If gear is not disscounted from engine while changing gear then it might break the gear teeth. Function of clutch is to temporarily disconnect engine from gear box.clutch is required to transfer power from engine to gear at different speeds.it doesn't cause shocks.Single plate clutch has one friction plate while multiplate clutch has more than one friction plate.Diapharm clutch has diaphram springs instead of coil springs.If friction If one gear is rotating clockwise,the other would be rotating anticlockwse.Continously varing transmission(c.v.t.)It has infinite gear ratios.The input shaft of the transmission turns at the same rpm as the engine. Ex:Toyota PirusGear Ratio RPM at Transmission Output Shaft with Engine at 3,000 rpm1st 2.315:1 1,2952nd 1.568:1 1,9133rd 1.195:1 2,5104th 1.000:1 3,0005th 0.915:1 3,278The differential has three jobs:To aim the engine power at the wheelsTo act as the final gear reduction in the vehicle, slowing the rotational speed of the transmission one final time before it hits the wheelsTo transmit the power to the wheels while allowing them to rotate at different speeds (This is the one that earned the differential its name.All the fourwheels travel different distances in a path.Part-time four-wheel-drive systems don't have a differential between the front and rear wheels; instead, they are locked together so that the front and rear wheels have to turn at the same average speed. This is why these vehicles are hard to turn on concrete when the four-wheel-drive system is engaged.Traction, or tractive force, is the force used to generate motion between a body and a tangential surface, through the use of dry friction, though the use of shear force of the surface is also commonly used.The total amount of combustible gas that is processed by an engine in one complete cycle is known as its displacement.When talking about an engine being a "3 litre" engine, a "250cc" engine, or a "350 cubic inch" engine, you are describing its displacement - the total size of the combustion chambers in all cylinders.When describing a car's layout, a sequence of two letters or numbers is used. The first character describes the position of the engine - F for front-engine (like most cars), M for mid-engine (like a Lamborghini Countach), or R for rear-engine (like a Volkswagen Beetle). The last character describes the driving wheels - F for front-wheel drive, R for rear-wheel drive, or 4 for four-wheel drive.The three-character layouts "FMR" and "RMR" describe variations on the MR layout.The manifold is part of the induction system, not the ignition system. It is the component that delivers the combustible mixture into the combustion chambers.Muffler keeps keeps the car engine from making excessive noise while runningmuffler keeps track of the mileage a person has drivenuse of a power steering in a car: for easy manouveringA synchro's purpose is to allow the collar and the gear to make frictional contact before the dog teeth make contact. This lets the collar and the gear synchronize their speeds before the teeth need to engagehat the motion that comes out of an internal combustion engine is rotational, while the motion produced by a potato cannon is linear (straight line). In an engine the linear motion of the pistons is converted into rotational motion by the crankshaftPort timing:It is a graphic reprentation of the moments when the valves or ports of an internal combustion engine open and close relative to the position of the piston ,i.e. to the angle of rotation of the crankshaft.Carburator mixes the air and fuel mixturesDisesl car ignites at 1900glow plug replaces the sparkplug of a petrol engine in a diesal engineAir/Fuel Ratio is Stoichiometric: 14.7:1Wankel An alternative type of engine based on one or more rotating, roughly triangular rotors, rather than pistons that move in a straight line, is the ____ rotary engine.First gear gives low speed but high torque.Final drive(differential)is the last stage in transferring power from engine to wheels.It reduces the speed of propellar shaft to that of wheels.It also turns the drive of the propellar shaft by an angle of 90 to the wheels.the Compression ratio of Petrol engine is 6 to 10 & that of Diesel engine is 15 to 22.So on such high compression, gasoline gets highly compressed & it may blast.Inlet valve has more diameter than exhaust valve.OVERDRIVE in automobile is a term describing the process where the drive shaft speed is more than that of engine shaft speed.So attaining our target speed without stressing the engine to run to its peak speed.It also helps in minimizing the wear of engine as we are using it in optimum performance without high fatigue and also increase efficiency as the fuel consumption is decreased.The most common type of CVT operates on an ingenious pulley system that allows an infinite variability between highest and lowest gears with no discrete steps or shifts.A gear refers to a ratio of engine shaft speed to driveshaft speed pulley-based, toroidal and hydrostaticMost CVTs only have three basic components:A high-power metal or rubber beltA variable-input "driving" pulleyAn output "driven" pulleyA transaxle is a major mechanical component that combines the functionality of the transmission, the differential, and associated components of the driven axle into one integrated assembly.The transfer case receives power from the transmission and sends it to both the front and rear axlesENGINES CAN BE CLASSIFIED IN MANY WAYS :1. By Mechanical construction - 4 Stroke/2-Stroke2. By type of Ignition - Compression Ignition/Spark IgnitionCOMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES Basically Diesel engines Use diesel fuel Combustion is initiated by heat, on its ownSPARK IGNITION ENGINES Basically Petrol engines, LPG engines, CNG engines Use leaded or unleaded petrol, Alcohol, LPG or CNG Combustion is initiated by a spark from a spark plugBORE, mm : The diameter of the cylinderSTROKE, mm : The distance between top most point of piston travel to thebottommost point of piston movementCAPACITY, cc : Also called displacement. The volume displaced by allpistons while moving from top to bottom. Also indicated in Liters.CLEARANCE VOLUME : The volume available above piston, with thepiston in top most point.COMPRESSION RATIO : The ratio between the total volume to theclearance volume.VALVE MECHANISM : The mechanism by which the valves areoperated. It could be push rod type or overhead camshaft typeTIMING SYSTEM : The mechanism by which the camshaft & fuelinjection pump are operated . It could be gear driven, chain driven orbelt driven.INTAKE SYSTEM CLEANS & TRANSPORTS ATMOSPHERIC AIRTO THE ENGINE CYLINDERSNA ENGINE - NATURALLY ASPIRATED ENGINE - The air istransported to the engine cylinder , at atmospheric pressureTURBO ENGINE - TURBO CHARGED ENGINE - The air iscompressed and transported to engine cylinder, at higher thanatmospheric pressure.Hydraulic Clutch - Where the drivers foot effort is transferred toa hydraulic oil medium, which in turn operates the clutch throughmaster cylinder & slave cylinder. Pedal efforts are lower & doesnotrequire clutch pedal free play adjustmeFlywheel, Clutch drive plate and clutch pressure plateGEAR BOX MODIFIES & TRANSMITS THE TORQUE OF THE ENGINETO THE DRIVE LINE.AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION WHERE THE STEP OR GEAR RATIOIS AUTOMATICALLY SELECTED, AS DECIDED BY A ECU BASEDON INFORMATION FROM VARIOUS SENSORSEXHAUST SYSTEM TRANSPORTS THE BURNED EXHAUSTGASES FROM ENGINE CYLINDER TO THE ATMOSPHERE,TOWARDS THE REAR OR TO THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE VEHICLE.TRANSFER CASE MODIFIES & RE-DIRECTS THE TORQUE OF THEENGINE TO BOTH FRONT AND REAR AXLES, AS DESIRED.PROPOELLOR SHAFT TRANSMITS THE ENGINE TORQUE FROMTHE GEAR BOX/TRANSFER CASE TO THE DIFFERENTIAL.DIFFERENTIAL RECEIVES TORQUE FROM THE GEAR BOX,MODIFIES AND TRANSMITS IT TO THE WHEELS, IN APERPENDICULAR DIRECTION.DIFFERENTIAL ALSO ALLOWS EACH WHEEL TO ROTATE ATDIFFERENT SPEEDS, ESPECIALLY WHEN THE VEHICLE TAKES ATURNAXLE SHAFTS - Carries the torque from the differential to thewheels.STABILIZER BAR - Stabilizer bars are fitted on the axles toreduce the amount of body roll, when the vehicle is cornered.TURBOCHARGER - The turbo charger utilizes the wasted heat energyin the exhaust system, to run a compressor which compresses the intakeair. Compressed intake air has more density and hence more fuel can beinjected increasing the power of the engine.RADIATOR - Radiator is a heat exchanger. The hot coolant (water) fromengine enters to the top tank of the radiator and passes through the core tothe bottom tank of the radiator. Cool atmospheric air is drawn over the coreby the cooling fan, leading to cooling of the radiator water.Connecting rodThe connecting rod connects the piston to the crankshaft. It can rotate at both ends so that its angle can change as the piston moves and the crankshaft rotates.CrankshaftThe crankshaft turns the piston's up and down motion into circular motion just like a crank on a jack-in-the-box does.SumpThe sump surrounds the crankshaft. It contains some amount of oil, which collects in the bottom of the sump (the oil pan).The opening and closing system is called a camshaft. The camshaft has lobes on it that move the valves up and down,a two-stroke engine produces a lot of power for its size because there are twice as many combustion cycles occurring per rotation. However, a two-stroke engine uses more gasoline and burns lots of oil, so it is far more pollutingA two-stroke engine has no moving valves, and the spark plug fires each time the piston hits the top of its cycle. A hole in the lower part of the cylinder wall lets in gas and air. As the piston moves up it is compressed, the spark plug ignites combustion, and exhaust exits through another hole in the cylinder. You have to mix oil into the gas in a two-stroke engine because the holes in the cylinder wall prevent the use of rings to seal the combustion chamber.