automotive interior and exterior weathering testing...automotive interior and exterior weathering...

Automotive Interior and Exterior Weathering Testing 1

Automotive Interior and Exterior

Weathering Testing

Q-Lab Corporation

Watch the 8 AM EDT presentation by clicking here.

Watch the 12 PM EDT presentation by clicking here.

https://youtu.be/dD6Dr37pvh4

https://youtu.be/Ax1FXhVB0dM


Today‘s Agenda

• Weathering of automotive components

• Weathering science basics

• Natural outdoor testing

• Accelerated Laboratory testing

• Automotive test methods and correlation to observed failure


Weathering of Automotive Components

Why is it worthwhile to conduct weathering testing?


Weathering of Auto ExteriorsColor change and gloss loss


Weathering of Auto ExteriorsPhysical and Chemical failures

Cracking

Blistering


Weathering of Auto ExteriorsPhysical and Chemical failures

Delamination

Adhesion,Chipping


Weathering of Auto InteriorsPhysical and Appearance failures

CrackingColor fade


Why Do Weathering Testing?

Weathering testing can mean the difference between happy customers and … the customer on the right

High gloss and color integrity

Fading, cracking, peeling

OR


Why Do Weathering Testing?

Weathering testing can mean the difference between happy customers and … the customer on the right

High gloss and color integrity

Corrosion resulting from failed coatings

OR


Weathering Science Basics

Why do interior and exterior automotive components fail in service?


What is Weathering?

Changes in material properties resulting from exposure to the radiant energy present in sunlight in combination with heat(including temperature cycling) and water in its various states, predominately as humidity, dew, and rain.


Forces of WeatheringKnow Your Enemy!

• Sunlight

• Heat

• Water

*Other factors can impact weathering as well but we will not focus on those today


Ultraviolet (UV) light is responsible for most weathering degradation

UV is only 7% of the sunlight spectrum but it causes virtually all polymer degradation!


0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800

Wavelength (nm)

Outdoor sunlight

Sunlight behind window glass

Sunlight Outdoors vsSunlight Behind Window Glass

Spectral Irradiance

(W/m2/nm)

This difference between UV light in outdoor-and behind-glass service environment is a major factor in weathering behavior


Factors Affecting Automobile Glass UV Light Filtering

• Tint

• Thickness

• Lamination


Heat Effects

• Dimensional change

• Evaporation

• Thermal aging

• Thermal cycling


Temperature and ColorDarker Colors Have Higher Temperatures!

Temperature Δ (°C)

0

-5

-10

-15

-20

-25


Heat behind Window Glass

Temperature of automobile interior components behind window glass

can exceed 100 °C


Major Effects of Water

Chemical Reactions

– Reactions in solution

– Facilitates reaction via increase in oxygen transport

Physical Effects

– Erosion

– Absorption/freeze-thaw

– Thermal shock

– Impact (material loss)


Water in Service Environments

Humidity Rainfall Dew

• Affects time of wetness• Exterior and interior

• Washing of surfaces• Chalking• Thermal shock

• High O2 content• Long dwell time

PRIMARY SOURCE OF OUTDOOR WETNESS


Natural Outdoor Weathering Testing

Benchmark test data from realistic exposures


45° south-facing panel exposure


0° Exposure Angle, mesh backing forthree-dimensional components


Black Box Testing

• Imitates auto trunk

and hood conditions

• Developed by GM in

1950’s

• High temperature

• SAE J1976


Under-Glass Exposures for Interior Components


Whole Car Testing

• Testing of entire vehicle

• Best simulation of the end use –includes exterior and interior weathering

• All parts, materials and components interact during the weathering process

• Thermal radiation studies commonly performed


Accelerated Outdoor Weathering Testing

Realistic exposures done faster


AIM Box“Automotive Interior Materials” Box

• Reproduces extreme heat from

automotive interior

• Can test entire instrument panel

• Different plastics experience

different thermal expansion

• Generates differential stresses

between different interior plastics


Natural Sunlight ConcentratorQ-TRAC


Natural Sunlight ConcentratorQ-TRAC

• Tracks the sun during the day• Delivers 5× as much UV as a natural exposure• Fast results with natural solar spectrum


Laboratory Weathering Testing

Accelerating testing for faster results than outdoor


Xenon Arc Test Apparatus

Rotating rackFlat array


Optical Filters

• Daylight (for exterior components)

• Window (for behind-glass interior components)

• Extended UV (for harsh testing, quality control)

Rotating drum “lantern” filter

Flat array filter


0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400

Spectral Irradiance

(W/m2/nm)

Wavelength (nm)

Daylight

Daylight Filter

Window Filter

Extended UV filter

Xenon and Sunlight Spectra

Extended-UV Filter

Window Filter

Daylight

Daylight Filter


Black Panel Temperature Control

• Most common in test standards

• Approximates maximum specimen surface temperature

• Can be used in combination with chamber air temp sensor and control


Black PanelTemperature Sensors

PanelASTM (ISO)Designation

Typical use

Uninsulated Black Panel (Black Panel)

Metallic substrates (painted metal)

Insulated Black Panel (Black Standard)

Insulating substrates (polymers)


Chamber Air Temperature Control

• Required by certain test methods

• Necessary for control of RH

• BP temp always hotter than chamber air temp from absorbing radiant heat


Relative Humidity Control • Required by many test methods

– Textiles

– Automotive (SAE)

• Many xenon testers can generate and control

relative humidity

– Boiler-type system

– Nebulizer system

• For many durable materials, RH makes very

little difference compared to spray and

condensation


Xenon ArcWater Spray

Front spray

– Primary method of water delivery

– Calibration technique for front spray recently developed (ASTM D7869)

Back spray

– Result of a failed experiment intended to generate condensation; persists in some standards

Dual spray

– For delivering a 2nd solution, e.g. acid rain, soap

Immersion (Ponding)

– Alternative to front spray called out in some standards


Fluorescent UV Test Apparatus


QUV Lamps

• UVA-340 (for exterior components)

• UVA-351 (for behind-glass components)

• UVB-313EL (for harsh testing, quality control)


QUV Lamp and Sunlight Spectra

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400

Spectral Irradiance

(W/m2/nm)

Wavelength (nm)

Daylight

UVB-313

UVA-340

UVA-351

UVB-313

UVA-351

Daytime sunlight

UVA-340


QUV Color Temperature

• Xenon testers generate IR heat and reproduce outdoor color temp. differences

• UV fluorescent testers do not

Fischer and Ketola, 1993

Temperature Δ (°C)

0

-5

-10

-15

-20

-25


QUV Condensation• Closest match to natural

wetness

• Best way to accelerate water in an laboratory tester

• Elevated temperature

• High O2 content

• Tester performs distilling – you cannot deposit debris on specimens! Water is guaranteed to be clean.

Creating condensation in the QUV is easy and does not require expensive, pure

water


QUV Water Spray

• Ensures that parts get fully saturated

• Creates erosion & thermal shock


Fluorescent UV & Xenon Comparison

Xenon

Fluorescent UV

Costeffectiveness

Reproducibility

UV lightspectrum

Full sunlightspectrum

Realisticmoisture


Automotive Accelerated Laboratory Testing

Driving towards better correlation with outdoor weathering


Historical Test Standards

• Xenon arc’s light sources have been used for many years -accurate reproduction of full-spectrum sunlight

• Hardware-based “102/18” light/light+spray standards were the first widely-used weathering standard tests– Almost 100 years old but still in use

– Most common example is ISO 4892-2

– Not realistic!

• SAE J2527 became the “state of the art” in 1980’s– Research into primary stressors (light, water, heat)

– Replicated gloss loss seen in Florida exposures

– Does not match all real-world failure modes


Taking the Next Step:ASTM D7869

• Outdoor weather data collected to understand real-world weather conditions: light, heat, and water

• Outdoor weathering test dataset collected to provide basis for correlation

• Accelerated test cycle developed to match those real-worldconditions and degradation mechanisms

• Variety of materials and failure modes evaluated with accelerated testing to verify validity of test


Weathering Standard DevelopmentFeatures of ASTM D7869 Test Protocol

• Better match with sunlight spectrum– New optical filter, increased intensity

• Better match to outdoor temperature profile– Realistic temperatures chosen

– At or below maximum experienced outdoors

• Better match to outdoor wetness conditions– Significantly longer time of wetness

– Water delivery calibration system devised


ASTM D7869Reproduces Natural Weather Cycles

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Time (hours)

Irra

dia

nce

(W

/m2/n

m@

34

0n

m) Deep Water

Penetration

Adhesion, Blistering, Diffusion

No spray during light steps

Avoids unrealistic

failures

Cyclic Stresses (cracking)

Surface Erosion (gloss)

Irradiance

Water Spray


Florida Exposure SAE J2527 ASTM D7869

ASTM D7869 ValidationCoating Pick-Off

Expected Failure Mode: Slight BC/E-coat pick off

Observed: Slight BC/E-coat pick-off ASTM D7869, not SAE J2527


ASTM D7869 ValidationGloss and Adhesion Loss

Expected Failure Mode: Blistering, gloss loss, adhesion loss

Observed: Gloss and adhesion loss on both. Blistering ASTM D7869

×



ASTM D7869 ValidationBlistering

Expected Failure Mode: Blistering, gloss loss, adhesion loss

Observed: Gloss loss and adhesion loss seen on all panels. Blistering on ASTM D7869 mimics that seen on Florida



Validation Testing of ASTM D7869

• Chemical change correctly reproduced

• Cracking correctly reproduced

• Blistering correctly reproduced

• Adhesion loss correctly reproduced

• Color correctly reproduced

• Gloss loss correctly reproduced


Summary – Automotive Weathering Testing

• Automotive exterior and interior materials experience a wide range of physical and chemical degradation from sunlight, heat, and water in service environments

• Natural outdoor test methods like Black Box, Under-glass, and whole carcan simulate automotive conditions

• Accelerated outdoor tests like AIM Box and natural solar concentratorprovide enhanced testing outdoors

• Xenon arc and fluorescent UV accelerated test chambers can provide results in a shorter timeframe

• New test protocols like ASTM D7869 offer better correlation to outdoor environments than historical test standards


Thank you for your attention!

Questions?

[email protected]

Color & Appearance of Automotive Interior & Exterior

• The interior is getting more and more important

influences purchasing decisions

quality requirements are increasing

• New materials to save cost: molded in color

• New looks:

- Natural leather look

- Synthetic Hi-tech look

- Everything has to be very low gloss - mat

- Customer should perceive a higher value

Automotive Interior

• Textile: body cloth, headliner, carpet, webbing, seat belts

• Plastic Parts:

- Hard tooled, uncoated, structured surfaces

- Hard tooled, coated, structured surfaces (soft touch)

- Soft tooled: Slush or film (instrument panel, visor)

• Coated metal parts

• Leather (real and artificial leather)

Automotive Interior: Variety of Materials

• Color and Appearance need to be harmonized

• Very tight tolerances are requested:

Objective and reliable testing instruments are needed

Automotive Interior Specifications

Typical Tolerances:

Color: L*, a*, b* ± 0.5

Gloss 60° : < 5 GU ± 0.3 … 0.5

Automotive Interior Gloss

Specular Reflection

(= Gloss)

Diffuse Reflection

Specular Gloss Reflection

Incident light

ObserverIllumination

Surface

How is Gloss Perceived?

polished

Glossy Surface

rough

Medium to Mat Surface

Glossmeter Design

α1 ± 0.1° α2 ± 0.1°

e.g. Receptor aperture

20°: 1.8° ± 0.05°

20°

85°

60°

Defined Angles of Illumination

Semi GlossLow Gloss High Gloss

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Angles of Illumination

60°

85°

20°

Visual Gloss

Measured

Gloss

Recommended geometryGloss level

Semi gloss

High gloss

Low gloss

60° value

10 to 70 units

> 70 units

< 10 units

60° geometry

20° geometry

85° geometry

Recommended Geometries

, BYK-Gardner GmbH, Automotive Interior

• Color and Appearance need to be harmonized

• Very tight tolerances are requested:

Objective and reliable testing instruments are needed with

superior technical performance

Automotive Interior Specifications

Typical Tolerances:

Color: L*, a*, b* ± 0.5

Gloss 60° : < 5 GU ± 0.3 … 0.5

0-10 GU>10 GUGloss range:

± 0.1± 0.2Repeatability:

± 0.2± 0.5Reproducibility:

Increased Accuracy for 60° gloss in the mat range

micro-gloss S spectro-guide S

0-10 GU>10 GU

± 0.1± 0.2

± 0.5± 1.0

Color E*

0.01 1

0.2 1

The Right Tools for Toughest QC Requirements

Detector

Gloss value dependent on refractive index of material - ASTM D523 – ISO 2813

GU

100

0

black glass standard - refractive index 1,567

Gloss value dependent on refractive index of material - ISO 2813: Polished black glass

Gloss value dependent on refractive index of material: e.g. High-gloss clear coat

20° GU

Visual:

Same brilliance

No correlation

Refractive index

1.541.521.51 1.531.50

80

85

90

95

1 K

2 K

91 82

Non-metal e.g. paint, plastic

Reflectance Gloss Units

20° 0 ... 5 % 0 ...100

60° 0 ... 10 % 0 ...100

85° 0 ... 65 % 0 ...100

Metal e.g. aluminum

Reflectance Gloss Units

20° 0 ...100 % 0 ...2000

60° 0 ...100 % 0 ...1000

85° 0 ...100 % 0 ... 160

100 %Polished black glass:

~10 % at 60°

Auto range: highly reflective metals

100 %Reflectance

...100 %

n=1,567

Automotive Interior Color

Color Perception

Light Source

Object

Observer

Standard illuminants

Eye Detectors

Cone cells

Color detectors

Rod cells

Lightness detectors at night

Cones

Retina

Rods

Cones

Cones

ObserverLight source

Masking Screen

Black Partition

Wright / Guild Experiment

Standard Observer

400 500 600 700

Wavelength (nm)

10° Observer (1964)

2° Observer (1931)

z y x

Re

lati

ve

En

erg

y

observer

object

Gloss Absorption Diffusion

Interaction between Light and ObjectGloss, Absorption and Diffusion

• Direct Reflection on surface – Gloss

• Light is absorbed by Pigments and dyes – Absorption

• Light is scattered by Pigments – Diffusion

yellow

red

green

blue

Object Color Spectral Reflectance Curves

Measurement Principle: Spectrophotometer

Sample

Light source

Monochromator

% R

efle

ctio

n

Wavelength

Red

Spectral data

L* Lightness

a* green / red

b* blue/yellow

L* Lightness

C* Chroma(saturation)

h° hue angle

CIE L*a*b*-System – Opponent Color Space

E* = √ (L*)2 + (a*)2 + (b*)2

= Sample - Standard

- +

- +

- +

L*

a*

b*Sample

E*

L*

b*

a*

Standard

CIELab - System: Color Difference L*, a*, b*

Color and gloss influence the

visual impression

The structured part looks lighter,

despite being made of the same

colored material!

Does the color match?Do the two sides look different?

Typical Applications:

• Comparison to defined standard

• Batch-to-batch control

• Harmonization of various

materials/structures

Differences in gloss/ structure Color Differences

Circumferential illumination reduces directionality influence

Visual Perception: 45/0 Geometry

45/0 Geometry

0123456789

10

Refl

ec

tio

n

Glossy

Matt

dL* = 4,79

da* = 0,26

db* = -0,04

dE* = 4,79

nM

45/0 Geometry evaluates Color “as we see it”

Typical Applications:

• Color matching

• Color strength development

• Weathering studies

Differences in gloss/structure Color DifferencesX

Color Hue Control: Sphere Spin

Sphere spin Geometry

0123456789

10

Re

fle

cti

on

Glossy

Matt

dL* = 0,06

da* = 0,09

db* = -0,01

dE* = 0,10

nM

Spin Geometry evaluates Color Hue

* Specular Included

color

pigmentation

delta E* = 0

sphere SPIN *

color as we see it

delta E* = 3

45°

0°

45/0

Comparison: 45/0 - sphere spin

Color Differences

Check the

color hue

sphere spin sphere spex

Check visual

agreement

Gloss Differences

Shortcut with limitations

How to measure the visual difference?Compare spin and spex color values

Differences in gloss/structure Color Differences

Good correlation to 45/0 on high gloss surfaces!

Advantage:

• Diffused illumination ---> influence of

directionality reduced

• Disadvantage:

Correlation to 45/0 diminishes with

lower gloss levels --> gloss trap does

not capture all the diffused light from

the specular reflection

DetektorDetector

8° observer

Buffer

Buffer

Diffuse illumination

Sample

Gloss trap

Visual Perception: Sphere Spex

Managing Automotive Standards

Color Harmony Controlwithout Digital Standard

Master Standard

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

Certified working standards

Every plant uses

their Certified

Working

Standards for

instrumental

control

Sources of error:

• Working standards differ from each other

• Operator influence

• Inter-instrument variation

Practical Consequences:

Lot’s of room for discussion: Is measured color difference a “real difference”?

Visual color approval becomes more significant

Subjective color approval!

Color Harmony Controlwithout Digital Standard

Digital Standards

Digital Standards bring the complete supply chain on target!

• One binding reference

• Minimize error sources: Electronic instrument standards take place of certified master standards

• Only instruments with excellent accuracy between instrumentsallow usage of Digital Standards

Benefit of Digital StandardOne binding reference

+ b*

- b*

+ a*- a*

Plants & suppliers use the

same „master-master“ panel

Digital Master Standard for

instrumental controlExcellent inter-instrument

agreement

Automotive Exterior Color & Appearance

Effect Coatings80% of automotive finishes are effect coatings

• Pearlescent coatings result in a more spectacular color effect: Color Flop

• Metallic coatings accentuate the curved profile: Light – Dark Flop

• Effect finishes with special glitter effect (XirallicsTM)

Pigment Types and Interaction with Light

Pearl Luster

Pigments

specific color, luster

and color flop

due to interference of light

Metallic

Pigments

metallic gloss

due to mirror-like reflection of light

Absorption

Pigments

specific color

due to selective absorption and

scattering of light

Multi-angle Measurement GeometriesAspecular viewing angles

Multi-angle Measurement GeometriesSpectral reflectance – Solid Green

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

nm

R%-15°

15°

25°

45°

75°

110°

Multi-angle Measurement GeometriesSpectral reflectance – Metallic Green

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

nm

R%- 15 °

15 °

25 °

45 °

75 °

110 °

Multi-angle Measurement GeometriesSpectral reflectance – Metallic Silver

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

nm

R

%

- 15 °

15 °

25 °

45 °

75 °

110 °

Traditional 5-angle

-120

-80

-40

40

80

120

-120 -80 -40 40 80 120-a*

-b*

+b*

+a*New: -15° angle

Color changes with Viewing Angles

Visual Effect Judgment

Appearance of effect finishes depends

on illumination conditions:

Sunny sky: Direct illumination

• Color starts to sparkle

Cloudy sky: Diffused illumination

• Fine versus grainy pattern

Color Measurement of Effect Finishes

• Color is the integral of the spectral

reflection over the measured area

Often visual disagreements

• No differentiation between basecoat

color and reflection of effect flakes

• Special effect pigments

cannot sufficiently be

characterized (Xirallics,

Interference pigments)

Total Color Measurement of Effect Finishes

Goal:

Develop a solution to characterize the total color

impression

• Color perception changes with viewing angles:

Multi-angle color measurement

• Color perception changes with viewing conditions:

Flake characterization

Visual Appearance of Effect Finishesunder direct illumination

Sparkle: Micro brightness – Glints – Diamonds

Viewing conditions:

• Spotlight ~ direct sun light conditions

• Observation angle critical:Sparkle impression changes

with illumination angle

Sparkle is generated by e.g.:

• Reflectivity of the individual effect

pigment (alu flakes, mica, Xirallics)

• Amount of effect pigments

• Size of the aluminum flakes

High

Sparkle

Low

Sparkle

Visual Appearance of Effect Finishesunder diffused lighting

Graininess:

Texture – Structure – Coarseness – Salt & Pepper

Viewing conditions:

• Diffused light

• Close observation distance

• Observation angle not important

Potential causes of graininess:

• Flake type – flake size

• Disorientation of flakes

• Agglomeration of particles

High

Graininess

Low

Graininess

Flake CharacterizationEvaluation of the optical properties of effect particles

• Camera Analysis: The spatial resolution of the CCD chip correlates to the spatial resolution of the human eye.

• Camera pictures are taken

under different light conditions

to simulate sunny sky and

cloudy sky.

• The sparkling impression is

evaluated under 3-illumination

angles: 15°- 45°-75°

Camera pictures characterize Sparkle and Graininess

Flake Characterization – Sparkle Effect

Analysis of Sparkle Images:

• Sparkle area is detected:

The higher the number – the more flashes

that have occured

• Sparkle intensity is measured:

The more intense the flash, the higher the number

• Sparkle area and intensity are combined

to determine total Sparkle Grade

Improved Color Difference Equations

Standard

Sample 1

Sample 2

1

2

E* = √(L*)2 + (a*)2 + (b*)2

Component DifferencesDetermine the cause of a mismatch

E* = √(0.0)2 + (1.0)2 + (0.0)2 = 1

E* = √(0.57)2 + (0.57)2 + (0.57)2 = 1

Limitations of CIELAB System:Measured deltas do not correlate with visual impression

• Visual acceptability is based on ellipses not circles: Tolerances for hue are tighter than for chroma

• Chromatic colors have larger tolerances than pastels or near neutrals

• Size and shape of ellipse changes dependent on the hue: Acceptable color differences vary from color to color Green has larger tolerances than dark blue

All colors within one ellipse are perceived as the same color.

± a*

Product Standard

Acceptable Match

L*a*b* Tolerances for achromatic colors

± b*

Visually Rejected Match

• Circle tolerance agrees

well with visual perception

• Rectangular tolerances

approximate a circle

± a*

Product Standard

Acceptable Match

L*a*b* Tolerances for chromatic colors

± b*


• Elliptical tolerance agrees


• Rectangular tolerances

doesn‘t agree well with

visual perception

+ a*

Product Standard

Acceptable Match

L*C* h Tolerances for chromatic colors

+ b*


h°

C*

• Elliptical tolerance agrees


• Pie LCH tolerances

approximate an ellipse

CIELAB - System: Chromatic – Non Chromatic

+ b*

- b*

+ a*- a* B

P

C*

H*

Non-chromatic colors: C* < 10

Use ∆ L*a*b*

Chromatic colors: C* > 10

Use ∆ L*C*h°

Color SystemsImproved visual agreement on solids

ECMC E94 E00

CIE-L*a*b*

Goal:

• Better agreement with visual color perception

• One tolerance for all colors = uniform color space

ECMC – Color Measurement Committee of The Society of Dyers and Colorists (UK): 1984

• Based on visual evaluation of textile samples

• Currently specified in the following standards:

- British Standard BS6923

- American AATCC Test Method 173

- ISO International Standard 105-J03

• Based on elliptical (not rectangular) spacing and L*C*H*

• Corrects for chroma, hue and lightness dependent on perception

E94 - Color Difference Formula: 1995

• Based on visual evaluation of new sample sets – solid colors only

• Currently published in the following CIE recommendation:

- CIE Technical Report 116: Industrial Colour Difference Evaluation

• Based on elliptical spacing and Delta L*C*H*

• Corrects only for chroma dependent perception of chroma and hue

• No lightness correction

E00 (CIEDE2000) - Color Difference Formula: 2001

• Based on several already existing data sets

• Currently published in the following CIE recommendation:

- CIE Technical Report 142: Improvement to industrial colour difference evaluation

• Based on elliptical spacing and L*C*H*

• Five corrections to CIELab:

• Corrects for lightness, chroma and hue dependent perception

• Rotation function improving the performance for blue colors

• Factor for rescaling the a*-axis: improved performance for grey colors

DIN 6175- Part 2: Tolerances for Automotive Paints

• Based on visual evaluation of metallic samples

• Uses weighting functions dependent on color of standard

• Uses additional factors to differentiate between application requirements (=G-factors):

- Delivery of paint batch

- Paint line, add-on parts, repair line

Color Systems for Automotive Exterior Applications

E*

E‘DIN

Optimized for

metallic finishes

Optimized for solid,

high chroma colors

ECMC E94

E00

Thank you for your attention.

automotive interior and exterior weathering testing...automotive interior and exterior weathering...

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