author(s): kate williams, 2009 license: unless otherwise noted, this material is made available...
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Author(s): Kate Williams, 2009
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The Question of the Digital Divide...
…and Some Answers fromCommunity Informatics
Kate Williams
SI 575 Fall 2009 SeminarDecember 4, 2009
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Community informatics
Local, historical communities
Information and communications
technologies digital toolsCONTINUITY
TRANSFORMATION
meets
+
A field rooted in the digital revolution, the information revolution
Starting from the social … [social informatics]
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To start … what is the digital?
5000 b.c. to 1500s
1840s
1967
1974 1954Source Undetermined
Source Undetermined
Source Undetermined
Ted Nelson
Source Undetermined
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hypertext + internet = WWW
• 1895: Paul Otletstarts RBU,eventually15m cards
• 1965: Engelbart coins the term
• 1970s: many versionsof hypertext
• 1989: Tim Berners-Lee proposes a World Wide Web
• 1970s: TCP/IP, sending data in redundant and reassembling packets
• 4 nodes in 1969,1B now 1038?
Robert H. Zakon
Source Undetermined
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In popular imagination and useUS adults:73% talk while driving, 20% text
The MatrixITU
Esthr (flickr)
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The digital divide, ten years ago
• a widening gap in access to and usage of computers and the Internet across the U.S. population and the concomitant exclusion from educational, economic, cultural, political, and social opportunity
• Information have-nots: "Americans who are low-income, Black or Hispanic or Native American, senior in age, not employed, single-parent (especially single female headed) households, those with little education, and those residing in central cities or rural areas.“ Commerce/NTIA 1999
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Gap still widening: Global data
ITU
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US gap persists: CPS 2007Percent of households using broadband at home
By ethnicity
Latino 35.2
African American 36.8
White 52.2
Asian 60.2
By education of head of household
No high school 17.1
High school 36.8
Some college 56.0
Bachelors or higher 73.9
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Many dimensions to digital inequality
(and many approaches to this)• technical
means of access
• autonomy over the conditions of access
• individual skill• social support,
both technical and emotional
• purpose of use
• digital experience / interest / computer fear / is technology attractive? ‘psychological access’
• possession of computers/network ‘material access’
• digital skills / insufficient user-friendliness and inadequate education or social support ‘skills access’
• significant usage opportunities ‘usage access’
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1. Discovering digital bridgesoutside the home
Kate Williams
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From 32 DD surveys, three categories of questions emerged
– do you use a computer at home?
– do you use a computer at work?
– do you use a computer elsewhere?
Elsewhere = adult education center … assistive center … cable access center … church … college or university … community network center … community technology center … copy shop … cybercafé … day care center … government office … hospital … housing development center … job training agency… laundromat … library … literacy center … mental health agency … multiservice agency … museum … national urban league … neighborhood based organization … rehabilitation/drug abuse center … school … senior center … settlement house … standalone computer center … youth organization … and more
Source: Kate Williams
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Percent of US households which…
(84%)
(56%)
(62% in 2003)
Source: Kate Williams
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Three realms of computing that offer different conditions of
access
Source: Kate Williams
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2. How do communities bridge the digital divide?
Source Undetermined
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Schools - K-12 public 92Public libraries 14Apartments, hotels, and other group residences - public 2Government offices 1
Total Government 109
Schools - K-12 private 29Schools - preschools and child care - nonprofit 8Schools - other 1Churches and temples 29Civic organizations - other 12Civic organizations - youth 4Civic organizations - seniors 6Apartments, hotels, and other group residences - nonprofit 4Civic organizations - unions 3Museums and parks 2Hospitals and health care centers 1
Total Community 99
Schools - preschools and child care - for profit 13Schools - trade - for profit 10Apartments, hotels, and other group residences - for profit 15Copy shops, cybercafes, stores 4
Total Commercial 42
Schools - universities and colleges 3
Total University 3
Grand Total 253
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Not all communities are equally served by public
computing
• Geolocating the 253 sites suggested this pattern
Source: Kate Williams
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Group residence – Apartment complex
16Group residence – Hotel
16Preschool
9Copy shop
3Bar/restaurant/café
2Bookshop
2Computer-related
2Campground
1Group residence – Seniors
1School
1Tax service
1Business sites
54
Religious institutions
18Group residence – Greek association
17K-12 School – Private
12Association
9Social agency
4Preschool
2Adult education
1Group residence – Seniors
1Group residence – Students
1Group residence – Campus/religious
1Hospital
1Community sites
67
K-12 School – Public
33Library
4Park
3Group residence – Apartment complex
1K-12 School – Adult education
1Government sites
42
University
80Community college
1Seminary
1Higher education sites
82
All sites
245
C-U:Similarresults
Source Undetermined
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3. How big is public computing?
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Extrapolating…
Source Undetermined
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…with four different assumptions
If rural areas have no public
computing
If rural areas have public
computing at same rate
calculating from 118 sites found in Toledo
84,662 93,580
calculating from 181 sites extrapolated in Toledo
129,863 143,542
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4. Measuring top down solutions: What’s the
distribution of computers in libraries?
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A nationwidecount…
…a local analysis
Source Undetermined
Source: Kate Williams
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Difficult to overcome inequalities
Source: Kate Williams
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5. The role of agency: Have-less communities tackling the digital
divide
Kate Williams
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Social capital provided the basic fuel…
Kate Williams
Kate Williams
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…for 15 years…
Source: Kate Williams
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…by recruiting other social networks…
Source: Kate Williams
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…to help produce cyberpower…
Kate Williams
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6. How does community life itself
bridge the digital divide?
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Examples of 31 grassroots community
groupsTenants Association agitates with city
agencies for housing maintenance and solutions to sidewalk threats, trash pileups, car thefts
Local Historians meets weekly at branch library, produces books, audios, videos, of their local historical research and memories
Community Center advises and supports immigrant families, wins local reforms, runs programs for youth, women, others
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Downloaders: email, creating documents
Uploaders: maintaining group websites
Cyberorganizers: helping others become downloaders and uploaders
Source: Kate Williams
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Again, social capital dominates…
• More social capital (help with IT), more IT use
• 73% of helpers are friends, family• 60% are volunteering• 54% are seen frequently ( >1x
fortnight)• 52% have visited in the home• 42% live within a mile
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7. A closer look at uploading: Do communities own their own
cyber-representations?
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Arab
Indian
Filipino
ChineseKorean
MexicanPuertoRican
Ethnic communities across metropolitan Chicago
JapaneseSource Undetermined
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0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Mexican (83)536,000
Filipino (45)29,000
Puerto Rican (62)114,000
Arab (73)15,000
Japanese (119)5,600
Chinese (132)31,000
Korean (79)12,000
Indian (N=62)26,000 people
Community Chicago Metro US World Unknown
Registrant addresses of ethnic Chicago URLs
Source: Kate Williams
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8. Can we combine top-down and bottom-up solutions?
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TOP 1994-2005: $230 million
• Using technology to attacking local problems
• Partnerships were mandated
• Mobilizing local leadership or peer educators was a winning strategy
Source Undetermined
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BTOP 2010-2012: $7.2 billion
• Technology useas the goal
• Sustainabilitythe objective
• Emphasis on community institutions & public computing
• National discussion underway• Locally, univ-two cities partnership• New approaches to data: Government 2.0
Source Undetermined
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9. Libraries are helping in new ways
Source Undetermined
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The reference interview 1960s,
the informatics moment 2000sPublic Library• Reference
librarian• Cybernavigato
r• Computers
Community• Economic
s• Ages• Cultures
PatronPatron
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Table 1. The informatics moment: What are patrons seeking and getting Cybernavigator help with?
LiteracyComputer
literacyAdvanced computer
literacyLibrary literacy Functional activity
Daily
using the mouse or browser,getting or using email
printing, computer reservations
searching for work, applying for jobs
Weeklywritingreading
producing or updating a document besides resume, doing research, using other government websites besides benefits, using social networking sites
using the library catalog,using library databases
producing or updating resume, doing homework, getting or checking benefits
Monthlytaking a computer class
playing a game
looking into current events or cultural information, getting health information, banking/buying/selling/ other e-commerce, seeking resources relating to being homeless
The informatics moment: a leap across the DD
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Cybernavigator social capital Library social capital
CN helps someone who knows his or her name
CN helps someone he or she knows by name
CN helps someone he or she recognizes but don't know by name
Security guard connects patron to the CN for help
Non-CN library staff help someone with computer/internet, apart from printing/reservations
CH helps a group of 2 or more working together on a task
CN helps someone he or she knows from some community involvement
CN brings their own laptop to work
CN shares his or her own laptop with patron as part of help
Less than monthlyCN sees, runs into, or gets together with patrons outside of work
CN sees, runs into, or gets together with library co-workers outside of work
N = 27 cybernavigators
Monthly
Weekly
Daily
Librarians connects patron to the CN for help
Paraprofessionals connect patron to the CN for help
CN helps someone that a community member referred to him or her
[none]
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More social capital > more kinds of IMs
• Challenges: Printing, reservations, no flash drives, word processing in the browser
• Mouse exercises versus solitaire • Successful job hunts• The Bing Crosby story• Huddled around a laptop in Chinatown• “I’m just a step ahead”• Help, and conflicts over help: the dislocations of
the information revolution in the library• So … recruit helpers over geeks … network the
CNs
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The question of the digital divide: answers from community
informatics1. Many digital bridges outside the home
2. Communities bridge the DD in three ways
3. Public computing has proliferated
4. Top down solutions can’t always even the score
5. Have-less communities attack the DD
6. Community life itself (inadvertently) bridges the DD
7. Communities can own their own cyber-representation
8. Top down (outside) can work with bottom up (inside)
9. Libraries are helping in new ways
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1. Many digital bridges outside the home
2. Communities bridge the DD in three ways
3. Public computing has proliferated
4. Top down solutions can’t always even the score
5. Have-less communities attack the DD
6. Community life itself (inadvertently) bridges the DD
7. Communities can own their own cyber-representation
8. Top down (outside) can work with bottom up (inside)
9. Libraries are helping in new ways
Sustainability
The question of the digital divide: answers from community
informatics