160 - -, Theory of WAGNER 178-190 - -, Theory that volume leakage is non-existent 165

Salt N uclei in Sea Air 118 Sapphire, Rolling Contact Charging of single

crystals 169 Saturation Charge and True charge separa­

tion in Rolling Contact Charging 183 - High, in rolling contact charging 173, 174, 185 - in Rolling Contact Charging 166, 167, 168,173,174,178,180,185 - in Rolling Contact Charging, Defined 162

Schottky Effect 47 Line Method 48

Sea Spray, Asymmetrie Charging in 118 Secondary Emission on Ion Bombardment

from Glass 155 Seebeck Potentials 44 Self-Discharge as Static Eliminator 211 Shape Factors, Errors caused by in Dust

Anal ysis 1 3 7 Shattering of Raindrops by üpdrafts 82,

98 Shielding of Ions at Water Surfaces 67 Shirley Static Eliminator 213 Shock Hazards from floating insulated Ma-

chinery 212 - \ilfaves give luminosity 200 Simco Static Eliminator 213 SIMPSON'S estimate of charge generation per

disrupted raindrop 98 studies of electrification of Thunder­clouds 82

238 Subject Index

Simultaneous charging by two processes 12, 15, 112, 115-117, 121, 128, 132, 143, 196

Single Crystal Studies Quartz, Rolling Con­tact Charging 168

Solid Charging by Rupture of Surface Di­poles 197 01' Material particles Essential to Charg­ing by Ionized gases 204 -Solid Contact charging is not by me­chanical rupture of surface dipoles 198

Spray Creation by Bursting of Small Bubbles 119, 120 Electrification... also called Waterfall Electrification, see also Charging by Spraying, Charging by Bubbling, Bub­bling, charging by 2, 14, 58-61, 80-96, 97-124

and Hydrophyllic Solutes 80 - and Relaxation Times 70, 84, 90, 122 - by disruption of Drops in Air Stream 82, 97 - Charging Not Detected with Larger Droplets 113 - Data ... DODD'S Table of Statistics on 112 -, Data on Charge per gram wa sprayed 98 -, Data on Efficiency of C'harging Cur­rents 123 - Data Quantitative on Net Charge Generation 83, 84, 86, 90, 94, 98, 123 -, Disruption 01' Discharge of Droplets by Surface Fields 118 -, Field Induced Charging in 60, 74, 75, 120, 208 - from Sea Water 118, 119, 120, 121 - from Sea Water by Bubbles, Values of Charge generated by 120, 121 -, Hazards from, Prevention of 124, 214 - in Micron Droplets 118 -, Instrumentation by Erickson Ion mobility analyzer 61, 84-99 -, - by Erikson tube method of CHAP­MAN 84-99 -, - by Hopper-Laby Method: Diagram of 101 Limitations of 107 Operation of 103 -, - by Hopper-Laby Method adapt­ed by HANSEN and KUNKEL 99, 100, 101, 103, 107 -, - by Methods of BLANCHARD 120 -, - by methods of LENARD and BÜSSE 80-84 -, - by Millikan Oil Drop Method of CHAPMAN 98-100 - in Thunderstorms 97, 124, 215, 216

Spray Eletrification, Lenard type not Domi­nant with Organic Liquids 113 -, Mechanisms 73, 82, 84, 89, 117, 119 to 123, 148, 198 -, - of, charging by rupture of Liquid Metal Surfaces Impossible 117 -, - of, Dipole Rupture 73, 92, 94, 117, 123 -, - of, Limit to Charge size 117 -, - of, Work to Separate Charges 148 -, Observations, Measurements of DODD 109 -, - of, Change of Charge with time 94, 116, 137,202 -, - of, charge size and Drop diameter, 111, 116, 121 -, - of, Effect of Aging on Spectra 88 -, - of, Effect of AICla on Spectra 88 -, - of, Effect of Dielectric constant, viscosity and surface tension 99, 114 -, - of, Effect of KCI on Spectra 87 -, - of, Groups of Ions, see also Mobi-lity Spectra 83,85,86,94,116,117,137, 202 -, - of, Mobility Spectra 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 98, 99, 111, 116, 117 -, - of, Mobility Spectra of pure water 86

of, Multiple Charges in 94, 116, 137, 202 -, - of, Reversal in charge 121, 124 -, - of, Reversal of Charge by Con-centrated solutions 33,80,81,84,86,87, 88, 94, 123, 124 -, - of, size and charge of Hg Droplets 117, 147, 148,200 -, - of, Sodium Ions in Positive and Negative Drops 82, 84 - of Gasoline and Ether 61, 214 - of non-Polar Liquids 61, 81, 99, 113, 114, 124, 214 -, Return Flow in Droplet Charging 116, 118 -, Static Elimination in 213, 214 -, symmetrical, Gaussian charge Dis-tribution 111,112,116 -, -, Ion Concentrations and Drop Sizes for.occurrence of 115, 116 - -, Masking of True charge by sym­metrical charging 94, 115, 117 -, - or Homogeneous Charging 94, 111, 113, 115, 116, 123 -, -, Statistical Laws 113

Static Charging. see also charging, Contact Charging, Rolling Contact Charging, Spray electrification

and Unipolar coronas 206 - by Contact 123-190

Subject Index 239

Static Charging by Contact Potential Differ-ence of Metals 32-58

by Ionization of Gases 201 by Spray Electrification 58-123 Electrolytic 4-32 Falsified by Electrostatic Induction,

see Con tact Charging, Influence of Fields in - in Thunderstorms, see Thunderstorm Electrification -, Ion generating Agencies Affecting 202 - not seriously affected by normal atmospheric Ionization 202

of Dust 136-140 - or Electrification, Definition 1 - or Electrification Processes Enumer-ated 2 -, Rolling Contact 124-136, 140-190 Electrification, Implications of 1 Elimination 207-213 -, Agencies Aiding Surface or volume Conductivity 210 - by Conduction 208 - by Corona discharge 207 ---', by electrosta tic dischargers 211, 212 - by Electrostatic or gaseous discharge, disadvantages 213 -, by grounding of conductors 208 - by Increased Insulator Conductivity 208

by ions of both signs 212 by monitered ions of one sign 213 by Radioactive Ionizers 213 by Self-discharge 211 by Surface Conductivity 210 by Volume conductivity 209

-, in Dust and Spray Electrification 124, 213, 214 -, Use of Floating Insulated Floating Systems in 212 Eliminator, Shirley 213 Eliminators, Atmospheric Pollution by Gaseous Discharge Type 213 -, Commercial 213 Generation by Contact Potential of Me­tals 55, 57 Generator of VAN DE GRAAF 1, 206

Statistical Charge Accumulation on Langevin Ions 138, 202 Charging in Spraying or Bubbling, see Homogeneous or Symmetrical Charging Fluctuations of Ion Distribution in Spray­ing of Liquids 113

Statistics of Charging Dust Clouds 140, 144 Steam, Electrification by 14 Sticking in Rolling Contact Charging Caused

by non-uniform charge 182 STIRLING'S approximation 115 - Formula 144

Stokes-Cunningham Law 84, 92, 106, 109 - - of Mobility 92 Law 19, 22, 66, 84, 92,100,106,108,109, 121, 136, 137, 204 -, Errors in Use of 137 -, Shape Factors for 136

Streaming Potentials 16, 18, 32 Substances yielding Effective Dust Electri­

fication 146 Surface Charge Density equivalent of double

layer 17, 19, 24, 66, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, 84, 90 Cleaning in Rolling Contact Studies 152, 165, 171, 172, 175, 177, 197 Conduction in Rolling Contact Charging 153, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 165, 169, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178, 189 Conductivity in Static Elimination 210 Contamination by Flaming 133 - in Rolling Contact Charging 129, 154, 156, 158, 159, 163, 169, 171, 174, 177 Coverage of Adsorbed Atoms 46 Finish and Rolling Contact Charging 173, 180, 189 involved in Rolling Contact Charging 178, 179, 180 States in Rolling Contact Charging 160 Structure and Work Function 40 Tension and Double Layers 75 - and Electrokinetic Potential 80 - and Spray Electrification 99

Symmetrical Charging 2, 98, 99, 109, 111, 113,115,116,117,123,124,140,141,143, 144, 145 -, Back discharge in 117

consequence of solid state 145 - in Dust Clouds 140, 141, 143, 144 - ion concentrations and drop sizes, required for 115, 116, 166

Lim;ted by Return Flow 117 - of Dusts, Statistical Analysis of 144 - of Hg and liquid metals impossible 117

of liquid drops 98, 111, 113, 117 of liquids, Statistics of 113 Study of DODD 109

Takk Static Eliminator 213 Temperature Difference can lead to contact

charging Otherwise identical surfaces 28, 190, 191, 196

Thermal Diffusion in contact charging 196,

197 Thermionic Charge generation in Static

Charging 203, 204, 205, 206 - Emission 33, 48

240 Subject Index

Thunderstorm Electrification 27, 28, 82, 97, 98, 215, 216

- - and Spray Electrification 97 Thunderstorms and Freezing Potentials 27,

28 Time of Formation of Double Layers, see

Double Layers Time of Formation, also Relaxation Time 67-73, 84, 90, 121, 122, 123

Total Potential of Double Layer 75 Townsend Discharge from Glass 154, 155 Tribo-Electrification, A true frictional elec-

trification, requiring Friction not contact 2, 28, 140, 143, 166, 191, 192, 197, 201

-, important factors in 197 - of identical substances on Rubbing 'ex-

plained 195 . True Charge Separation and Saturation

Charge in Rolling Contact Charging 183

Uniform Charge Distribution by Parallel Corona wires 213

Unipolar Coronas and Static Charging 206 Updrafts and Shattering of Raindrops 82, 98

Van de Graaf Static Generator 1, 206 VAN DER WAAL'S Forces '45, 57 Viscosity and Spray Electrification 99 Volta and Galvanic Potentials Different

56 Potential is EINSTEIN'S Escape Energy 50 - is Contact Potential 45 - or more Correct1y Contact Potential 2, 32, 44, 45, 48, 50, 51, 53, 54, 56, 126, 143, 186, 196, 197

Volume Conductivity Agencies aiding 210 - in Contact Charging 161, 165 Density of Ions in Water Double Layer 73

WAGNER'S Basic Quantitative theory of Rolling Contact Charging 165 Calculated charging rate in Rolling Con­tact 179 Concept of Electron Exchange in Insu­lator-Metal Charging illustrated 184 data for qm--q against time 167, 168

WAGNER'S Rolling Contact Charging Curves for Various Quartz forms, AlzOs Halides and MgO 167-175 - - - Observations with Extreme Purity 177 Theoretical Interpretation of Rolling Contact Charging 178 Verification of Calculated Rolling Con­tact area exposed 179

Wasserfall-Elektrizität, see Spray Electrifi­cation

Water-Air Interface Total Potential of 73 Water Dipoles, Fraction, Oriented at Surface

66 - Solutions, see Aqueous Solutions Waterfall Electrification, see Spray Electri­

fication 14 Work Function 41-58

and Contact Potential Difference 44 and Crystal Planes 44 and External Field 43 and Photoelectric Effect 49, 51 and Rolling Contact Charging in Ul­

tra high vacuum 176 - and Thermionic Emission 48 -, "Apparent" in Ion Transfer charg-ing 160, 174, 176, 196, 197 - Apparent, or average of Metals 40 to 45, 48-58 - Diagram 40 -, Influences Modifying 42 Functions, Measurements of 48 -, Table of Average 55

Workman-Reynolds, Freezing Potentials 25 to 31, 80, 216

X-Ray Ionization in Discharging Surfaces 136, 150, 151, 153

Xerography and Static Charging 1, 207

Yield Pressure of Ni 179, 181 YOUNG'S Modulus, Effective 180, 181

Zeta Potential, also Called Heimholtz Po­tential 17, 20, 24, 63, 64, 72, 122

- -, Aqueous value of 20, 24, 122 ZISMAN'S Vibrating Plate Method for Con­

tact Potential 54, 164