autobiographical memory: asking and answering questions about past behavior
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Autobiographical memory: asking and answering questions about past behavior. Shirley Cheng & Hongyan Shi February 7, 2006. Outline. Response alternatives effects Effects of High/Low frequency alternatives Effects on Subsequent questions Telescoping. Response Alternative Effects. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Autobiographical memory: asking and answering questions about past behavior
Shirley Cheng & Hongyan ShiFebruary 7, 2006
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Outline
Response alternatives effects
Effects of High/Low frequency
alternatives
Effects on Subsequent questions
Telescoping
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Response Alternative Effects
Focus of discussion: Relating the materials this week to what we’ve learned previously.1. Effects of High/Low frequency
alternatives2. Effects of a question on subsequent
ones
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Effects of High/Low frequency alternatives
Example: Responsiveness to change in the weatherResults: % of patients reported “more than twice a month”
21% 75%
Schwarz (1999) p.98
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Effects of High/Low frequency alternatives
Why does it happen? What type of info. recalled? Moderators?
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Menon et al. (1995)
It addresses the boundary conditions of response alternative effects. When the rate of behavior can be
recalled easily and seems sufficient to make estimation.
Regularity of behavior Similarity of others to oneself
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Questions This model only holds when memory-based
information is accessible. When will the memory-based information not be accessible? Motivation as a moderator? Other variables?
If behaviors are less frequent (other than brushing teeth, p. 216 Table 1), will this affect the model or results?
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Questions Self-report vs. Judgment for others
Will it be different if we do not rate oneself first? (p. 221 Figure 1)
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Effects due to response alternatives
This week: Frequency alternative effect Mechanism Information recalled Moderators
Compare to Last week: Response alternatives
order effects (SBS Ch.6)
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Response alternatives order effect
26.4% vs. 10.1%
6.5% vs. 16.4%
Krosnick & ALwin (1987)
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Questions
Comparing the two types of context effects: Underlying mechanisms? Type of info. recalled? Moderators? Esp. how much we can
control?
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Effects on subsequent questions
Scale FrequencyHigh Low
Headaches More frequent
Less frequent
1. Effects of scale frequency:
Health Satisfaction
8.3 7.2
Distress due to headaches
9.3 6.7
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Question
“Hence, the same behavioral frequency scale may elicit subsequent reports of higher distress as well as of higher health satisfaction...” (Schwarz, 1999, p.102)
What is the moderator?
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Effects on subsequent questions
Last week: Contrast and assimilation effects Asking “marriage satisfaction” then
“life satisfaction” Asking “attitude towards one
politician” then “attitude towards his/her political party”
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Questions Comparing the two effects, do they share
similar underlying mechanism?
Effect of scale frequency is another manifestation of contrast/assimilation effect?
Both effects follow the prediction of accessibility-diagnostiscity model?
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Telescoping Errors
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What is telescoping?
During last week, how many times did you eat out in a restaurant?
During January, how many times did you work out?
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Models of telescoping
Uncertainty model (SBS, p.188) Rounding model (SBS, p.190)
Effects of time unit on telescoping: In the past six months In the period from 01/2005 to
07/2005
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Morwitz (1997) This paper has found
unanswered issues from previous models, but it does not address them.
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Some observations
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Some observations
Proposition 1 and Proposition 5: seem contradictory to each other What is the potential assumption of
Proposition 5?
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T h a n k s!
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Question
Questionnaire-induced context effects at each stage of cognitive process On frequency reports On attitude (Chapter 4)
Conditions and variables?
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Questions
What is the difference between cognitive process involved in formulating frequency judgments and that used for formulating attitudes?