awareness of open educational resources (oer) and open educational practice (oep) in scottish...
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Awarenessofopeneducationalresources(OER)andopeneducationalpractice(OEP)inScottishCollegesSurveyResults
InterimReport
BeatrizdelosArcos,PeteCannell,RosemarieMcIlwhanAugust2016
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ExecutiveSummary
Keyfindings• Awarenessofopeneducationalresources(OER)amongeducatorsinScotland’s
collegesisverylow• AwarenessofCClicensesislowerthanpublicdomainorcopyright(but
awarenessofalllicensetypesishigherthanawarenessofOERingeneral)• MosteducatorsshareteachingmaterialsviatheirinstitutionsVLEbutfewshare
themopenlyonline• Qualityandaccuracyarethemostimportantfactorsinfluencingeducators’
choiceofteachingmaterial• LackofawarenessandnotknowinghowtouseOERareperceivedasthe
highestbarrierstoadoptionofOER• StaffwhoattendCPDopportunitiesaremorelikelytoengagewithOERandOEP
Recommendations• EffortstoraiseawarenessofOERandOEPamongteachingstaffinScotland’s
collegesneedtobescaledup• OpportunitiesfordevelopmentaroundtheuseofOERinthecurriculum(and
especiallytheaffordancesandlimitationsofopenlicenses)shouldbeprovided• Collegesshouldconsiderthepossibilityof‘openingup’theirVLEs,andestablish
howtobestsupportandencouragetheirteachingstafftoshareresourcesopenly
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TheCollegessurvey
ContextTheOpeningEducationalPracticesinScotland(OEPS)project1facilitatesbestpracticeinScottishopeneducation.TheprojectaimstoenhanceScotland’sreputationandcapacityfordevelopingpubliclyavailableandlicensedonlinematerials,supportedbyhighqualitypedagogyandlearningtechnology.
Partoftheproject’sobjectivesistoidentifycurrentawarenessofopeneducationalresources(OER)andopeneducationalpractice(OEP)inScotlandacrosstertiaryeducationandinformallearning.Thissurveyispartofthatwork.Asimilarsurveyhasbeenconductedfortheuniversitysector.Bothsurveysformpartofawiderengagementwithtertiaryeducation.Dialoguewithcollegestaffandothersinvolvedineducationandtraininghastakenplacethroughfouropenforums,workshopsandevents,andthroughcollaborativeactivitywithcollegestaff,theCollegeDevelopmentNetworkandtheTQFEteamatStirlingUniversity.Theprojectteamseetheprojectasalarge-scaleactionresearchprojectinwhichqualitativedataisgarneredthroughaniterativecycleofaction,evaluationandreflection.ThisprocessofparticipatoryeventsandcollaborativeactivityhasbeenasourceofvaluableinsightsintothelevelofawarenessofOERandOEPinScottishcolleges.
IntroductionTheOpenEducationalPracticesinScotland(OEPS)Projectconductedasurveytofindoutaboutthelevelofawarenessofopeneducationalresources(OER)andopeneducationalpractices(OEP)amongcollegestaffinScotland.ThesurveyquestionswereadaptedfromresearchinstrumentsbytheOpenEducationResearchHub2(OERH),theBabsonSurveyResearchGroup3andtheBostonConsultingGroup4,whichallowed,toacertainextent,forcomparisonofresultsacrosseducationalcontextsaroundtheglobe.ThesurveywasconstructedinSurveyMonkeyandsharedonlinebyinstitutionalcontacts.Intotal236validresponseswerecollectedinaseven-weekperiodfromFebruary1st,2016toMarch20th,2016.Thesurveywasdistributedin24Colleges,andresponseswereobtainedfrom16ofthem;however,asFigure1shows,mostrespondentscamefromEdinburghCollege(n=50),WestCollegeScotland(n=40),NewCollegeLanarkshire(n=38),FifeCollege(n=25)andGlasgowKelvinCollege(n=25),makingunadvisableanyconclusionthattheseresultsarenecessarilyrepresentativeofthesectorasawhole.Havingsaidthat,itisworthhighlightingthatfindingsherebyreporteddonotdifferradicallyfromfindingsobtainedin
1www.oepscotland.org
2http://oerhub.net/
3http://www.onlinelearningsurvey.com/oer.html
4http://www.hewlett.org/sites/default/files/The%20Open%20Educational%20Resources%20Ecosystem_1.pdf
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previousresearch(delosArcos,Farrow,Perryman,Pitt,&Weller,2014;Allen&Seaman,2014;delosArcos,Farrow,Pitt,Perryman,Weller&McAndrew,2015).
Figure1.Distributionofresponses
CharacteristicsofthesampleThesample(Table1)comprisesofamajorityoffemale(56.4%,n=133),highlyexperiencededucators–32.2%(n=76)withover20yearsofteachingexperience.Mostteachfull-time(71.6%,n=166),face-to-face(89.8%,n=211)andatbothNationalCertificateandHighernationallevel(51.9%,n=120).Figure2showsabreakdownofresponsesbydisciplinetaught.
2.1%
3.8%
0.4%
6.8%
5.1%
21.2%
10.6%
0.4%
1.7%
10.6%
0%
0%
0%
16.1%
0%
1.7%
0%
0%
0.4%
0%
0%
0%
16.9%
1.7%
0.4%
Ayrshire College
Borders College
City of Glasgow College
Dumfries & Galloway College
Dundee and Angus College
Edinburgh College
Fife College
Forth Valley College
Glasgow Clyde College
Glasgow Kelvin College
Inverness College UHI
Lews Castle College UHI
Moray College UHI
New College Lanarkshire
Newbattle Abbey College
North East Scotland College
North Highland College UHI
Orkney College UHI
Perth College UHI
Sabhal Mòr Ostaig UHI
Shetland College UHI
South Lanarkshire College
West College Scotland
West Lothian College
College Development Network
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Table1.SampleCharacteristics
ALLRESPONSESN=236
Gender Female56.4%Male42.4%
Teachingexperience
>20years32.2%16-20years16.1%
Teachingmode Full-time71.6%Part-time28.4%
Teachingcontext Face-to-faceteaching89.8%Blendedteaching9.8%Onlineteaching.4%
Teachinglevel NC31.2%HN16.9%
Figure2.Breakdownofresponsesbydiscipline
Hairdressing & Beauty 7%
Education & Training
2% Art & Design
1% Construction
5%
Engineering 10%
Media 2%
Performing Arts 1%
Business & Management
8%
Care 12%
Science 3%
Social subjects
8% Sport & Leisure
5%
Computing & ICT 12%
Hospitality & Tourism
7%
Language & ESOL 3% Other subject
8%
Core skills 3%
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AwarenessofOERRespondentswereaskedtoself-reporttheirawarenessofOER,afterreadingthefollowingdefinition:
“OERareteaching,learning,andresearchresourcesthatresideinthepublicdomainorhavebeenreleasedunderanintellectualpropertylicensethatpermitstheirfreeuseandre-purposingbyothers.Unliketraditionallycopyrightedmaterial,theseresourcesareavailablefor‘open’use,whichmeansthatuserscanedit,modify,customize,andsharethem.”
ResultsshowthatlevelofawarenessofOERinthisparticularsampleisverylow:amajorityofrespondents(54.2%,n=128)indicatedtheywereunawareofOER,39%(n=92)thattheyheardofOERbutdidn’tknowmuchaboutthem,andonly6.8%(n=16)thattheywereawareofOERandknewhowtousethemintheclassroom.Notethat3outofthe16respondentswhodeclaredthemselvesawareofOERalsosaidthattheydidnotuseOER;accordingly,responsesweremergedtocreatethreegroupsforcomparativeanalysis,asshowninTable2.
Table2.Categoriesofsurveyrespondents
ALLRESPONSESN=236
Count % Valid%
OERusers 13 5.5 5.5
OERawarebutnon-users 95 40.3 40.3
OERunaware 128 54.2 54.2
Total 236 100 100
ThelackofawarenessofOERamongteachingstaffinScottishCollegesmirrorsthefindingsoftheScottishUniversitysectorsurveythatwasalsoconductedbytheOEPSproject5.ItisalsoinlinewiththeresultsreportedbytheBabsonSurveyResearchGroup(Allen&Seaman,2014)intheirexaminationoftheattitudes,opinionsanduseofOERamongteachingstaffinUShighereducation,whereinonly20%ofthosesurveyedclaimedtobeawareorveryawareofOER.
5https://oepscotland.org/2016/10/05/awareness-of-oer-and-oep-in-scottish-he-institutions-survey-results/
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SelectingresourcesforteachingAllrespondentswereaskedtorateonafour-pointLikertscaleaseriesoffactorsinrelationtotheirselectionofresourcesforteaching.Nearlyallrespondentsselected‘high-qualityandfactuallycorrect’(99.6%,n=235)asimportantorveryimportant;subsequenthighpercentagescorrespondtoselectingresourcesthatare‘proventoimprovestudentperformance’(98.7%,n=228),‘currentandup-to-date’(97.9%,n=231)and‘covermysubjectareasufficiently’(97.5%,n=230).
Whencomparinggroups(Table3),wefoundthat100%ofOERusersselectteachingresourcesthatareproventoimprovestudentperformance,ofhigh-quality,factuallycorrect,current,up-to-date,easytouseandallowingadaptation.Non-OERuserscoincidewithOERusersinchampioningresourcesthatareofhighquality.ThoseunawareofOERfavourimprovedstudentperformanceoveraccuracyandquality.
Table3.Factorsinfluencingselectionofteachingresources
ALLRESPONSES
N=236
OERusersn=13
OERnon-users
n=95
OERunawaren=128
Count Valid% Count Valid% Count Valid% Count Valid%
Cost 182 81.3 10 83.3 75 81.5 97 80.8
Proventoimprovestudentperformance
228 98.7 13 100 92 97.9 123 99.2
Easytofind 210 90.1 11 91.7 82 87.2 117 92.1
IncludesallthematerialsIneed
199 85 10 76.9 79 84 110 86.6
High-qualityandfactuallycorrect
235 99.6 13 100 95 100 127 99.2
Coversmysubjectareasufficiently
230 97.5 13 76.9 94 98.9 123 96.1
Mappedtolearningoutcomes
180 77.3 10 83.3 73 77.7 97 76.4
Current&up-to-date 231 97.9 13 100 95 100 123 96.1
Easytouse 215 91.9 13 100 85 90.4 117 92.1
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UsedbyothercolleaguesinmyDepartment
115 49.1 7 58.3 48 51.1 60 46.9
Providedbymycollege 101 43.5 5 38.5 40 43 56 44.4
Readytouse 182 77.4 10 76.9 75 79.8 97 75.8
Adaptable/editable 222 95.3 13 100 89 95.7 120 94.5
Invitedcommentsonotherfactorsthatinfluencechoiceofteachingresourceshighlightapreferenceforlocalizedmaterials–“Iteachhistory.Iliketouseresourcesrelatingtolocalhistoryifpossible”,“TailoredtoScottishcurriculum.ItannoysmetomakedowithwhatwasproducedforEngland”;andlearner-centered–“Engagingforstudents”,“Interactiveforstudentinvolvement”.
UseofrepositoriesThethreemostcommonlyusedrepositoriesandeducationalsitesreportedinthisparticularsampleareYouTube(94.9%,n=224),followedbySQAOpenAccess(44.5%,n=105)andTEDTalks(39.8%,n=94)(Figure3).Thispatternofusecontinueswhenlookingatdatafromthethreeseparategroups,butitisworthemphasizingthatuseofOERrepositories(i.e.OpenLearn,Jorum)byOERusersismuchhigherthanthosewhoarenotawareordon’tuseOER.
Figure3.Useofrepositories
SharingteachingresourcesResultsindicatethatsharingteachingresourcesiscommonpracticeamongsurveyededucators,withonly1.1%(n=3)declaringtheirunwillingnesstopartwiththeirmaterials.Overall,amajorityshareviatheircollege’sVLE(69.1%,n=163),inperson(61.4%,n=145)andviaemailifasked
28.8%
94.9%
39.8%
1.7%
28.4%
14.8% 9.3%
3.8% 9.7%
19.9%
3.8% 1.7%
16.1%
44.5%
19.1% 26.3%
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privately(56.4%,n=133).InthissampleofeducatorsinScottishcolleges,only9.3%(n=22)publishtheirteachingmaterialspubliclyonline.
Figure4showsthedifferencesinsharingpracticebygroup.RespondentswhouseOERalsoengageinsharing(andsharingpubliclyonline)moreoftenthantheircounterparts.
Figure4.Sharingteachingresources
ThefollowingquotesunderlinesomeoftheissuesthatneedtobeaddressedifsharingpracticesaretobeencouragedinthecollegessectorinScotland:
“Yes,[Ishare]andIhavebeenbothnationallyandinallcollegesIhavetaughtinoverthelast30years.SomuchsoIoftenseemyownworkrebadgedandrebrandedassomeoneelse’s.”
“[Isharevia]professionalemailnetwork-onlyacoupleofstaff(includingmyself)tendtocontributeresourcesanddespiterequestsforfeedbackondevelopmentonwhatI'veputupverylittleresponsesreceived.”
AwarenessofCreativeCommonsLicensesRespondentswereaskedtoratehowtheyperceivedtheirawarenessofPublicDomain,CopyrightandCreativeCommons(CC)licensesonafour-pointLikertscale.90.7%(n=214)saidtheywereawareorveryawareofCopyright,68.2%(n=159)thattheywereawareorveryawareofPublicDomain,andalower38.1%(n=88)awareofCClicenses.Notethedisparity:whileoverallawarenessofCCstandsat38.1%(countingonly‘Aware”and‘VeryAware’responses),awarenessofOERstandsat17%.
Acomparisonofresponsesbygroup(Table4)revealsthatawarenessofCCishighamongOERusers(butnotat100%),whileitisatitslowestamongthoseunawareofOER(butnotat0%).
0%
77%
22.5%
31%
62%
0%
73%
5%
52%
52%
2.3%
65.6%
10.2%
68%
59.4%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Don’t share
Through institution's VLE
Publicly online
In person
Via email, privately
OER unaware
OER non-users
OER users
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Table4.Awarenessoflicensingbygroup
OERusersn=13
OERnon-usersn=95
OERunawaren=128
Count Valid% Count Valid% Count Valid%
PublicDomain 13 100 76 80.9 70 55.6
Copyright 13 100 89 93.7 112 87.5
CreativeCommons 12 92.3 47 50.5 29 23
OERusers:typesofOERused,purposeandimpactUsersofOERinthisparticularsample(n=13)reportedusingOERregularlyassupportingmaterialtoenhanceteachingorasfurtherreferenceforstudentsratherthanprimarycoursematerial(46.2%versus30.8%respectively).
Figure5showsthewiderangeofOERusedbysurveyededucators:slidesandclasspresentationsareusedbyallrespondents;videos(92.3%,n=12)andimages(84.6%,n=11)arethesecondandthirdmostpopulartypeofOER,whileatthelowerendofthescalewefindwholecourses(15.4%,n=2)andopendatasets(23.1%,n=3).Thesefindingscoincidewiththosereportedinpreviousresearch(BCG,2013;delosArcosetal.,2014;Allen&Seaman,2014;delosArcosetal.,2015).
Figure5.TypesofOER
PurposeofOERusebyeducatorsinthisparticularsampleisshowninTable5.Thehighestpercentagescorrespondtousingopenresourcestoprepareforteaching,togetnewideasandinspiration,tobroadentherangeofresourcesavailabletostudentsandtoengagelearnersmore
92.3%
38.5%
84.6%
53.8%
46.2%
76.9%
76.9%
69.2%
100%
15.4%
61.5%
61.5%
23.1%
Videos
Audio podcasts
Images
Infographics
Games/simulations
Video lectures/tutorials
Tests/quizzes
Open textbooks
Slides/ class presentations
Whole course
Elements of a course
Lesson plans
Open datasets
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fully.UsingOERtomakeamoreculturallydiverseclassroomortoaccommodatediverselearnerneedsreceivedthesmallestnumberofresponses,contrarytofindingsofresearchconductedbyOERHubinaninternationalsetting(delosArcosetal.,2016).
Table5.PurposeofusingOER
ALLRESPONSESn=13
Count % Valid%
Toprepareformyteaching 12 92.3 92.3
Togetnewideasandinspiration 12 92.3 92.3
Tobroadentherangeofmyteachingmethods 10 76.9 76.9
Tobroadentherangeofresourcesavailabletomystudents 12 92.3 92.3
Tomakemyteachingmoreculturallydiverse 9 69.2 69.2
Tostayup-to-dateinasubjectortopicarea 11 84.6 84.6
Toengagemystudentsmorefullyinatopicarea 12 92.3 92.3
Tointeresthard-to-engagelearners 11 84.6 84.6
Tobeabletoaccommodatediverselearnerneedsinclass 9 69.2 69.2
WhenaskedaboutthemostimportantreasonwhytheyuseOER,flexibilityandmodularityofmaterialswererankedhighest,followedbytrustedqualityandsubjectcoverage.Thefewestnumberofpreferenceswererecordedinrelationtoefficacy,andmaterialsbeingsuggestedbytheCollege/Department.AstudybytheBostonConsultingGroup(2013)reportssimilarfindingsinthecontextofK12education:29%ofUSschoolteachersadoptOERmainlyfortheflexibilitytheyaffordtoadaptthecontent,andtheirlowcost.
Aminority(41.7%,n=5)ofOEPS-surveyedcollegeeducatorssaidtheywereawareofOERbeingusedbystudentsbutdidnotvolunteeranyexamples.However,amajority(75%,n=9)saidtheyencouragetheirstudentstouseOER–“Someofthebestresourcesarerecommendedbystudentsthemselves!”.
Table6showshoweducatorsperceiveOERhavinganimpactonteachingandlearning.AmajorityagreethatOERuseleadstoimprovementinstudentsatisfactionandperformance,andthattheopenaspectofOERcreatesdifferentpatternsofusageandadoptioncomparedwithotheronlineresources.
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Table6.ImpactofOERuse
EngaginginstaffdevelopmentorCPDopportunitiesOveralldata(Table7)showthatthepercentagesofthosewhohaveattendedCPDeventsweregenerallymuchhigheracrossalldevelopmentopportunitiesinthegroupofusersofOERcomparedwithnon-usersofOER.
Table7.DevelopmentopportunitiesattendedbyOERusers/non-users
ALLRESPONSESN=97
OERusersn=12
OERnon-usersn=85
Count Valid% Count Valid%
Openlicensing 5 41.7 14 16.5
UseofalreadyexistingOER 10 83.3 49 58.3
OERusersn=13
Count % Valid%
UseofOERleadstoimprovementinstudentperformance 9 81.8 81.8
UseofOERleadstoimprovementinstudentsatisfaction 9 81.8 81.8
TheopenaspectofOERcreatesdifferentusageandadoptionpatternsthanotheronlineresources
9 81.8 81.8
Openeducationalmodelsleadtomoreequitableaccesstoeducation,servingabroaderbaseoflearnersthantraditionaleducation
7 63.6 63.6
UseofOERisaneffectivemethodforimprovingretentionforat-riskstudents
8 72.7 72.7
OERadoptionataninstitutionallevelleadstofinancialbenefitsforstudentsand/orinstitutions
7 63.6 63.6
UseofOERleadstocriticalreflectionbyeducators 7 63.6 63.6
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CreationofnewOER 6 50 25 29.4
RemixingofOER 5 41.7 11 13.4
Openeducationalpractice 5 41.7 12 14.3
Openscholarship 1 9.1 0 0
Openresearch 3 25 8 9.6
BarrierstotheadoptionofOERUSschoolteacherswhoself-classifyasnon-OERusersmentionthatlackofawareness,andnotbeingsurehowtouseOER,togetherwithtimeconstraintsarethemainbarrierstotheiradoptionofOER(BostonResearchGroup,2013).OEPSsurveyresultscorrespondtothesefindings.AmajorityofOEPScollegerespondentsconsideredlackofawarenessofOERthebiggestbarrierfortheadoptionofOER–83.3%(n=10)ofthosewhouseOER,91.8%(n=78)ofthosewhodon’tuseOERdespitebeingawareofthem,and84.6%ofthoseunawareofOER(n=104)(Figure6).Knowinghowtouseresourcesisthesecondbiggestbarrierforthethreegroups.UsersofOERrankthirdmostimportantbarriertotheadoptionofOERthelackofknowledgeaboutpermissiontouseorchangeOER(60%,n=6).Thisseriousconcernwithlicensinganditsimplicationswhenusingand/oradaptingopenresourceshasalsobeenfoundinresearchbyAllen&Seaman(2014)concerningUSHEeducators.
Figure7.PerceivedbarrierstoadoptionofOER
76.9%
72.7%
55.6%
55.6%
30%
40%
70%
33.3%
60%
50%
30%
30%
50%
91.8%
72.6%
25.3%
29.3%
11.3%
12.5%
18.1%
18.1%
26.5%
32.1%
17%
12.2%
25.3%
84.6%
70%
18.1%
12.8%
7.7%
8.5%
10.3%
7.7%
10%
18.6%
7.7%
8.5%
20.3%
Lack of awareness about OER in general
Not sure how to use OER
Too hard to find
Not enough subject coverage
Not high-quality
Not current/up-to-date
Not relevant to one's local context
Too fragmented
Not knowing about permission to use/change
Lack of support from colleges
Too difficult to change/edit
Not effective at improving student performance
Not used by colleagues in my Department/Faculty/Curriculum Area
OER users
OER non-users
OER unaware
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DiscussionTherelativelylowresponserateforthissurveyfrominstitutionsandfromindividualswithininstitutionswasdisappointing.IntheOEPSteam’sotherengagementwithcollegesitisclearthatlevelsofawarenessofOERandOEParelowandthismayhavecontributedtothelowlevelofengagement.Asaresultitmaybethecasethattheresponsestothesurveyareskewedtowardsstaffwithsomeinterestinopeneducation.Thesmallsamplesizeandtheaboveprovisosmeanthattheresultsofthesurveyshouldbetreatedwithcaution;however,theyunderlinesomeImportantissuesforthesector.LevelsofawarenessarelowerincollegesthaninScottishHEIs.Nonetheless,thesurveyindicatesthatthereisahighlevelofuseofmaterialfromYouTubeandsimilarsitescoupledwithlowlevelsofawarenessofcopyrightandopenlicenses.InordertotacklethisissueotherfindingsfromtheOEPSprojectsuggestthatifpracticeistobechanged,CPDneedstogobeyondatechnicalunderstandingofcopyrighttoaddresssomeofthepositivereasonswhyawarenessoflicensetypesandtheaffordancesofopenlicensescansupportgoodeducationalpractice.
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References:
Allen,I.E.&Seaman,J.(2014).OpeningtheCurriculum:OpenEducationalResourcesinU.S.HigherEducation,2014.Availablefromhttp://www.onlinelearningsurvey.com/reports/openingthecurriculum2014.pdf
BostonConsultingGroup,The(2013).TheOpenEducationResourcesecosystem:AnevaluationoftheOERmovement’scurrentstateanditsprogresstowardmain-streamadoption.Availablefromhttp://www.hewlett.org/sites/default/files/The%20Open%20Educational%20Resources%20Ecosystem_1.pdf
delosArcos,B.,Farrow,R.,Perryman,L.-A.,Pitt,R.&Weller,M.(2014).OEREvidenceReport2013-2014.OERResearchHub.Availablefromhttp://oerresearchhub.org/about-2/reports/
delosArcos,B.,Farrow,R.,Pitt,R.,Perryman,L-A.,Weller,M.&McAndrew,P.(2015).OERResearchHubData2013-2015:Educators.OERResearchHub.Availablefromhttp://www.slideshare.net/OER_Hub/oerrh-data-report-20132015-educators
delosArcos,B.,Farrow,R.,Pitt,R.,Weller,M.&McAndrew,P.(2016).Personalisinglearningthroughadaptation:EvidencefromaglobalsurveyofK-12teachers’perceptionsoftheiruseofopeneducationalresources.JournalofOnlineLearningResearch,2(1):23-40.Availablefromhttp://oro.open.ac.uk/46145/
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AcknowledgementsTheOpeningEducationalPracticesinScotlandprojectgratefullyacknowledgesthesupportofeachhighereducationinstitutionwhodistributedthesurveyandtotheparticipantswhocompletedthesurvey.
WealsoacknowledgethefinancialsupportoftheScottishFundingCouncilwhichfundstheproject.
ThisreportisreleasedunderaCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0International(CCBY4.0).
Surveydataavailableathttps://figshare.com/account/projects/16323/articles/3990582
Suggestedcitation:delosArcos,B.,Cannell,P.,&McIlwhan,R.(2016).Awarenessofopeneducationalresources(OER)andopeneducationalpractice(OEP)inScottishCollegesSurveyResults:InterimReport.Edinburgh,OpeningEducationalPracticesScotland
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Email:[email protected]:www.oepscotland.organdwww.oeps.ac.ukTwitter:@oepscotland