A≤ymbw aq∂v

kvXokz-Xz-Øns‚ Bhn-jvImcw

tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬

sNdp-IY kzXz-]-Im-i-\-Øns‚ At\Iw km[y-X-I-fn¬ H∂p amX-am-

Wv. ÿe-Ime_≤amb Hcp `mh-sØtbm Ah-ÿ-sbtbm kw`-hsØtbm

tIµo-I-cn-®p≈ inev]-L-S-\-bmWv sNdp-I-Y-sb∂ kt¶XsØ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-

∂-Xv. sNdp-IY, \o≠-IY F∂o c≠v am≤y-a-߃ tKkn-bpsS BJym-\-tem-

IØp≠v. tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip∂ kvXokz-Xz-Øns‚ kz`m-

h-\n¿Æ-b-Øn\p IY-bpsS _mlyhpw B`y-¥-c-hp-amb LS-I-ß-fpsS hni-I-

e\w A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fpsS A]-K-Y-\-Øn\v A¥-cwKXew,

_ln-cw-K-Xew F∂o s]mXp-hn-`-P\w kzoI-cn-°p-∂p. A¥-cw-K-XeN¿®-bn¬

]tabw, IYm-]m-X-߃ F∂n-hbpw; _ln-cw-K-N¿®-bn¬ IYm-kz-Xz-Øns‚

inev]-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-I-fp-amWv Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-´p-≈-Xv.

A¥cwKXe N¿®

]ta-b-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

A¥-cw-K-N¿®-bn¬ ][m-\-am-bn-´p-≈Xv ]tabw Xs∂-bmWv.

IY-bpsS ]ta-bsØ kw_-‘n®v \nc-h[n ssk≤m-¥nI hymJym-\-߃ \ne-

hn-ep-≠v. hmb-\-°m-c\v t_m[yw hc-Ø-°-hn[w Hcp Iev]n-Xm-¥-co-£-Øn¬

\n_-‘n-®n- p≈ ]amWhmIy-w;ìIY-bpsS tIµ- m-KØp hcp∂ Bibw AYhm

]Xn-]m-Zy-hkvXp; Hcp IY-bpsS BsI-bp≈ A¿∞w F∂n-ßs\ ]ta-bsØ

\n¿∆-Nn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw IY-bpsS a¿Ωw Fs¥∂ At\z-j-W-Øn-te-°mWv

]ta-b-hn-i-I-e\w FØn-t®-cp-∂-Xv. AXm-bXv, IY-bn¬ Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip∂

Pohn-X-Z¿i\w, Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-bpsS temIt_m[w F∂n-ßs\

hnim-e-amb A¿∞-Øn¬ ]ta-bsØ hymJym-\n-°p∂p. CØ-c-Øn¬ IY-I-

fpsS ]ta-b-hn-i-I-e-\-Øn-eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ kzXz-Øns‚ hni-I-e\w

km[y-am-Ip-∂p. CXn-hrØw, IYm-]m-X-߃, ssien F∂o hnL-Sn-X-cq-]-ß-fn-

eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂ I¿ØrXz ho£-W-Øns‚ Bi-bm-h-X-c-

W-amWv IY-bpsS ]ta-bw. Cu coXn-bn-emWv ]ta-bm-h-X-cWw Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-

bpsS temI-t_m-[-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. temI-t_m-[-sa-∂Xv \ne-\n¬°p∂

Pohn-Xm-h-ÿ-I-sf-°p-dn®v hy‡n-a-\ v kzcq-]n-s®-Sp-°p∂ Z¿i\kwln-X-bm-Wv.

Cu kl-Pmh-t_m[sØØ-s∂-bmWv kzXz-t_m[w F∂v hyh-l-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

IY-bnse kzXz-k-¶-ev]-߃

kzXzw F∂ ]cn-I-ev]-\bv°v sshb-‡n-I-am-\-hpw kmaqlnI-am-\hpw D≠v.

CXcKZy-k-t¶-X-ßsf At]-£n®v sNdp-I-Y-bpsS ssk≤m-¥nI Xe-

Øn¬Øs∂ sshb-‡n-I-amb GI-kz-cX D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-

´n´p≠v. GsX-¶nepw Hcp \n›n-X-`m-hØns‚ GI-_n-µp-hn¬ tIµo-I-cn-°p∂

kw£n]vX LS\ bmWv Zo¿L-Imew sNdp-I-Ysb mh-tI-µn-

X-amb GI-kzcLS-\-bm°n \ne-\n¿Øn-b-Xv. FUvK¿ Ae≥t]m, ^m¶v H

tImW¿, _m≠¿ amXyqkv1 F∂n-h¿ sNdp-I-Ysb Bfl-\n-jvTambn hymJym-

\n-®-h-cmWv. kzXz-Øn-s‚-bpw A¿∞-Øn-s‚bpw Bfl-tI-µn-X-amb GI-kz-c-

Xsb \ncm-I-cn® gmIv eIm≥, A¬Øqk¿, sdmfmMv _m¿Xv, gmIv ZdnZ, antj¬

^qt°m F∂o ssk≤m-¥n-I¿ sNdp-I-Y-bpsS IYm-fl-IX 2 sb

]p\¿hym-Jym-\-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°n. bmYm¿∞y-Øns‚ ]Xn-^-e-\-amWv IY-

sb∂ ]c-º-cm-KX ho£-W-ßsf Xncp-Øn-s°m≠v IYbpw bmYm¿∞yhpw

XΩn-ep≈ hyXy-kvXX-bn-emWv IY-bpsS IYm-fl-IX \ne-\n¬°p-∂sX∂

DØ-cm-[p-\nI hymJym\w ][m-\-ambpw IYm-

`mjbnemWv i≤-tI-µo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

sNdp-I-Y-bpsS ssk≤m-¥nI hni-I-e-\-Øn¬ \qX-\-ß-fmb ho£-W-

߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®Xv LS-\m-hm-Zn-I-fm-Wv3. djy≥ \mtSm-Sn-°-Y-Isf Bkv]-Z-am-

°n-bp≈ t]m∏ns‚ hni-I-e\w Cu taJ-e-bnse \n¿Æm-b-I-amb ]T-\-am-Wv.

sdmfmMv _m¿Xv, sXmtZm-tdm-hv, sKbvam XpS-ßnb LS-\m-hm-Zn-Iƒ sNdp-I-Ysb

LS-\m-]-c-ambn A]-K-Yn-®p. BJym-\-imkvXw F∂ hna¿i\

]≤Xn Cu hni-I-e-\-Øns‚ A\-¥-c-^-e-am-bn-cp-∂p. IY, IY-bpsS Ah-X-

cWw F∂n-hsb tIµo-I-cn-®mWv BJym-\-imkvXw \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. BJym-

\-im-kvXw sNdp-I-Ysb Cßs\ \n¿∆-Nn-°p-∂p. ëIYm-]m-X-߃ A\p-`-hn-

°p-Itbm Ah¿ Imc-W-ap-≠m-hp-Itbm sNøp∂ kw`-h-ß-fpsS Xm¿°nIhpw

Imen-I-hp-amb Hcp irwJ-e-bmWv IY. Cu ho£-W-a-\p-k-cn®v sNdp-IY ]q¿∆

\n›n-X-amb ]mT-ß-fpsS hyh-ÿ-bm-Wv. AXn¬ Be-¶m-cn-I-L-S-I-߃

Iq´n-t®¿Øv Fgp-Xp-tºm-gmWv bmYm¿∞y-Øns‚ ÿe-Im-e-߃ Iogvta¬ adn-

bp-∂-Xv. AXm-bXv kl-Pm-h-t_m-[-ß-fn-eqsS kzcq-]n-°-s∏-Sp∂ kzXzhpw mj-

bpsS GI-I-ß-fn-eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ kzXzhpw hyXy-kvX-ßfm-Wv. Cu

hyXn-cn-‡-X-bpsS kmwkvIm-cnI ]k‡n bmWv Hmtcm

kzXz-hn-i-I-e-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.

kzXzm-Jym-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw _lp-kz-c-X-Iƒ \njvIm-k\w

sNø-s∏-Sp-hm-\p≈ Hcp ImcWw Nne khn-ti-j-kva-c-W-Iƒ, kw -h-߃ F∂nh

IY-bpsS tIµ-ÿm-\Øv hcp-∂-Xm-Wv. BJym-Xm-hns‚ ]Xy-b-im-kvX-a-\p-

k-cn®v hnhn-[-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ tIµo-I-c-W-߃ IY-bn¬ kw`-hn-°p∂p. sNdp-I-

Y-bnse kzXz-hym-Jym-\-ß-fn¬ hcp∂ tIµo-I-cWw aq∂v coXn-bn-emWv ][m-

\-ambpw kw -hn°p∂-sX∂v \nco-£n-°-s∏- n- p-≠v. (hn.-kn. ioP≥, 1992). Zriym-

flIw, a\-xim-kvX-]-cw, ]Xy-b-im-kvX-]-cw , F∂n-ßs\bmWv Cu tIµo-I-

c-W-߃ ][m-\-ambpw kw -hn-°p-∂-Xv. A\p- -h-ß-fn¬ ebn®v tN¿∂n-cn-°p∂

kmwkvIm-cnI ]cn-tXm-h-ÿ-I-fm-Wv ]Xy-b-imkvXw F¶n¬ IY-4

bpsS ]ta-bhpw Cu ]Xy-b-im-kvX-Øns‚ A\p-_-‘-am-Wv.

kzXzm-Jym-\-Øns‚ tIµo-I-cWw ][m-\-ambpw Imev]-\nIdnb-enkw

F∂ BJym-\-co-Xn-bpsS kz`m-h-am-Wv. ae-bmf IY-bnse kvXokz-Xz-Nn-Xo-I-c-

W-ß-fpsS ][m-\-]-Xn-k‘n Imev]-\nIdnb-en-ksØ AXn-Po-hn-°m-\p≈

sshapJyw Xs∂-bmWv. AXm-bXv, Be-¶m-cn-I-`m-hp-I-Xz-Øn\pw GI-]-£ob

Nn¥-Iƒ°pw D]-cn-bmb temI-t_m[w hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-hm-\p≈ A]-cym-]vX-

X- Xs∂. ]ta-b-]-c-ambn IY-I-fn¬ Bh¿Øn-°-s∏-Sp∂ GIXm\X F∂m¬

kzXz-Øns‚ GI-in-em-fl-I-amb Bhn-jvI-cWw F∂mWv A¿∞-

am-°p-∂-Xv. ae-bm-f-I-Y-bn¬ tKkn-bpsS kvXokzXz NnXo-I-cWw ]tab]c-

amb GI-kz-c-Xsb t_m[-]q¿∆w AXn-Po-hn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. IYm-]m-X-߃°\p-

kr-X-ambn hnI-kn-°p-Ibpw kzX¥am-hp-Ibpw ]Xn-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂

Ahyh-ÿnXamb kw -h-߃, `mj F∂nh tKkn-bpsS IY-

I-fnse \n¿Æmb-I-L-S-I-ß-fm-Wv. hyh-ÿm-]n-X-a-√mØ kvXokz-Xz-ß-fpsS

tiWn-bmWv tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ D≈-Xv. tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fnse ]ta-b-]-

c-amb hyXn-cn-‡-X-I-fn¬ apJy-am-bXv Nnc-¥-\-amb kvssXW at\m-`m-h-ambn

IY-I-fnepw t\mh-ep-I-fnepw Bh¿Øn-°-s∏-Sp∂ ImØn-cn∏v F∂ LSIw

tK-kn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ C√ F∂-Xm-Wv. as‰m∂v B-Jym-\-kz-XzsØ hnhn-[- hy-

‡n-Xz-ß-fn-te°v tamNn-∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ ]h-WX IY-I-fnepw Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏p-I-

fnepw D≠v. ]Sn-bn-d-ßn-t∏mb ]m¿∆Xn F∂ BZy-k-am-lm-c-Øns‚ apJ-hp-c-

bmbn (1998˛Un- kn _n aq∂mw ]Xn∏v) tKkn Fgp-Xp∂ Rm≥ kp`Z F∂

Bƒam-dm´ kw`hw tKkn-bpsS kvXokz-Xz-k-¶-ev]-Ønepƒt®¿∂n-´p≈ ]—-

∂-X-Iƒ°v G‰hpw anI® DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

5

ì Xoh-≠n-bn¬ Ib-dn-bm¬ Rm≥ Ipd®v t\cw ]pdw-Im-gvN-I-fn-te°v apJw

Xncn°pw. ]ns∂ Np‰p-ap≈ a\p-jysc \nco-£n°pw. AXv hfsc ck-I-c-am-

sbmcp G¿∏m-Sm-Wv. IÆp-I-fmWv Rm≥ BZyw i≤n-°p-I. IÆn¬ \n∂v lrZ-

b-Øn-te°v Hcp hgn-bp-≠mIpw F∂-XmWv Fs‚ hnizmkw.

]t£, Ct∏mƒ, F\n-s°-Xn-sc-bn-cn-°p∂ sNdp-∏-°m-cs‚ IÆp-Iƒ

GtXm ]pkvX-I-Øm-fn-em-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v Fs‚ t\m´w Abm-fpsS I\Ø

aoi-bn-epS°n. I´n-bp≈ aoi Fs‚ Hcp Zu¿_-ey-am-Wv..... shfpØ ]pcp-

j≥amtcmSv F\n°v aaX Ipd-hm-sW-¶nepw Abm-fpsS kpXm-cy-amb sXmen-

bnse bu∆-\-Øns‚ Xo£vWPzme-Iƒ Fs∂ tamln-∏n-®p. bu∆\w FX

hiyhpw kpc-`n-e-hp-am-sW∂v Rm≥ Zo¿L-\n-izm-k-tØmsS Hm¿Øp. Fs‚

a\ v s]mSp-∂s\ hnc-‡-am-bn......... ]t£ bu∆-\-Øns‚ Xo£vWK‘w Fs∂

s]mdp-Xn-ap- n-®p. Rm≥ sNdp-∏-°m-cs\ kq£va-ambn \nco-£n-°m≥ XpSßn. Fs‚

t\m´w Abmsf sImfpØn hen-®n- p-≠mIpw. ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ \n∂v apJ-ap-b¿Øn

Abmƒ Fs∂ t\m°n. Rmh¬∏-gw-t]m-ep≈ IÆp-Iƒ hfsc at\m-l-c-am-bn-

cp-∂p. ]t£, Ah-bn¬ Hcp Ip‰-s∏-Sp-ج D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXhK-Wn®v Rm≥

Abm-fpsS IÆp-I-fn¬Øs∂ t\m´-ap-d-∏n-®p. Hc-º-c∏v sas√ Xe-\o-´p-∂Xv

Rm≥ I≠p. i¶n®v Abmƒ tNmZn-®p-˛

\n߃....................................-tK-kn-bmtWm ?

s]mSp-∂s\ Rm≥ Abm-fpsS Iøn-en-cp∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn-te°v t\m´w Xncn-

®p. ë ]Sn-bn-d-ßn-t∏mb ]m¿∆Xn bpsS BZy-]-Xn-∏m-bn-cp-∂p AXv. B ]p-kvX-

I-Øns‚ \mem-a-sØ- ]p-dØv kpµ-cn-bmb Hcp bphXn hmb-\-°m-cs‚ D≈n-

te°v \nKq-V-amb ]W-b-tØmsS t\m°n-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p..........................

.......................................................................................................................................

............................................... A√ Rm≥ kp`Z!

kn.-hn. cma≥]n-≈-bpsS am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω bnse kp`Z F∂ IYm-

]mXw Fs∂ Gsd kzm[o-\n-®n-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠m-hWw B t]cv s]mSp-

∂s\ Fs‚ \mhn¬\n∂pXn¿∂Xv (1998).

Cßs\ Fgp-Øn\pw Pohn-X-Øn\pw CS-bn¬ kq£n-°p∂ bmYm¿∞y-

Øns‚ AIew ambv®p-I-f-bp-hm-\p≈ k∂-≤-X-bmWv CX-c- I-Ym-Im-cn-I-fn¬

\n∂pw tKknbpsS kvXoI-Ym-]m-X-ßsf hyXy-kvX-am-°p-∂-Xv. A\p-\n-anjw

hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb kzXz-ß-fn-te°p tamNn-°-s∏-Sp-hm-\p≈ ]h-WX kvXo`m-

h-\-bnepw `mj-bnepw ImWp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv kvXoIƒ Fgp-Xp-∂Xv at\m-hn-

`-a-Øn-s‚ ssien-bn-em-sW∂v \nco-£n-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xv. kvXoIƒ lnÃo-cn-b-

bn-te°pw D∑m-Z-Øn-te°pw \mUo-tcm-K-ß-fn-te°pw X≈-s∏-Sp-∂Xv ]nXr-Zm-b-

-I-a-Øns‚ kΩ¿±-ß-fp-ambn tbmPn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°mØ-Xn-\m-

em-Wv. \ne-\n¬°p∂ Ah-ÿI-tfm-Sp≈ am\-kn-I-I-em-]-ambn D∑m-ZsØ

hyJym-\n-°p∂p. tKkn-bpsS kvXoI-Ym-]m-X-߃ `qcn-]-

£hpw D∑m-Z- -cn-X-amb am\-knI-k-©m-c-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏Sp-∂-h-cmWv. `m¥v AXn-

i-‡-amb A¥¿hy-‡n-Xz-ambn IS-∂p-h-cp∂ [mcmfw ]ta-b-߃ tKkn-bpsS

IYm-tem-I-Øn-ep-≠v. `m¥v , Hcp ss]¶n-fn-°-Y-bpsS A¥yw , `m¥≥]q-

°ƒ , AΩ Adn-tb-≠-Xv , th\-en¬ hoWag-Øp≈n F∂o IY-I-fpsS

]tabXew Xs∂ D∑m-Z-`-cn-X-amb LS-\-sIm≠v \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xm-Wv.

tKknbpsS IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS at\m-`m-h-ßfpw `mj-W-ssi-en-I-fp-amWv ]ta-

b-Øn\p kvXokz-Xz-kw-_-‘n-bmb D∑m-Z-Øns‚ LS-\-\¬Ip-∂-sX∂Xn\m¬

IYm-]mX hni-I-e\w A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.

IYm-]mX hni-I-e\w

ÿe-Im-e-ßsf kw_-‘n®v EPp-hmb t_m[w ]pe¿Øp-hm≥ km[n-

°mØ IYm-h-gn-Ifpw IYm-]m-X-ßfpw kzXz Øns‚ GI-Xm-\-Xsb adn-I-S-

°p -∂p. IYmLS\-bn¬ Bt£-]-lm -ky -tØmsS Agn -®p -] -Wn -Iƒ

( \S-Øp-∂p. kmln-Xo-b- m-jsb kw_-‘n-®p≈

BVy-h-g-°-ßsf Akw-_-‘-ssien D]-tbm-Kn®v adn-I-S-°p-

∂p. enwK-t -Z-߃ adn-I-S-∂v BJym-\-I¿ØrXzw B¨`m-j-bnepw s]¨`m-j-

bnepw kwkm-cn -°p∂p. DØ-cm -[p -\nI kvXokzXz k¶ev]ß-fn¬

kvIntkm^\nb íF∂ a\-xim-kvX-k-¶ev]\w D]tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. CX-

\p-k-cn®v kvXokzXzw iI-en-Xm-h-ÿ-bn¬ D≈-XmWv. tKkn-

bpsS IYm-]m-X-ßsf s]mXpth hne-bn-cp-Øp-tºmƒ sshcp-≤ym-fl-I-amb am\-

knImhÿ -]p-e¿Øp∂ kvXokz-Xz-ß-fmWv Ah-sb∂v Is≠-Øp-∂p.

bu∆\tØmSv AXn-i-‡-amb Bk-‡n-Iƒ kq£n-°p-∂-hcpw AXn-\p-th≠n

Ae-bp-∂-hcpw Hcp-`m-KØv; s]¨Ip-´n-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ amXr-k-l-P-amb `oXn-

Iƒ kq£n-°p∂ kvXoIƒ as‰m-cp- m-K-Øv. A\n-b-¥n-X-amb kvssXW hnIm-

c-ß-fm¬ \bn-°-s∏´v A]-cn-Nn-X-t\m-sSm∏w tlm´¬ apdn-bn¬ ibn-°p∂

kvXosb th\-en¬ hoW Hcp ag-Øp≈n í F∂ IY-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p.

kz¥w ico-c-tØmSv ]Xn-Imc\njvT-amb at\m-`mhw ]pe¿Øp∂ k¶o¿Æ-

amb IYm-]m-X-am-Wn-Xv. ]mgm-bn-t∏m-Ip∂ bu∆-\-Øns‚ \ncm-i-bn¬ ho¿∏p-ap-

´p∂ Ahn-hm-ln-Xsb Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ ]md ; BI-kvan-I-ambn \ne-®p-t]m-Ip∂

ico-c-Øns‚ D¿∆-c-X-I-fn¬ \n∂v at\m-hn-`m¥n A\p-`-hn-°p∂ AΩ Adn-tb-

≠Xv í F∂ IY-bnse aIƒ, Ch-sc√mw ico-c-\n-jvT-amb Ima-\-I-tfmSv ISpØ

aaX ]pe¿Øp-∂-h-cm-Wv. kvXoXz-Øn¬ DƒtN¿∂n-cn-°p∂ amXr- m-hsØ Bhn-

jvI-cn-°p∂ ]mh-°p-´n , I√p , iq\y-X-sIm≠v apdn-th-‰-h¿ F∂o IY-I-

6

fn¬ oXn-P-\-Iamb am\-kn-Im-hÿ kq£n-°p∂ AΩ-am-scbmWv tKkn Ah-

X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Ch-sc√mw s]¨Ip- n-I-fpsS AΩ-am-cmWv F∂ hkvXpX it≤-

b-am-Wv. hf¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ s]¨Ip´n-Iƒ AΩ-am-cpsS a\- n¬ D≠m-

°p∂ bw F∂Xv kmaq-ln-Im-\p-`-h-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Hc-Ω-bpsS B[n \nß-sf-ßs\ Adn-bm-\mWv? F∂v tKkn-bpsS IYm]mXw

tNmZn-°p-∂p-≠v. (]mh°p-´n, 1997:10) ico-c-tØm-sSm∏w ]mI-s∏-SmØ a\- p≈

s]¨Ip-´n-I-fmWv tKkn-bnse amXr-XzsØ `b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. s]¨Ip-´n-I-

fpsS \njvI-f-¶-Xsb Nqj-Ww- sN-øp∂ B¨k-aq-l-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Hm¿Ω-

s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-I-fp≈ AXn-km[mcW-amb IY-bmWv ]mh-°p-´n . Poh-\p≈ ]mh-

°p- nsb hmKvZm\w sNøp∂ Ab¬h-°sØ In°-‰p-I-fn-°m-c≥ tN´≥ F∂Xv

_me-a-\- ns‚ mh-\-Iƒ°v kam-¥-c-ambn XpS-cp∂ Iqc-X-bpsS ]Xn-cq-]-amWv.

Fs‚ tamsf NoØym-°m≥ Rm≥ kΩ-Xn-°q√! NØmepw kΩ-Xn-°q-√........!

(1996:28) F∂ hmin-bn¬ ac-W-ti-jhpw t]X-km-∂n-≤y-Øn-eqsS aIƒ°v Imh-

em-Ip∂ AXy-km-[m-c-W-amb amXr-Xz-sØ-°p-dn®p≈ IY-bmWv I√p . kvXokz-

Xz-Øn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p∂ inYn-e-amb `mh-L-S-\bv°v CØcw IYm-]m-X-

߃ DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. kvXokzXzw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂ apJy-]-Xn-k‘n imco-

cn-I-amWv F∂ \nK-a-\-Øn-te°v FØp∂ coXn-bn-ep≈ ]ta-b-ßfpw XZ-\p-

kr-X-amb _nw_-ßfpw BJym-\-co-Xn-I-fp-amWv tKkn-bpsS IYm-tem-I-Øn¬

D≈-Xv. bu∆\bp‡-amb ico-c-tØmSpw hnIm-c-ß-tfm-Sp-ap≈ Xoh-amb Bk-

‡nbpw \ne-®p-t]m-tb-°m-hp∂ bu∆-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ `oXn-I-fp-amWv tKkn-

bpsS kvXoI-Ym-]m-X-߃ s]mXpsh A\p-`-hn-°p∂ Ac-£n-X-Xzhpw sshcp-

≤yhpw. Htc kabw kvXo]p-cpjIma-\-I-fpsS kzX-¥tem-I-Øn-te°v FSp-

sØ-dn-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw AtX-k-abw kvt\l-iq-\y-amb ]pcp-j-sse-wKnIXsb h©-

\-bpsS ]Xn-cq-]-ambn ImWp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ]ta-b-Ønepw IYm-]m-X-L-S-\-

bnepw \ne-\n¬°p-∂ kvXokzXz k¶ev]-\-amWv IYm-L-S-\sb \n¿Æ-bn-°p-

∂-Xv. CØ-c-Øn¬ ho£n-°p-tºmƒ Poh-nXZ¿i\w Xs∂ ]ta-b-ambn amdp∂

kµ¿ -ßfp≠v. kvXokzXz\njvT-amb PohnXho£Ww H‰-Xn-cn™p \n¬°p∂

Z¿i-\-kw-ln-X-b-√. IYm-L-S-\-bn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p∂ D]-L-S-I-ß-sf-°p-dn-

®p≈ hni-I-e-\-Øn-eqsS amXta tKkn-bpsS kvXokz-Xz-Z¿i-\-Øns‚ kz`m-

hsØ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-I-bp-≈q.

_ln-cw-K-Xe N¿®

IY-bpsS LS-\m-]-c-amb hni-I-e-\-Øn¬ ]e-t∏mgpw ]tabw Xs∂ LS-

\bmbn amdp∂ kµ¿`-߃ D≠v. AXn-\m¬ IYm-L-S-\sb D]-hn-`m-K-ß-fm°n

Xncn-®p-]Tn-°p-∂-Xn¬ km[p-X-bp≠v. `amfl-Ik-t¶Xw, t]X-tem-Im-hn-jvIm-

cw, CXn-lm-k-߃, ]pcm-hr-Ø-߃ F∂n-h-bpsS A]-\n¿Ωm-Whpw ]p\¿c-N-

\-bpw, A]-c-tem-Ihpw t]X-`m-j-Whpw, IY-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ IY-Iƒ, arK-I-Y-

Iƒ, ico-cw-kz-Xz-\n¿Æ-tbm-]m-[n F∂ \ne-bn¬, ÿe-Ime k¶ev]w, BJym-

\-X-¥w, _nw_-߃, ]Zm-h-en-Iƒ, ]tbm-K-߃ F∂n-ßs\ IY-bpsS _ln-

cw-KsØ hn`-Pn®p ]Tn-°p∂p.

`am-flI kt¶Xw

a-e-bmfIY-bpsS Bcw-`-Z-i-bn¬ Xs∂ BJym-\-k-t¶Xw F∂ \ne-

bn¬ ^m‚kn AYhm `am-fl-IX D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. kvXo]p-cp-j-_-‘-

Øns‚ k¶o¿Æ-amb ]X-e-ßsf Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-hm≥ ^m‚kn ^e-]-Z-ambn

D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn\v sXfn-hmWv C.hn. IrjvW-]n-≈-bpsS Fs‚

K‘¿∆-kvt\-ln-X≥ F∂ IY. XpS¿∂v ssh°w apl-ΩZv _jo-dns‚ At\Iw

IY-I-fn¬ kvssXWa\x-im-kvX-Øns‚ kqN-I-ambn ^m‚kn D]-tbm-

Kn°s∏- n- p-≠v.

`mh-\sb kqNn-∏n-°phm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ P¿Ω≥ ]Z-amb

bn¬ \n∂p-amWv ë F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ D¤-hw. ^m‚kn F∂ ]Z-Øn\v

XØp-ey-ambn ]tbm-Kn-°p∂ kwkvIrX ]Zw `ax F∂-Xm-Wv. ë `ax íF∂-

Xns‚ kam-\aebm-f-]Zw `a-I-ev]-\-bmWv . `mj-bpsS hkvXp-ÿnXn hnh-c-

W-߃°p ]pd-Øp≈ samgn-h-g-°-ß-fn¬ CØcw `a-I-ev]-\-I-fp-≠v. ]pcm-hr-

Ø-߃, b£n-°-Y-Iƒ, \mtSm-Sn-°-Y-Iƒ, arK-I-Y-Iƒ F∂n-ß-s\-bp-≈-h-bn-

se√mw ^m‚kn hnhn[ coXn-I-fn¬ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. D]-cn-π-h-amb

bmYm¿∞ysØ-b√ ^m‚kn ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. `uXnI-amb ÿe-Im-e-

߃°v AXo-X-ambn \n¬°p∂ A¥¿bm-Ym¿∞y-ßsf NnXo-

I-cn-°pI F∂-XmWv m‚kn \n¿∆-ln-°p∂ [¿Ωw. CXc KZym-Jym-\-ß-fn¬

\n∂pw n∂-ambn m‚kn D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ kzXzNnXo-I-cWw e-]-Z-ambn \S-

°p-∂-Xv sNdp-I-Y-bn-emWv. ImcWw ÿeIm-e-ß-fpsS hnkvXr-X-amb ]›m-

Øew sNdp-I-Y-bn-en-√. BJym-\-kz-Xz-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-amb at\m- m-h-sØtbm

tIµo-Ir-X-amb Ah-ÿ-sbtbm `mj-bpsS kw£n-]vX-X-bn¬ NnXo-I-cn-°pI

F∂-XmWv IY-bpsS inev]-kz- m-hw. kvXokzXz NnXo-I-c-W-ß-fn-emWv m‚kn

km¿∞-I-ambn ]tbm-Kn-°-s∏- -Xv. AXn\v kmaq-ln-Ihpw a\x-»m-kvX-]-c-hp-amb

Imc-W-ß-fp-≠v. hy‡n-]-c-ambn ë A]-cXzw i‡-ambn A\p-`-hn-°p-∂Xv Xmc-

X-tay\ kvXoI-fm-Wv. kmaq-lnI LS-\-bpsS \nb-¥-W-߃°v hnt[-b-cm-Ip∂

kvXo a\- p-I-fn-emWv AZay-amb kzmX¥y-Nn-¥-Iƒ DS-se-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. ]Ir-

Xnbpw kwkvIm-chpw XΩn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ kwL¿j-Øns‚ Xew kvXoa-\-

p-I-fn¬ KqV-tem-I-߃ AYhm At[mtemI-߃ krjvSn-°p-∂p. kaq-l-

Øns‚ I¿°-i-amb [m¿ΩnI \nb-a-ßfpw \nb-a-hn-tcm-[n-bmb At_m-[-a-\-

ns‚ ]Xn-I-c-W-hp-amWv ^m‚-kn°p cq]w \¬Ip-∂-sX∂v \nco-£n-°-s∏-´n-

´p-≠v.

ae-bmf IY-bn¬ kvXoBJym\kt¶Xw F∂ coXn-bn¬ ^m‚kn

hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn°s∏- Xv am[-hn-°p- n-bpsS IY-I-fn-em-Wv. kz]v\-\n-jvT-

amb A]-c-tem-I-߃ am[-hn-°p-´nbpsS IY-I-fn¬ Bh¿Øn®v hcp-∂p≠v.

tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ Imev]-\n-I-amb BZ¿i-tem-I-Øns‚ amXr-I-bn-e√

^m‚kn ]co-£n-°-s∏-´-Xv. ]ta-bhpw cN-\m-X-¥hpw GtIm-]n-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂

coXn-bn¬ `am-fl-IX tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ B[n-]Xyw sNep-Øp-∂p. a\x-

»m-kvX-km-[y-X-Iƒ IqSp-X-ep≈ kt¶-X-ambn ^m‚kn Cu IY-I-fn¬ ]cn-

Wmaw B¿÷n-°p-∂p. Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-bpsS I¿ØrXz Øns‚

At_m-[-]-c-amb ]cnWmaßsf ^m‚-kn-bn-eqsS kqNn∏n°m\m-Ip-∂p. AXn-

eqsS hyh-ÿm-]nX IYm- m-j-bpsS hymI-c-WsØ A]-\n¿Ωn-°pI F∂ [¿Ωw

IqSn \nd-th-‰-s∏-Sp∂p. ^m‚kn sb hn[zw-k-\-Øns‚ kmlnXyw F∂v

tdmkvtacn PmIvk¨ (1984) hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xns‚ bp‡n-bn-Xm-Wv. _mly-hy-

‡n-Xz-sØ-°mƒ i‡-amb A¥¿hy-‡n-Xz-amWv kvXo BJym-\-ß-fn¬

s]mXpth B[n-]Xyw sNep-Øp-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ kvXoXz-Øns‚ KqV-tem-

I߃ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-hm≥ m‚-kn-bpsS adp- m-j-Iƒ ]tbm-Kn-t°-≠Xv A\n-

hm-cy-am-bn-h-cp-∂p. ASn-®-a¿Ø-s∏´ kzmX-¥y-hm-RvNI-fpsS kml-kn-I-ta-J-

e-I-fmbn IY-Ifn¬ bmYm¿∞y-߃ ]p\-cm-hn-jvI-cn-°-s∏- p. anØp-Ifpw ]pcm-

W-ßfpw F√mwIqSn-°p-g™ A¥¿\m-S-Ißfmbn kvXoI-Y-Iƒ amdn. m‚kn

tIh-e-amb BJym-\-k-t¶Xw F∂-Xn-ep-]cn kvXoa-\- n-s‚bpw hm°n-s‚bpw

hyh-ÿ-Isf Xncn-®-dn-bp-hm-\p≈ a\x»mkvX-]-≤-Xn-bmbpw ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-´p.

^m‚kn-bpsS a\x»mkvX-hym-Jym-\-ß-fn¬ apJy-am-bXv knMva≠v t^mbvUns‚

Nn¥-bm-Wv. t^mbvUn-b≥ k¶-e-]-a-\p-k-cn®v Akw-Xr-]vX-amb ssewKn-I-m`nem-

j-ß-fpsS km£m-XvIrXcq]-amWv ^m‚kn. tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ ]Xy-£-

am-Ip-∂ `amflIk-t¶-X-Øn\v ASn-ÿm-\-am-bn-´p-≈Xv ssewKn-Im-`n-c-Xn-I-fm-

sW∂p Is≠-Øp∂p. AXn-i-‡-amb Bfl-kw-L¿j-ß-fpsS krjvSn-bmbn

t]X-tem-I-ßfpw A]-c- m-j-W-ßfpw Akw-_‘ IY-Ifpw tKkn-bpsS IY-

I-fpsS A¥¿[m-c-bmbn hcp-∂-Xns‚ bp‡n-bn-Xm-Wv. am[-hn-°p- n-bpsS ë NnØ-

`aw , ]n. h’e-bpsSë inin-c-Ønse Ddp-ºp-Iƒ , tKkn-bpsS `m¥v , _n.-

Fw. kpl-d-bpsS `m¥v F∂o D∑mZ e£-W߃ ]ISn-∏n-°p∂ kvXokzXz

][m-\-ß-fmb \mep-I-Y-Iƒ Cu coXn-bn¬ ]Tn°-s∏- n- p-≠v (KoX 1995). hnhn[

kzXz-km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ kvXoI-fpsS at\m-tem-I-ß-fn¬ Du∂n-

bp≈ IY-I-fm-Wn-Xv. Akw-Xr-]vX-amb kvXo]p-cp-j-_-‘-ßfpw Ac-£n-X-amb

IpSpw-_-kml-N-cy-ßfpw kvXoI-fn¬ D≠m-°p∂ am\-knI BLm-X-߃ Cu

IY-I-fn-ep-≠v.

tKkn-bpsS `qcn-]£w IY-IfpwXs∂ bmYm¿∞y-Øn\pw kz]v\Øn\p-

an-S-bn-eqsS Ncn-°p∂ BJym-\-L-S\ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂p. kvXokzXzNoXoI-c-W-

ß-fpsS `am-fl-I-tem-I߃ ]I-S-am-bn-\n-e-\n¿Øp∂ IY-I-fmWv \K-c-Øn¬\n-

s∂-Ønb Pme-hn-Zy-°m-c≥ , ]hm-kn-bpsS P\-\w , ac-Wm-\-¥-cw , ]cn-Wma

Kp]vXn , ]q® , a¥n-I-°ÆmSn , kz]v\-߃°v Xo]nSn-°p-∂p , \mb-bp≠v

kq£n-°p-I , Htdm-Xbpw t]X-ß-fpw , AΩ Adn-tb-≠-Xv , I√p , IÆm-Sn-

bn¬ ImWm-Ø-X v , `m¥v F∂n-h. Cu IYIfpsS B¥-cn-I-L-S-\-bn¬

]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv kØ-bpsS iI-eo-I-cWw F∂

kzXz-Z¿i-\-am-Wv.

\nc¥-c-amb cq]m-¥-c-߃°v hnt[-b-am-Ip-tºmgpw kzXz-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-

\-]-iv\-ß-fn¬\n∂pw imco-cn-I-amb bmYm¿∞y-ß-fn¬\n∂pw apdn-hp-I-fn¬

\n∂pw Bcpw c£-t\-Sp-∂n-√ F∂ Xncn-®-dn-hns\ IqSp-X¬ Kl-\-ambn Ah-X-

cn-∏n-°p∂ IY-bmWv \K-c-Øn¬ \ns∂-Ønb Pme-hn-Zy-°m-c≥ . \K-c-Øn¬

\n∂v Kma-Øn-se-Øp∂ Pme-hn-Zy-°m-c≥ Hmtcm hkvXp-°-sfbpw am¥n-I-i-

‡n-sIm≠v cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv. Pme-hn-Zy ImWm≥ Xs‚ Imap-Is‚

IqsS-sb-Ønb \njvI-f-¶-bmb s]¨Ip- n-tbmSv Abmƒ ]d-bp-∂p.

ì hcq kpµ-cn, \ns∂ Rms\mcp ]mºm°mw î..................... Pme-hn-Zy-°m-

c≥ Ah-fpsS Ip∏n-h-f-bn´ CS-Xp-ssI-bn¬ ]nSn®p am‰n \n¿Øn, Hcp A`ym-kn-

bpsS ]mS-h-tØmsS ZWvUv BIm-i-Øn¬ Npg-‰n. AKwsIm≠v s]¨Ip-´n-

bpsS aq¿[m-hn¬ aq∂p-h´w Xtem-Sn. ImWn-I-fpsS ap∂n¬ ]e-h¿W∏Øn hncn®v

Hcp an\pØ k¿∏w hmen¬ IpØn \n∂p. Ahƒ `b∂v ]mZ-߃ ]nt∂m°w

h®-t∏mƒ Abmƒ aIpSn DuXm-\m-cw-`n-®p. k¿∏w AXn¬ \ns∂m-gp-Ip∂ \mZ-

Øn-s\mØv Dd-™m-Sn. ]ns∂ Abmƒ Hcp aqfn-∏m-t´m-Sp-IqSn ]mºns\ IqS-bn-

em-°n................

HSp-hn¬ Pme-hn-Zy-°m-c≥ Nqfw-hn-fn-tbmsS IqS Xpd-∂p. Kma-Øn-te°v

Ccp v Igp-I-s\-t∏mse Nnd-I-Sn-s®-Øn-b-t∏mƒ hf-s∏m- p-Iƒ°p \Sp-hn¬ tNmc-

]p-c≠ \·-amb XpS-I-fn¬ apJw]qgvØn s]¨Ip´n H‰-°n-cp∂v tXßn, Ah-

fpsS hnb¿Ø ssIØ-e-Øn¬ Hcp \\™ Ic-n°jWap≠mbn-cp-∂pî.

(\-K-c-Øn¬ \ns∂-Ønb Pme-hn-Zy-°m-c≥, 1998:20)

I\y-Im-XzsØ kw_-‘n® Ac-£n-X-Xz-t_m-[-ßsf `am-fl-I-ambn Bhn-

jvI-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ LS-\-bmWv \K-c-Øn¬ \ns∂-Ønb Pme-hn-Zy-°m-c≥ F∂

IY-bn¬ kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ChnsS D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂ `a-I-ev]-\-Iƒ IY-

°p-≈n¬ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ IY-tbmSv Cgp-In-t®¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. Hcp kt¶Xw F∂

\ne-hn´v ]tabw Xs∂ LS-\-bm-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xn\v DZm-l-c-W-amWv Cu IY.

Xms\mcp ]pcp-j-\mbn amdn-sb∂p kz]v\w- Im-Wp∂ kvXobpsS am\-knIhpw

imco-cn-I-hp-amb Ah-ÿm-¥-c-ßsf B¥-cnI-amb bp‡n-bn¬ GtIm-]n-∏n-®n-

cn-°p∂ IY-bmWv ]hm-kn-bpsS P\\w . kvXokz-Xz-Øns‚ ]cn-Wm-asØ

`am-fl-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ Cu IY-bn¬ kvXokzXzw t\cn-Sp∂ henb

]Xn-k-‘n-bmbn icocw F∂ bmYm¿∞ysØ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. CXn¬

kzXzw íF∂ ]cn-I-ev]-\-bn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p∂ ë A]cw íF∂ Bi-b-

amWv AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

kvXokØsb Nqgv∂p-\n¬°p∂ Ac-£n-XXzw, `bw XpS-ßnb at\m- m-

h-ßsf `am-fl-I-k-t¶-X-Øn-te°v hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øn-´p≈ IY-bmWv \mb-

bp≠v kq£n-°pI IYm-]-cn-k-c-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ kqN-\-I-fnepw hcn-Iƒ°n-S-

bnepw Zpcq-l-amb ]pcp-j-\n-g-ep-I-sf-°p-dn®pw thiy-mhrØn \S-Øp∂ kvXoXz-

sØ-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ Ahy-‡-amb Adn-hp-Isf kw-`-cn--®ncn°p∂p. `b-\n¿`-c-amb

BJym-\-L-S\ Xs∂-bmWv Cu IY-bpsS `mam-fl-I-Xsb km¿∞-I-am-°p-∂-

Xv. \K-c-Ønse H‰-s∏´ hoSn-s\-°p-dn®pw tK‰n¬ ap∂-dn-bn-t∏msS Xqßp∂

\mb-bpsS NnX-sØ-°p-dn®pw ap≥hn-[n-Iƒ kq£n-°p∂ BJym-\-kzXzw

At\Iw ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS t]m°p-h-c-hp-s≠∂v tI´p-tIƒhn-bp≈ B ho´n-te°v

IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-c-W-ß-fpsS Btcm-l-W-I-a-Øn-emWv `am-

fl-I-Xsb \n_-‘n-®n-´p-≈-Xv.

ì ]me-]qØv aWw ]c∂ Hcp Znhkw \mb- Nn-X-Øn¬ t\m°msX Ahƒ

tK‰v IS∂p. s]mfn-™p-In-S-°p∂ ]Sn-s°- n-te°v Imse-SpØp h®-tXmsS ]pdw-

tem-IsØ Ccº-߃ GtXm Npgn-bn¬ Id-ßn-Øm-Wp................ At∏mƒ B™p-

ho-inb Hcp Im‰n¬ b£n-∏m-e-bpsS apSn-bp-e-™p. C√n-°mSv Hc-]--iIp\w t]mse

Nqfwhnfn-®p. Hcp acw-sImØn Dcp-Ip∂ i_vZ-Øn¬ Ic™v Ah-fpsS Xe-

bv°p-aosX ]d-∂p. ]p√v aqSn-°n-S-°p∂ ap‰w IS∂v Ahƒ DΩ-d-sØØn. NnX-

∏-Wn-Iƒ am™p-Xp-S-ßnb XqWn¬ Nmcn-\n-∂-t∏mƒ ]s≠t∂m I≠p-a-d∂

Hcp kz]v\-Øn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-hp-I-bm-sW∂v Ahƒ°p-tXm-∂n. Ipsd-t\cw

Ign™v Ahƒ AS-™p-In-S-°p∂ hmXn-ens‚ ]nSnbn¬ ssIh-®p. Hm¿°m-∏p-

dØv ae¿s°-Øp-d∂ hmXn¬∏m-fn-s°m∏w Ahƒ ho´n-\p-≈n-te°v ]th-in-

®p. (2004:51:52) ]n∂oSv Kplm-Nn-X-ßsft∏mse sXfn-™p-I≠ \mep-hm-Xn-ep-

I-fpsS AIw Imaw-]p-c≠ kvXobpsS hnlm-c-cw-K-ß-fmbn k¶-ev]n-°-s∏-Sp-

∂p-sh-¶nepw H∂pw bmYm¿∞y-ambn hnNm-cn-°p-hm≥ \n¿∆m-l-an-s√∂v Xncn-®-

dn-bp-∂p. ac-W-Øns‚ `oI-cX DW¿Øp∂ \ni-_vZX amXta \nKq-V-amb B

ho´n-ep≈q F∂ Xncn-®-dn-thmsS \n¬°p-tºmƒ At∏m-gmWv Ah-fpsS Nn¥

as‰m-c-Xn-i-b-Øn-te°v Nm™-Xv. Bsfm-gn™ hoSv ]q´n-°n-S-°p-I-bt√ ]Xnhv?

B tNmZy--Øn\p DØ-c-ambn Hcp hrØn-sI´ ssI∏Sw Ah-fpsS hmbv°p-ap-I-

fn¬ Aa¿∂p. AXv ho´p-Im-h¬°mc-t‚-Xm-bn-cp∂p (\m-b-bp≠v kq£n-°p-I,

2004:52). CØ-c-Øn¬ `oI-c-amb A¥-co£krjvSn-bn¬ A¿t≤m-‡n-hn-cm-a-

tØmsS IY Xocp-∂p. BZy¥w IY-bpsS LS-\-bn¬ \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xv kzXz-

sØ°pdn®p≈ Ac-£n-X-Xzhpw BI-a-W-`o-Xn-bp-am-sW-∂Xv kv]jvS-am-Wv.

kvXokz-Xzm-hn-jvIm-c-Øns‚ kqN-I-ambn h¿Øn-°p∂ auenI-c-N\bmbn IÆm-

Sn-bn¬ ImWm-ØXv íF∂ IY-sb ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p. kam-lm-c-ß-fn-sem∂pw

Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-°m-WmØ Bi-b-hm-Z-]-c-amb Cu IY at\m-cmPyw HmWw -hn-

ti-jm¬]Xn ˛ 1993˛emWv ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xv. tKkn-bpsS ]n¬°me

kvXoI-Ym-]m-X-߃ A\p- -hn-°p∂ kzXz-ssi-Yn-ey-ß-fpsS BZy-am-Xr-I-bmbn

IÆm-Sn-bn¬ ImWm-ØXv F∂ IY-bnse kvssXWkzXzsØ hymJym-\n-

°p-∂p. Hcp hnhml®S-ßn-\n-S-bn-emWv _mey-Ime kplr-Ømb _me-Ir-jvW≥

AΩn-Wn-°p- nsb sIf-hn-bm-bn-t∏m-bt√m Ft∂m¿Ωn-∏n-®-Xv. Ah¿ Gsd-°m-

e-ambn Xs∂-°p-dn®v Nn¥n-°m-dn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. ho´n-seØn IÆm-Sn-bn¬ t\m°p∂p.

AXn¬ hr≤-bmb kvXobpsS apJw sXfn-™p-Im-Wp-∂p. Hcp t^mt´m-sb-Sp-

°p-hm≥ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p. t^mt´m-bn¬ e`n-°p-∂Xv bph-Xn-bpsS t^mt´m.

ho≠pw Hcn-°¬°qSn t^mt´m FSp-Øp. Ct∏mƒ°n-´n-bXv Iuam-c-]mb°m-cn-

bmb s]¨Ip- n-bp-tS-Xv. ho≠pw t^mt´m-sb-Sp-°p∂p. At∏mƒ t^mt´m-bn¬°m-

Wp-∂Xv hfsc sNdn-b-s]¨Ip-´n-sbbm-Wv. Cu ]Inb XpS¿∂m¬ ASpØ

t^mt´m `qW-Øn-t‚-Xm-bn-cn-°p-sa∂p AΩn-Wn-°p´n hnNm-cn-°p-∂p. Cu IY-

bn¬ `am-fl-I-Xsb Hcp kt¶Xw Xs∂-bmbn kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. kzXz-Øn¬

Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p∂ hn`m-¥n-Isf Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-hm\p≈ Hcp-]-I-cWw F∂ \ne-

bn-emWv ChnsS m‚kn D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏- n- p-≈-Xv. tKkn-bpsS ]n¬°me IY-

I-fn¬ IqSp-X¬ i‡-ambn Bh¿Øn-°p∂ bu∆-\-\-jvS-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ `oXn-

I-fmWv Cu IY-bn¬ cq]Imfl-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≈-Xv.

ì IÆm-Snbn¬°m-Wp-∂Xpw t^mt´m-I-fn¬°mWp-∂Xpw ]Xn-—mbIƒ

Xs∂. IÆm-Sn-bn-teXv bmYm¿∞y-am-sW-¶n¬ at‰Xv anYy. hoSn-\-I-ØmWv

IÆmSn. AhnsS `mh-\-bn-√. ]mcp-jy-ta-bp-≈q. AhnsS bmYm¿∞yw sXfn-bp-

∂p. ësNdp-∏-°m-c≥ \S-Øp∂ ÃpUn-tbm-bm-I-s´, `mh\ ]h¿Øn-°p∂ cwK-

am-Wv. AhnsS kvXobpsS BK-l-a-\p-k-cn®v bu∆-\-Øn-te°pw Iuam-c-Øn-

te°pw Iam-\p-K-X-ambn ]n∑-S°w km[n-°p-∂p. XYy-bp-sSbpw anYy-bp-sSbpw

\Sp-hn¬ \n∂v H∂pw hnth-Nn-®-dn-bm-\m-hmsX Ipg-ßp∂ kvXobmWv IY-bpsS

HSp°w sXfn-bp-∂-Xv . (C.-]n.-cmP-tKm-]m-e≥, 1993)

kvXoa-\- ns‚ emh-Wym-flI ]T-\-sa∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp∂ Cu IY-

bn¬ IÆmSn íBfl-]-cn-tim-[-\-bpsS D]-I-c-W-am-Ip-∂p. IÆm-Sn-sb-∂Xv Hcp

]Xo-I-amWv ]pdwcq]-tØ-°mƒ B¥-cnIm-h-ÿsb ]Xn-_nw-_n∏n-°p∂ H∂v.

F∂p hyh-l-cn-°p∂ kt¶X-amWv Cu IY-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-7

´n-´p-≈-Xv. Cu IY-bnse IÆmSn tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ Bhn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂

kvXokz-Xz-Øns‚ _lp-e-X-I-sfbpw cq]m-¥-c-ß-sfbpw kqNn-∏n-°p-hm≥ ]cym-

]vX-am-Wv.

t]X-tem-Im-hn-jvImcw

_mly-k-Øbv°p Xpey-amb B¥-cn-I-kzXz amWv Fgp-Øp-

Im-cn-bpsS I¿Ør-Xz-Ønse D`-b-L-S-\bv°v Imc-W-ambn `hn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu D`-

b-hy-‡n-Xz-amWv kzXzNn-Xo-I-cWßsf ^m‚kn F∂ kt¶Xw kzoI-cn-°p-

hm≥ t]cn-∏n°p-∂Xv. ssewKn-Im- n-c-Xn-Iƒ, Akw-Xr-]vX-amb kvXoXzw, DXvI-

WvT-Iƒ F∂nh `am-fl-I-kt¶XkzoIm-c-Øn\p ]pd-In¬ h¿Øn-°p∂ Imc-

W-ß-fm-Wv. D`-b-L-S-\-bp≈ hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ krjvSn-sb∂ \ne-bv°mWv

t]XtemI-ß-fpsS Bhn-jvImcw k¿§m-flI cN-\-I-fn¬ i‡-am-Ip-∂-Xv. ASn-

®-a¿Ø-s∏´ BK-l-ß-fp-sStbm Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ DXvI-WvT-I-fp-sStbm

krjvSn-bm-bn-´mWv tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ XpS¿®-bm-bn-°m-Wp∂ t]X-`m-j-

W-ßsf hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xv. hy‡n-\n-jvTamb am\-knI-kw-L¿j-ß-fpsS

krjvSn-bmWv Cu A]-c-tem-I-I-Ym-]m-X-߃. ac-Wm-\-¥-cw , Hcn-Sw , `qan-

bn¬ Ct∏mƒ a™p-Im-ew , Htdm-Xbpw t]X-ß-fpw , I√p , iq\y-X-sIm≠v

apdn-th-‰-h¿ , Iev]m¥w F∂o IY-I-fn-emWv t]X-`m-j-W-߃°v IrXy-

amb CS-ap-≈-Xv.

ac-Wm-\-¥cw F∂ IY-bnse IYm-]mXw Dd-°-Kp-fn-I-Iƒ Ign®v Bfl-

lXy sNøp-∂p. ih-Øn\p Np‰pw Ccn-°p∂ _‘pP\-ß-tfm-Sp≈ ih-Øns‚

kw`m-j-W-Øns‚ LS-\-bn-emWv Cu IY \n_-‘n-®n-´p-≈-Xv. I¨t]m-f-Iƒ

hen-®p-Xp-d∂v amXm-]n-Xm-°-tfmSpw ktlm-Z-c-ß-tfmSpw ]I-tbmsS kwkm-cn--

°p∂Xn¬ \n∂p kmº-Øn-Ihpw sshhm-ln-I-hp-amb Akw-Xr-]vXn-I-fmWv

Ahƒ F∂v kwt_m[\ sNø-s∏-Sp∂ IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ Bfl-l-Xybv°p

]pd-In-ep-≈-sX∂p hy‡-am-Ip-∂p.

ì Nph∂ H‰-°-Æn-eqsS sh≈w Hgp-°p∂ A∏-t\mSv Ahƒ tNmZn®p:

s]¨a°ƒ°v h√Xpw sImSpØp hnSp-∂-Xn¬ \n߃°v h√mØ Fcn-®n-

embncp∂nt√ a\pjym?.................

Xe-bv°-en-cp∂v ]Xw ]d-™n-cp∂ AΩm-bn-tbmSv Ahƒ ]d™p, DtZym-

K-ÿ-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v kz¥-am-sbmcp PohnXw \ntj-[n-°-s∏´ \n߃ Fs∂

hf¿Øn hep-Xm-°n. ]t£, Fs‚ kzImcyhyY-Ifpw sIm®p-sIm-®p-k-t¥m-j-

ß-fp-a-S-ßnb Afp°v Xpd∂v ImW-W-sa∂v hmin-]n-Sn-°m≥ \n߃°v F¥v

Ah-Im-i-amWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv?............................

IÆo¿ s]mSn°mØXp-sIm≠v IÆp-Iƒ sXcp-sXsc NnΩn-Øp-d∂v Hcp

aqe-bn-sem-Xp°n \n¬°p∂ ktlm-Z-c-t\mSv Ahƒ tNmZn-®p. ]∂n-sb-t∏mse

Xn∂p-∂-Xnepw t]mØn-s\-t∏mse Dd-ßp-∂-Xnepw amXw Xmev]-cy-ap≈ \ns‚

ssIbn¬ Fs‚ Hmlcn kpc-£n-X-at√?î (1998:25, 26, ac-Wm-\-¥-cw)

F∂n-ßs\ ac-W-tijw \S-Øp∂ apJm-apJ kw`m-j-W-ß-fn-eqsS sXfn-

™p-h-cp-∂Xv ssIkvXh IpSpw-_-L-S-\-bpsS Zmb-I-ahpw ]nXr-tI-µn-X-amb

IpSpw_hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ kvXoIƒ t\cn-Sp∂ Ac-£n-X-Xz-hp-am-Wv. tKkn-bpsS

kvXoI-Ym-]m-X-߃ t\cn-Sp∂ Bflo-bhpw `uXnI-hp-amb ssiYn-ey-Øn\v

t]c-I-L-S-I-ambn kap-Zmbw h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. Bfl-I-Ym-]-c-amb Cu cN-\-

bn¬ t]X-ambn cq]m-¥-c-s∏´v Pohn-X-tØmSv ]I-t]m-°p∂ hnNn-X-amb mh-\-

bm-Wp-≈-Xv. t]X-tem-I-ßsf Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-tºmƒ ÿe-]-ctam Ime-]-ctam

`mjm-]-ctam Bb Aeu-InI ]›m-Øew tKkn krjvSn-°p-∂n√ F∂Xv hfsc

][m-\-am-Wv. Pohn-X-Øns‚ ]mcm-_v[-ß-fnepw Akw-Xr-]vXn-I-fnepw h©-\-I-

fnepw Dƒs∏ v Bfl-lXy sNøp-∂-h-cn¬ \n∂v uXnI-amb temI-Øns‚ Hm¿Ω-

Iƒ hns´m-gn-bp-∂n-√ F∂v hy‡-am-Ip-∂p. Bfl-lXy sNbvX-h¿ A]-c-tem-I-

Øns‚ h‡m-°-f-√. Ah¿ Pohn-X-Øn¬ \nc-¥cw CS-s]-Sp-Ibpw \n›-e-amb

ÿe-Im-eßfpsS Hcp _nµp-hns\ tIµo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Htdm-Xbpw

t]X-ßfpw F∂ IY Bhn-jvIm-c-]-c-ambpw Z¿i\-]-c-ambpw At\Iw am\-

߃ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ H∂m-Wv. A]-c-`m-j-W-߃°v CS-ap≈ IY-bm-WnXv.

Htdm-X-bpsS cmXn-k-©m-c-Øn-emWv Bfl-l-Xy-sN-bvX-h-cpsS Db¿sØ-gp-

t∂¬∏v NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Pohn-X-Øns‚ [m¿jvSyw D≈ KmaoW kvXobmWv

Htdm-X. Ahƒ t]X-ß-fp-ambn A`n-apJ kw`m-j-W-Øn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂p.

ì sNhn Xpf-bv°p∂ Cc-º-tØmsS Hcp Im‰v Htdm-Xsb IS-∂p-t]m-bn.

C\n Iipam-t¥m∏v, IS-∂m¬ Htdm-X-bpsS hoSm-bn. Hcp-]mSv Bƒ°m¿ Xqßn-

®Ø ]d-ºm-Wv............................. HtdmX Nq´v B™phoin Iip-amt¥m∏n-te°p

Ib-dn. Htdm-Xbv°p aptº-t]mb Im‰v sIm√≥ C‰ma≥ Xqßn-®Ø Iip-amhv

]nSn-®p-Ip-ep°n Htdm-Xsb t\m°n ]√n-fn®p Nncn-®p. Nncn-sbm-Sp-ßp-∂-Xn\p aptº

Iip-am-hns‚ Xp©-Øp-\n∂v C‰ma≥ hnfn-®p. HtdmXs∏ºnsf! Fd-®n-bn-semcp

IjvWw C‰ma\p Xt∂®pw t]m!

Htdm-Xbv°p Dincp IqSn:

^! FcWwsI -hs\! \ns‚ s]º-d-t∂mØn F¥p-th-hn-®mepw a‰-h-\p-

sIm-Sp-ØXv \n\°v sNmW-bn-√m-™n- v. Ah-fv Ahs‚ s]mdtI HmSn-t∏m-sb∂pw

]d™v \ob-√msX GXv BWmSm Xqßn-®m-I-W-Xv? î

C‰ma≥ Iip-am-hns‚ Xp©Øv au\n-bmbn. At∏mƒ C‰mas‚ Iip-am-hp-

t]-£n®v Im‰v Htdm-X-bv°p-aptº IpXn®v IWn-bm´n im¥-bpsS t]XsØ hnfn-

®p-W¿Øn:

Htdm-X-t®-StØy! Rms\mcp hb-‰p-I-Æn-bt√? F\n-s°mcp IjvWw Fd®n

Xt∂®pw t]m!

HtdmX Aen-thmsS ]d-™p: Fs‚ im¥-s°mt®! \n\°v thsd GX-h-

s\-sb-¶nepw ]nSn-®q-Sm¿t∂m!? hey-—s‚ tams\-s∂ms° ]d-™mev skm¥w

IqS-s∏md-∏pX-∂t√ sImt®?î

hb-‰p-I-Æn-t]Xw Acp-XmbvabpsS Nph-bp≈ GtXm Hm¿Ω-bn¬ sXcp-

∏n-Sn-∏n®v Iip-am-hns‚ ASn-s°m-ºn¬ Xqßn-°n-S-∂p.î..........................

(Htdm-Xbpw t]X-ßfpw, 1996:16)

Cu IY-bn¬ kvacW F∂ LS-I-sØ-bmWv `am-fl-I-k-t¶-X-ambn hnI-

kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv. Htdm-X-bpsS At_m-[-Øn-ep≈ Hm¿Ω-I-fmWv t]X-

ß-fmbn h∂v kwkm-cn-°p-∂-Xv. cmXn-bpsS GIm-¥-X-bnepw Ac-£n-X-Xz-Ønepw

HtdmX F∂ kvXo AXn-Po-h-\-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ A]c`mjW-am-bn-´mWv

Cu IY-bpsS BJym\LS-\sb hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xv. HtdmX F∂

kvXobn¬Ø-s∂-bp≈ _lp-apJ kzXz-Øns‚ ]Xy-£-kq-N-\-I-fmWv t]X-

`m-j-W-߃.

I√p íF∂ IY s]¨Ip-´n-I-fp≈ AΩ-am¿ A\p-`-hn-°p∂ Xo£vW-

amb `oXn-bn¬ \n∂pw kwL¿j-Øn¬ \n∂pw cq]-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. kvXoXz-

Øns‚ kl-P- m-h-ambn amXr-XzsØ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p. ]pcp-j-kz-Xz-Øn¬ \n∂pw

kvXokz-Xz-]-c-ambn n∂bm-bn-Øo-cp-∂Xv amXr-Xz-Øns‚ sshIm-cnILS-\-sIm-

≠m-sW∂p sXfn-bn-°p∂ IY-bm-Wn-Xv. A\m-Ybpw bu∆-\-bp-‡-bp-amb

I√p hns‚ Np‰p-ap≈ kpc-£-bpsS ]cn-th-j-amWv I√p-hns‚ AΩ-bpsS t]X-

km-∂n[y-Øn-eqsS krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

I√p-hns\ ]nSn-®-Sp-∏n-°m≥ ian® t]meo-kp-Im-c≥ I¨ap-ºn¬

sXfn™ t]X-Zriyw I≠v Fs‚ I¿Ømth! F∂-e-dn-hn-fn-®p-sIm≠v ]pd-

tØ°v NmSn Ip´≥]n≈ t]meo-kv, Icp-Wm-Ic X≠m¿ F∂n-ßs\ Hmtcm-cp-

Øcpw I√p-hns\ D]-Z-hn-°p-hm≥ ian-°p-t¥mdpw t]X-Zr-iy-߃ Ahsc b-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. AtXmsS t]X-Zr-iy-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ hnhcw Im´p-Xo-t]mse \m´n-

emsI ]S¿∂p. ]n∂oSv CS-h-gn-bn¬°qSn t]mIp∂ Bcpw B ho´n-te°v Xncn-

™p-t\m-°m-Xmbn . (1996:30˛31)

iq\y-X-sIm≠v apdn-th-‰-h¿ F∂ IY- LS-\m-]-c-ambn t\mh-se-‰ns‚

ssZ¿Lyw D≈-sX-¶nepw tKkn-bpsS kvXoXz-Z¿i-\-Øn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-´p≈

`oXn-I-fpsS Hcp ]I¿∏pXs∂-bm-Wv. ani-hn-hmlw Ign® AΩp Xs‚ aI-fmb

Da-bpsS ImapIs‚ ho´n-te°v Ieym-W-am-tem-Nn®p t]mIp∂p. Im-c-tWm≥ tIm´

F∂v t]cn- n-cn-°p∂ cwK-Øn-emWv acn-®p-t]mb At\Iw ]nXr-°ƒ Iq -tØmsS

BI-an-°p-hm≥ hcp-∂-Xmbn AΩp-hn\v A\p-`-hs∏Sp∂-Xv. sXmSn-bn¬ Ahn-S-

hnsS Dd-ßn-°n-S∂ kam-[n-°p-gn-Iƒ Hmtcm-∂m-bp-W¿∂v tIm´p-hmbn´p. Hmtcmtcm

hnf-dnb \ng¬ cq]-߃ ]pd-tØ°v hcm≥ XpS-ßn. Gsd-°mew Naw ]Sn-™n-

cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Ah-scm-s°bpw \nh-cmØ Im¬ap-´p-I-fn¬ ssIba¿Øn∏n-Sn®v

th®p sRm≠nbpw H°n-®m-Snbpw AI-tØ°v hcp-∂p. A\m-Zn-bmb Hcp K‘w

apdn-bn-se-ºmSpw ]c-∂p. apdn-\n-d™p \n∂ Imc-tWm-∑m-cpsS iq\y-amb IÆp-

Iƒ AΩp-hns\ angn®p t\m°m≥ XpS-ßn. C°≠ Imc-tWm-∑m-cpsS \nc-ap-dn®v

Da-°p- n°v Hcn°epw Cu ho´n¬ h∂p Ib-dm≥ Ign-bn-s√∂v AΩp-hn\v t_m[y-

s∏-´p. Kncn-i-¶-dn\v Cd-ßn-h-cm\pw Ign-bp-I-bn√. AΩp-hns‚ sXm≠bmsI

s]m≈n. \mhp-Ip-g-™p. IÆp-I-fn¬ Ccp´v s]mSn-™p. AΩp X∏n-Ø-S™v ap‰-

tØ-°n-d-ßn. ]n¥n-cn™v t\m°p-tºm-gp≠v Imc-tWm-∑m¿ hcn-h-cn-bmbn ]pd-

tØ-°n-d-ßp∂p. \nc∂v tIm -a-Xn¬t]mse\n∂v Ah¿ iq\y-Zr-jvSn-Iƒ sIm≠v

]ns∂bpw AΩp-hns\ angn®v t\m°p-I-X-s∂-bm-Wv

(iq\y-X-sIm≠v apdn-th-‰-h¿ 2002:11)

Cu IY-bn¬ amXr-Xz-Øns‚ `oXn-I-tf-°mƒ i‡-am-Ip-∂Xv ani-hn-hm-

ln-X-cpsS Ip´n-Iƒ A\p- -hn-°p∂ kmwkvIm-cnI ssiYn-ey-am-Wv. tIc-f-Øns‚

kap-Zmbk¶ev]-ß-fn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-´p≈ bmYm-ÿn-XnI-X-Iƒ \thm-∞m\

]h¿Ø\-߃sIm-t≠m ]¥n-t`m-P\w sImt≠m ani-hn-hmlw sImt≠m Ah-

km-\n-°p-∂n√ F∂-Xns‚ kqN\ iq\y-X-sIm≠v apdn-th-‰-h-cn-ep≠v . kvXokz-

XzsØ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ PmXn F∂ LSIw kp]-[m\ ]¶v hln-°p-∂p-

≠v. kmwkvIm-cnI aqe-[\w F∂ ]cn-I-ev]-\-bpsS mK-ambn

hcp∂ H∂m-bn-´p-thWw Cu IY-bnse t]X-tem-IsØ Z¿in-t°-≠-Xv. BNm-

c-߃, A\p-jvTm-\-߃, Aÿn-Ø-d-Iƒ Cßs\ ac-W-s∏-´p-I-gn™ temI-

sØ-°qSn tN¿Øp-sIm-≠mWv sslµhk¶ev]-ß-fn¬ ]mc-º-cyhpw IpSpw-_-

a-ln-a-Ifpw \n¿Æ-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]mc-ºcyw Hcp XpS¿®-bm-sW∂ t_m[w

Chn-sS-bp-≠v. ani-Pm-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-h-cpsS A\-¥-c-X-e-apd A\p- -hn-°p∂

kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb A`mhw iq\y-X-sIm≠v apdn-th-‰-h¿ í hy‡-am-°p∂p.

ac-Wm\-¥cw , HtdmXbpw t]X-ß-fpw , I√p , iq\y-X-sIm≠v apdn-

th-‰-h¿ F∂o IY-I-fnse ASn-ÿm-\-kzXzw kvXobp-tS-XmWv. ]t£,

kvXoXzw A\p-`-hn-°p∂ \m\-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ ]Xn-k-‘n-I-fmWv \mep-I-Y-I-

fpsSbpw t]Xm-hn-jvIm-c-ß-fn¬ D≈Xv. InkvXy≥kap-Zm-b-L-S\ Ahn-hm-ln-

X-I-fmb kvXoI-fn¬ G¬∏n-°p∂ am\-knI-amb ]ncn-ap-dp-°-߃, s]¨Ip-´n-

Isf \in-∏n-°p∂ kaq-l-tØmSv `bw Ie¿∂ at\m- mhw kq£n-°p∂ amXr-

Xzw, t_m[m--t_m-[-߃ krjvSn-°p∂ kzXz-_m-lp-eyw, kmwkvIm-cnI `n∂-X-

I-fn¬ \n∂p-≠m-Ip∂ Ac-£n-XXzw F∂n-ßs\ kzXzm-hn-jvImcw hnkvXr-X-am-

8

Ip-∂p. tKkn-bpsS kvXokz-Xzm-hn-jvIm-c-ß-fn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p∂ t]X-`m-

j-W-߃°p \ymbo-I-c-W-ambn \n¬°p-∂Xv Bfl-\n-jvTamb A\p-`-h-ß-tf-

°mƒ kaqlw hy‡n-a-\- n-ep-f-hm-°p∂ Bfl-kw-L¿j-ß-fm-Wv.

arKI-Y-Iƒ

AXn-IY, ]mc-Un, arK-ßsf A`n-kw-t_m-[-\-sN-øpItbm IYm]mX-ß-

fm°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Itbm sNøp∂ coXn F∂nh B[p-\n-I-Xbv°v tij-ap≈

IYm-X-¥-ß-fm-Wv. tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ `am-fl-IX- F∂ kt¶Xw ]e-co-Xn-

bn¬ ]co-£n-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. arK-kq-N-I-߃ kvssXW a\x-im-kvX-sØbpw

ssewKnI-X-sbbpw ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂p-. ]s≠ms° IY-I-fn¬ ]mh-Ifpw

kwkm-cn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]ns∂ Ipd-s™mcp Ime-tØ°v AXv Xo¿Øv Hgn-hm-

°-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn. ]t£, Cubn-sS-bmbn ]£n-ar-Km-Zn-Iƒ°pw a’y-߃°pw

]mh-Iƒ°p-sams° F¥pw kwkm-cn-°p-hm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw hoWp-In-´n-bn-´p-

≠v . (ama-√-]p-csØ apb-ep-Iƒ, 1998:64) F∂v kmµ¿`n-I-ambn \S-Øp∂ ]cm-

a¿iw kzXz- n-∂-X-I-tfm-sSm∏w \ho-I-cn-°-s∏-tS-≠p∂ BJym-\-X-¥-sØ-°qSn

Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-XmWv. ]q®, KufnP∑w, ama-√-]p-csØ apb-ep-Iƒ F∂o IY-I-

fn¬ ]Xy-£-am-Ip∂ arK-kq-N-I-߃ A]-\n¿Ωn-t°-≠-Xmb am\-hnI-k-Øsb

]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p∂p.

Zmº-Xy-Øn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p∂ Pmc-i-¶-bpsS kqN-I-am-bn-´mWv ]q®

F∂ IY-bn¬ arK-kq-NIw D]tbmKn°s∏´n-´p-≈-Xv. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS `mhp-

IXzw krjvSn® A\y-h¬Ir-X-amb kØ , kØ-bpsS cq]m-

¥-co-I-cWw XpS-ßnb ]h-W-X-I-fpsS ]›m-Øew ]q®

F∂ IY-bnep≠v. A\n-b-¥n-X-amb kvssXW-I-ma\-Isf kwi-b-_p-≤n-tbmsS

ho£n-°p∂ ]pcp-js‚ Bfl-I-Y-bmWv Cu IY-bn-eqsS ]mcm-bWw sN-ø-s∏-

9

Sp -∂Xv. _lp-kz-c -amb BJym-\-kºZmbw ]q® F∂ IY-bnse

bmYm¿∞ysØ Iogvta¬ adn-°p-∂p.

apJm-apJw hcp-tºmƒ Ah-fpsS IÆp-Iƒ Fs∂ h√msX Atem-k-c-

s∏-Sp-Øp-I-Xs∂ sNbvXp. cmXn-bn¬ Ah-bpsS Xo£vWX Fs∂ \n¿∆o-cy-

\m-°n. s\©n-Sn-t∏msS Fs¥-¶nepw kqXw ]d™v Rm≥ thKw Dd-ßm≥

ian-®p. ]t£, Ggmw Znhkw Ahƒ ]Icw ho´n. kpXm-cy-amb thjw [cn®v

Ahƒ Fs∂ ]tem-`n-∏n-°m≥ ian-®p. Hcp apc-f-temsS Ahƒ Fs‚ ta¬ Nm-

Sn-hoWp. ISn®pw ]n®nbpw am¥nbpw Ahƒ Fs∂ t]an-®p. ]q®-bp-tS-Xp-t]mse

icn°pw Bkp-c-t]aw Xs∂ ............................ ]q®-Iƒ ISn-]n-Sn-Iq-Sp-Ibpw Ic-

bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xp-tI v DW¿∂ Hcp cmXn-bn¬ Ahsf InS-°-bn¬ ImWm™v

Rm≥ Aº-c-∂p. ap‰Øv Btcm InX-bv°p∂ i_vZw Rm≥ hy‡-ambn tI´p.

]pd-Øn-d-ßm≥ `b∂v P\-e-gn-I-fn¬ apJw Aa¿Øn Ccp-fn-te°v Rm≥ Npgn-

™p-t\m-°n. ap‰sØ aW¬°q-\-bn¬ ae¿∂p-In-S-°p∂ Ah-fpsS cq]w sas√

sXfn-™p-h-∂p. Ah-fpsS tZlØp \n∂v Idp∏pw shfp∏pw Ie¿∂ Hcp Iq‰≥

]q® NmSn-a-d-bp-∂Xv Rm≥ kXy-ambpw I≠p î (]q-®, (1998:46,48). F∂n-ß-s\-

bp≈ hnh-c-W-ß-fn¬ ]q® Pmccq]Iambn Bh¿Øn®p hcp∂p. Cu IY-

bn¬ ë]q®bv°v cq]Im-fl-I-amb ]m[m-\y-am-Wp-≈-Xv. kvXo]p-

cp-j-_‘Ønse Akw-Xr-]vXn-Iƒ, Bk-‡n-Iƒ, kwibw F∂o at\m- m-h-

ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏- p-\n¬°p∂ kPo-h-amb cq]Iw F∂ ]k-‡n-bmWv ]q®-

bv°p-≈-Xv. IY-bpsS A¿∞-hym-]vXn-Isf Dƒs°m≠p \n¬°p∂ arK-cq-]Iw.

Kufn P∑w í (2005:206˛209) F∂ IY-bn¬ Bip-]Xn apdn-bnse Xma-k-

°m-cmb B¨Ku-fn-bpsSbpw s^an-\n-Ãmb s]¨Ku-fn-bp-sSbpw t\m´-∏m-Sn-

eqsS Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip∂ a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-amWv ]tabw. BJym-\-]-£Øp

\n∂p≈ kw`-h-N¿®-I-sfm-gn-®m¬ Kufn-Iƒ IY-bpsS LS-\-bp-ambn Cgp-In-

t®¿∂n-´n-√. kvXo]p-cpj k¶ev]-Øns‚ kam-¥c ]mXn-\n[yw F∂ coXn-

bn¬ amX-amWv B¨Ku-fn°pw s]¨Ku-fn°pw ]k-‡n-bp-≈-Xv. ë ama-√-]p-

csØ apb-ep-I-fn¬ ítjmtIknen-cn-°p∂ IuXp-I-h-kvXp-°-fmb B¨ap-bepw

s]¨ap-bepw IY-bpsS B¥-cnI LS-\-bn¬ CS-s]-Sp-∂p-≠v. BJym-\-kzcw

apb-ep-I-fp-tS-Xm-sW-¶nepw as‰mcp BJym\km∂n[yw IqSn IY-bn¬ IS∂p

hcp-∂p. cN\mX¥sØ°pdn®pw arK-km-∂n-[y-Øns‚ ]k-‡n-sb-°p-dn®pw

kvXo, ]p-cp-j≥ F∂n-ßs\ hyh-l-cn-°p∂ a\p-jy-h¿§-sØ-°p-dn®pap≈

XmXznI-]-cm-a¿i-߃ ama-√-]p-csØ apb-ep-I-fn-ep-≠v.

B¨ap-b¬ Ahsf A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNbvXp.

kplrsØ!

s]¨apb-en\v s^an-\nÃv ]ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xosc hnizm-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-

√. AXp-sIm≠v Ahƒ B kwt_m-[-\-bn¬ sNdp-Xm-sbm∂v aqfn................ ama-

√-]p-csØ Xs‚ Iq´p-Im-c≥ Cß-s\-sbm-∂p-am-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂v Ahƒ IpWvTn-Xs∏´p.

Xs‚ IÆp-I-fn-te°v B¿Z-am-sbmcp t\m´-aq∂n am[p-cy-aq-dp∂ i_vZ-Øn¬

Ah≥ kwkm-cn-°p-∂Xv tIƒ°m≥ FXbpw Cº-am-bn-cp∂p . (ama-√-]p-csØ

apb-ep-Iƒ, 1998:65) ho´n¬ A-Xn-YnI-fm-sb-Øp∂ AΩbpw aIfpw tjmtI-

knse s]¨ap-b-ens‚ PohnXw Zpc-¥-a-b-am-°p∂p. Ip´n-bpsS IuXp-I-I-c-amb

]cn-em-f-\-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ s]¨ap-b¬ ssIbn¬ \n∂p hgpXn Xd-bn¬ hoWv

NnX-dp-∂p. s]¨ap-b¬ AXn-i-‡-amb cq]-I-ambn IY-bn¬ ÿm\w t\Sp∂p.

ImcWw, IY-bpsS sshIm-cn-I-amb Cg-_-‘-Øn-emWv s]¨ap-b-ens‚

kzXzsØ ]mI-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

]q¿∆-]m-T-ß-fpsS A]-\n¿ΩmWw

CXn-lm-k-߃, ss__nƒ IY-Iƒ, ]pcm-hr-Ø-߃ F∂n-hsb

km¿∆-Im-en-I]k-‡n-bp≈ kºq¿Æ-I-Y-I-fmbn hymJym-\n-°p-∂Xn¬ bp‡n-

bn√. CXn-lm-k-ßfpw ]pcm-hr-Ø-ßfpw Ah-bp-≠mb Ime-L-´-Ønse P\-X-

sbbpw kwkvIm-c-sØbpw `cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ A[oi-]-XybimkvX-ß-fpsS

krjvSn-I-fm-Wv. \ne-\n¬°p∂ A[n-Im-c-X-¥-ß-fp-sStbm kmwkvIm-cnI Imem-

h-ÿ-bp-sStbm \ymbo-I-c-W-ßtfm XpS¿_-‘-ßtfm Bbn Cu ]mT-߃ amdp-

∂p. hyh-ÿm-]nX kzcq-]-ap≈ ]Xy-b-im-kvX-ß-sfbpw GI-kz-c-X-bp≈ IYm-

Jym-\-ß-sfbpw hna¿in-°p∂ \h\ncq-]W ]≤-Xn-Iƒ ]q¿∆\n›n-X-amb IY-

\-ssi-en-Isf hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn ]p\x-kr-jvSn-°p-∂p. kvXokz-Xz-]-T-\-ß-fpsS

Hcp-Xew Cu coXn-bn-ep≈ hyh-ÿm-]nX ]mT-ß-fpsS A]-\n¿Ωm-Whpw

]p\¿cN-\-bp-am-Wv. _mly-]-Ir-Xn-bpsS kml-Ncy-߃°pw ico-cm-h-iy-

߃°pw A\p-kr-X-ambn \ΩpsS \mUo-hyqlw kwhn-[m\w sNø-s∏- -Xns‚

Hm¿Ω-Iƒ \ΩpsS Rc-ºp-I-fn-ep≠v F∂ tPmk^v Iymsº-s√s‚ (1991) \nK-

a-\-a-\p-k-cn®v kwkvIm-c-]-In-b-I-tfmSv a\p-jy≥ Inbm-fl-I-ambn ]Xn-I-cn-®-

Xns‚ tcJ-I-fm-bn-´mWv hmsamgn BJym-\-ßsf ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠Xv. kvXobp-

sSbpw ]pcp-j-s‚bpw kzXz-cq-]o-I-cW]In-b-Ifn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p∂ ap≥hn-

[n-I-sfbpw kmaq-ln-I-L-S-I-ß-sfbpw anØp-I-fpsS ]p\-cm-Jym\w tNmZyw-sN-

øp∂p. CXn-lm-k-ß-fnepw ]pcm-hr-Ø-ß-fnepw tZi-N-cn-X-Ønepw Dƒt®¿∂n-

cn-°p∂ At_m-[-kvar-Xn-Isf \nc-¥cw ]cn-W-an-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ kmwkvIm-

cnI ]Inb-bp-ambn _‘n-∏n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Bhn-jvIm-c-amWv hwio-btam h¿§-

]-c-tam enwK-]-ctam Bb kzXzsØ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂Xv.

tZi-kw-kvIr-Xn-bpsS At_m-[-Øn¬ thtcm-Sn-bn-cn-°p∂ anØp-I-fn-sebpw

CXn-lm-k-]p-cm-Wm-Zn-I-fn-sebpw BZ¿i-h-XvIr-X-amb kvXoXzsØ kvXo]-£-

Øp-\n∂v ]p\¿c-Nn-°p∂ coXn ae-bm-f-Ønse IYm-Im-cn-Iƒ Ah-ew-_n-®n-´p-

≠v. antYm-f-Pn-I-sf√mw shdpw ]cn-th-j-߃ amX-amsW∂pw At\Iw

kvssXWmhÿI-fpsS Xa-kvI-cW ߃ Ah-bn¬ kw`-hn-®n-

´p≠v F∂ Xncn-®-dn-hpw Cu ]p\-cm-Jym-\-ß-fn-ep-≠v. CXn-lmk IY-I-fpsSbpw

samgn-h-g-°-ß-fp-sSbpw IrXy-amb N -°q-Sn¬ ( ) \n∂p-sIm-≠p≈ kq£va-

hm-b-\-I-f√ tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn-ep-≈-Xv. ]p\-cm-Jym-\-ßsf kw_-‘n-®n-S-

tØmfw Hcp Xcw \yq\o-I-cW amWv tKkn kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

CXn-lm-k-߃, ]pcmhr-Ø-߃, ss__nƒ ssien-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS LS-\sb

Bt£-]-lm-ky-tØmsS kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw Xs‚- temIt_m[-Øns‚ tkz—m-

]-c-amb ]I¿∏p-I-fm-°n-am-‰p-Ibpw sNøp∂ kµ¿`-߃ tKkn-bpsS IY-I-

fn¬ D≠v. ssIkvXhaX-K-Ÿ-amb ss__n-fnse ]ta-b-ßfpw ssien-Ifpw

ap≥Ime k¿§m-fl-I-c-N-\-I-fn¬ ]e-cq-]-Øn¬ ]Xy-£-am-bn-´p-≠v. B[p-\n-I-

Xbv°v tij-ap≈ BJym-\-ß-fn¬ Bflob ]h¿≤-IXzw F∂ [¿ΩwXs∂

hna¿in-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. kzXz-Øns‚ Bflo-b-]-cn-k-c-߃°v ÿm\w \jvS-s∏-Sp∂p

F∂mWv CXn¬\n∂pw hnh£n-°p-∂-Xv. `n∂-ß-fmb kmwkvIm-cnI Imem-h-

ÿ-I-fpsS aniWw F∂ coXn-bn¬ ss__nƒ _nw_-߃, ssien-Iƒ F∂nh

tKkn-bpsS IYm-tem-I-Øp-≠v. ]q¿∆]mT-ß-fpsS ]ta-b-]-c-amb ]p\¿c-N\

F∂-Xn-\p-]cn LS-\m-]-c-amb ]p\x-krjvSn F∂ \ne-bn-emWv tKkn-bpsS IY-

Isf hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xv.

CXn-lmkIYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS ]p\¿c-N\

CXn-lm-k-߃ _rl-Zv]m-c-ºcy s‚ mK-am-Wv. Hmtcm

Ime-L-´-Øn-s‚bpw kzXz-k-¶ev]-߃°-\p-kr-X-ambn ]cn-W-an-∏n-°p-hm≥

]m]vX-amb Cem-kvXn-IX CXn-lm-k-ß-fpsS BJym-\-L-S-\-bn-ep-≠v. \pdpßv

kw -h-I-Y-Iƒ _rl-Zm-Jym-\-ß-fn¬ kpjn-c-ß-fp-≠m-°p∂p (2000:51) F∂v \h-

NcnXhmZn-Ifmb ImYdn≥ Kme-L¿, Ão^≥ Ko≥ªm‰v F∂n-h¿ ]d-bp-∂Xv

CXn-lm-k-L-S-\-bnse ]gp-Xp-Isf Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bm-Wv. kvXokz-Xz-]-T-\-ß-fpsS

coXn-imkvXw CXn-lm-k-I-Y-\-]m-c-º-cy-Øn\v hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb ]mcm-bW

km[y-X-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂p. kZm-Nm-cw, [m¿ΩnIX, _lp- m-cy-Xzw, _lp- ¿ØrXzw

XpSßnb hyh-ÿm-]nX kaq-l-k-¶-ev]-߃°p-≈n¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠p≈ CXn-

lmk]mcm-b-W-amWv Zo¿L-Imew C¥y≥ P\-Xsb `cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. CXn-lmk

IYm-]m-X-ßsf Imtem-Nn-X-ambn ]p\x-kr-jvSn-°p-tºm-gmWv Ahbv°v Imem-

\pkrX-amb ]cn-K-W-\-Iƒ e`n-°p-∂-Xv. CXn-lm-k-]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ hcp∂

IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS ]mcUn krjvSn-®p-s°m-≠p≈ IYm-c-N-\-bmWv tKkn kzoI-

cn°p∂Xv. kXy-h-Xn, Ip¥n, koX, cm[, ]©men F∂n-h¿ CXn-lm-k-ß-

fnepw ]pcm-W-ß-fnepw ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ BZ¿i-kvXo-Xz-ß-fm-Wv. Hcp GSns‚

kXy-k-‘-am-b-]-I¿∏v , th\-en¬ hoW-a-g-Øp≈n , koXm-b-\w , Iev]m-¥w ,

]m©men F∂o IY-I-sf Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bmWv tKkn-bpsS C-Xn-lm-km-kv]-Z-

amb IY-I-fnse kvssXW-k-¶-ev]sØ hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xv. `mjm-ssi-en-

bn¬ D≈-S°w sNø-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ ]Xy-b-im-kvX-amWv Cu IY-I-fn¬ D≈-Xv.

Hcp GSns‚ kXy-k-‘-am-b-]-I¿∏v

CXn-lm-k-I-Ym-iIeØns‚ ]p\¿cN\bmWv Xm≥ \S-Øp-hm≥ t]mIp-

∂-sX∂v t_m[-]q¿∆w ]Jym-]n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ LS\ Cu IY-bn¬ kzoI-cn-®n-

cn-°p-∂p.

Ah-fpsS Ip´n-sb-°p-dn®v GSn¬ Zo¿L-amb hnh-cWw AS-ßp-∂p.

Hcp]t£, AXmWv ImX-emb ]iv\-hpw. Ah-fpsS Ip´n°v X¥bn√mbn-cp-∂p-

sh∂v ImWp-∂p. AXv XnI™ Akw-_-‘-am-sW∂pw Ah-fpsS Ip™ns‚

A—≥ ]cm-i-c-ap-\n-bm-sW∂pw Imcy-߃ Xnc-°m≥ sN∂ Ab-esØ A`ypZ-

b-Imw-£n-I-fmb s]Æp-ß-tfmSv Ahƒ Bh¿Øn®p ]d™p .......... Imfn-µo-Xo-

csØ IS-Øp-Im-cn-s∏-Æns‚ IY-bpsS Npcpƒ \nh¿Øp-Ibpw Npcp-°p-Ibpw

sNøp∂ Hmf-ßfn¬ Ah-fpsS a\ v s]mßn-°n-S-°p-Ibpw Ae-k-ambn Hgp-Ip-

Ibpw sNbvXp ................... (1998 : 10˛11) F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ hnh-c-W-ß-fn¬ CXn-

lm-k-I-Y-bpsS h¿Ø-am\ A\p-_-‘-amWv D≈-Xv. A[n-Im-c-\n-jvT-amb ssewKn-

I-Nq-j-W-߃ Ncn-X-]-c-amb ]In-b-bm-sW∂ t_m[w Chn-sS-bp-≠v. Iqc-

ambn NXn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Ac-£n-X-bmb s]¨Ip- n-bpsS IYsb ]cm-icap\n, thZ-

hym-k≥, kXy-h-Xn- F∂n-h-cp-ambn- _‘n-∏n-®-Xn¬ \n∂pw BZ¿i ]cn-th-j-

ß-fn¬ Pohn-°p∂ sFXn-lm-knI ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS Nnc-¥\ aqey-ß-sfbpw B[n-

Im-cnI i_vZ-ß-sfbpw XI¿°p∂ kvXoI¿Ør-Xz-sØ-bmWv Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-

Xv. IYm-inev]-Øns‚ D≈n¬Øs∂ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ ASn-°p-dn∏v F∂

kt¶Xw Aa¿Ønh® lmky-Øns‚ kqN-I-am-Wv. ì Cu GSns‚ ]p\-cm-Jym\w

Ign-bp-∂X kwK-ln®pw \njv]-£-ambpw \n¿∆-ln-°p-hm≥ Rm≥ ian-®n-´p-

s≠∂v hmb-\-°m-cpsS ka£w Adn-bn®p sIm≈p∂p. (1998:11)

th\en¬ hoW ag-Øp≈n

ASn®-a¿Ø-s∏- tXm A\n-b-¥n-Xtam Bb kvssXWImaØns‚ NnXo-

I-c-W-amWv BXy¥nI-ambn Cu IY \n¿∆ln--°p-∂-Xv. Pohn-X-Øns‚ hnc-k-X-

Ifpw Ac-£n-X--Xz-ßfpw ho¿∏p-ap-´n-°p∂ Hcp s]¨Ip´n tdmUn-en-dßn A]-

cn-Nn-X-\mb kvIq´¿ bmXn-I-t\m-sSm∏w aZn-∏n-°p∂ thK-Øn¬ A\n-›n-X-ambn

bmX-sN-øp-Ibpw HSp-hn¬ Hcp tlm´¬ap-dn-bn¬ Abm-fpsS Cc-bm-hp-Ibpw

sNøp∂ Akm-[m-c-W-amb ]cy-h-km-\-ap≈ IY-bpsS hyXn-cn-‡-Xbv°v Hcp

ImcWw I\yI F∂ kvssXWm-h-ÿ-bpsS k¶o¿Æ-]Xn-cq-]-amb

Ip¥n bpsS hy‡n-Xz-hp-ambn s]¨Ip-´n-bpsS

kzXzsØ _‘n-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. I\y-ImXzw \in-∏n® sNdp-∏°m-c-\n¬ Hcp

\nan-jt\c-tØ-°p-W-cp∂ kl-Xm-]sØ Ahƒ Ah-⁄-tbmsS t\cnSp-∂p.

\n߃ Ip¥nsb tI´n-´nt√ ?

C√.

F¶n¬ Rm\mWp Ip¥n. Fs‚ a\- ns‚ Ccp-≠-a-S-°p-I-fn¬ A©p

a¥-߃ Rms\m-fn∏n®ph-®n-´p-≠v. Hmtcm thgvN Ign-bp-tºmgpw ho≠pw I\y-

I-bm-hm-\p≈ a¥w (1998: 17--- ˛18)

ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS kmwkvIm-cn-I-t_m-[-Øn¬ thcp-d-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂ i‡-amb

kvssXW-k¶ev]-amWv I\yI . CXn-lm-k-I-Y-IfnepS-\ofw A]-Yk©mc-

ß-fp-sSbpw AK-ay-K-a\ßfp-sSbpw IY-I-fp-s≠∂v C∂sØ ]mcm-bWkµ¿ -

ß-fn¬ hy‡-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. ‡n-\n-jvT-amb hmb-\-bpsS Hcp L -Øn¬h®v ]mXn-

hXyw, [m¿Ωn-I-X, NmcnXyw XpS-ßnb kvssXW--`m-h-߃°v ]apJyw ssIh-

∂p. AØcw Hcp Ime-L-´-Øns‚ ]mcm-b-W-kµ¿`Øn-emWv Ip¥n-bpsS

clkya¥-Øn\p Aeu-In-I-kn≤n e`n-°p-∂-Xv. Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-

cm¿≤-Øn¬ Fgp-X-s∏´ th\-en¬ hoW ag-Øp≈n F∂ IY-bpsS A¥¿a-

WvUew XnI®pw sshcp-≤ym-fl-I-am-Wv. kaqlsØ Ah-⁄-tbmsS ho£n-

°p∂ coXn-bmWv Cu IY-bnep-≈-Xv.

Abm-fpsS hnf-dn-t∏mb apJØp t\m°n Hcp kv]nMv Ab-bp-tºmse

Ahƒ Nncn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. IÆn¬ sh≈w \nd™v, InX®v izmkw ap´n. F∂n´pw

\n¿ØmsX Ahƒ InS-°-bn-ep-cp-≠p . (1998:18) CXn-lm-km-kv]-Z-amb ka-Im-

eo\kvXo]mTw Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw kvXoi-co-c-Øn-t\¬°p∂ BLm-

X-ßsf ISpØ ZpxJ-tØmsSbpw Bfl-\n-µ-tbmsSbpw ho£n-°p∂ s]¨Im-

gvN-bmWv ChnsS D≈Xv.

koXm-b\w

`mc-XobkvXoXz-Øns‚ Nmcn-Xy-ip-≤n, ]mXn-hXyw F∂o k¶-ev-]-ß-

fpsS BZ¿i-am-Xr-I-bmWv koX. sshZn-I-Im-esØ [¿Ω-imkvX߃ krjvSn®

[z\nbpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn-te°v \o≠p-t]m-Ip∂ ]Xn-[z-\n-bpamWv koX. ]e \ma-

ß-fnepw Ncn-X-Øn-ep-S-\ofw koX°v XpS¿®Iƒ e`y-am-Ip-∂p-≠v.

`mcy, AΩ F∂o \ne-I-fn-ep≈ kpL-Sn-X-amb IpSpw-_-_-‘-Ønse

kvXoXzw ]q¿Æ-ambn A]-am-\n-°-s∏-´-t∏mgpw iocm-a≥ F∂ cmPm-hns‚

cmP-[¿Ω-߃°p ap≥]n¬ kvssXW-\o-Xn-Iƒ°v ÿm\w e`n-®n√ F∂Xv

bmYm¿∞y--am-Wv. HutZym-Kn-I-Pohn-X-Øns‚ kpc£nXXz-Øn\p th≠n hf-s®m-

Sn-°m-hp∂ Cem-kvXn-I-amb cmK-_-‘-amWv cmam-b-W-Øns‚ kq£vam-¥¿K-

Xw. tKkn-bpsS koXm-b\w F∂ IY koX-bpsS n∂-ßfmb kzXzm-h¿Ø-

\-ßsf kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. KoX F∂ IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ Pohn-XsØ tIµo-I-cn-

®p-sIm-≠p≈ Cu IY-bn¬ kam¥cmJym\w F∂ \ne-

bn-emWp koX-bpsS ]cm-a¿i-߃ hcp-∂-Xv. koX ]mXn-h-Xy-Øns‚bpw Nmcn-

Xy-ip-≤n-bp-sSbpw amX-a√ Ac-£n-X-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw A]-am-\-Nn-¥-I-fp-sSbpw

]Xo-I-am-sW∂ [z\n Cu IY-bn-ep-≠v. ChnsS kvXobpsS al-Xz-h-XvI-c-W-an-

√. kvssXWm-h-ÿ-bp-sS ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-amb kqN-\-Iƒ amX-ta-bp-≈q. dn -tb¿Uv

kvIqƒ hm≤ym-cpsS aI-fmb KoX ¿Øm-hmb iocm-aNµs‚ HutZym-KnIamb

kzm¿∞ taml-߃°pth≠n ]c-]p-cp-j-K-a-\-Øn\p t]cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. cmam-

bW IYm]m-X-amb koX bn¬ \n∂pw KoX hyXy-kvX-bm-Ip-∂Xv ka-Im-

eo-\-amb Nne IpSpw_ k¶-ev]-ßfnemsW∂v IYm-IrØv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.

cmP-hw-i-Øns‚ kwc-£-I-cmb B¨a-°sf hf¿Øm-\p≈XpsIm-≠mWv koX

£a-bpsS aq¿Øn-bmbn \nc-¥cw ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-sX∂v IYm-IrØv ]tcm-£-

ambn kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]t£, koX-bpsS ]Xn-cq]ßfmbn Ncn-X-Øn¬

]Xy£cm-Ip∂ kvXoIƒ°v AkvXn-Xz-]-iv\-ßtf°mƒ Ac-£n-X-`o-Xn-bm-

Wp-≈-sX∂p hy-‡-am-Ip-∂p. DÆnIfpsS ap∂n¬sh®pw A]-am-\n-X-bm-Ip-

tºmƒ DZcw ]nf¿∂v Xs∂ ho≠pw ssIs°m-≈p∂ aÆns‚ DZm-c-X-b-dn™v

koX ]ns∂bpw XWp-Øp. ]t£, Ct∏mƒ KoXbv°v XWp-°m-\m-hn-√-t√m.

KoX Cc-´-s]-‰Xv Da-sbbpw ca-sb-bp-am-Wt√m! (1997:14)

sh¥p-a-e® Hcp amwk-]n-WvU-ambn InS-°p-tºm-gmWv KoXbv°v ap÷-∑-

kvar-Xn-bp-≠m-b-Xv. ]mWs‚ sI v hnßn hnßn Agn-bp-tºmƒ P∑-ß-fpsS Ccp≠

\m´p-h-gn-bn-eqsS kvarXn-bpsS shfn®w hnd®p hnd®p \oßn KoX koXbmbn-

cp-∂p..........-Ko-X-bpsS Hm¿Ω s]m´n-sØ-dn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Np‰pw ]c-s∂m-gp-Ip∂ Ccp-

fn-eqsS- ]m-Ws‚ Ah-km-\sØ sI´p-a-gn™p KoX ASpØ P∑-Øns‚ Zpc-

¥-Øn-te°p-bm-X-bm-hp-I-bm-Wv.....î (1997: 13˛14)

s]¨Ip-´n-I-fp≈ AΩ-am¿ A]-am-\n-X-amb Pohn-X-tØmSv k‘n-sN-øm-

\m-ImsX kzbw Ah-km-\n-∏n-t°-≠-n-h-cp∂p-sh-∂Xv \n¿Æm-bI kzXz-]-Xn-k-

‘n-bm-Wv. ]pcp-j-kz-Xz-Øn¬ \n∂v kvXoXzsØ hyXn-cn-‡-am-°p∂ AXn-i-

‡-amb A¥¿bm-Ym¿∞y-ambn amXr-XzsØ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p koX F∂

_nw_w ]cn-h¿Ø-\-tijn Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv koXm-b\w F∂ IY-

bpsS ^e-ip-Xn.

Ie-v]m¥w

CXnlm-k-ß-fnepw ]pcm-W-ß-fnepw antYm-f-Pn-I-fnepw Bh¿Øn-®p-h-cp∂

BZ¿i-]-W-b-I-Y-bnse IYm-]m-X-ß-fmWv cm[m-Ir-jvW-∑m¿. hyh-ÿm-]n-Xhpw

hnc-k-hp-amb Zmº-Xy-Pohn-X-Øn\p kam-¥-c-ambn kvXo]p-cpja\- p-I-fn¬ cq]-

s∏-Sp∂ ImapIoImapI`m-hsØbmWv cm[m-Ir-jvW-]-Wbw ]Xn-\n-[o-

I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Iev-]m¥w F∂ IY-bnse cm[bpw IrjvW≥Ip-´nbpw

kqN-I-I-Ym-]m-X-ß-fm-Wv. Cu IY-bnse IYm-]m-X-߃t°m ]ta-b-Ønt\m

cm[m-Ir-jvW-]-W-b-k-¶-ev-]-hp-ambn ]Xy-£-_-‘-sam-∂p-an-√. ]t£, BJym-

\-Øns‚ hnhn[ AS-cp-Iƒ Iev]m¥Øn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p. cm[bpw

IrjvW≥Ip-´nbpw a¨a-d™ apØ-∏≥am-cpw, Ah-cpsS t_m[hpw A-t_m-

[hpsa√mw IpSn-°p-g™ tIµ-c-ln-X-amb Cu BJym-\-Øns‚

Xm\ Øn¬ CS-°nsS ]ucm-Wn-I-_nw -_-ß--fpsS ssien IS-∂p-h-cp-∂p.

tKkn-bpsS IY-bnse cm[ Akq-b-bpsS aq¿Ø-cq-]-am-Wv. Ab¬ho-´nse

]q¿Æ-K¿`n-Wn-bmb sXtc-k-bpsS `¿Ømhns‚ AIm-e-a-c-W-Øn¬ a\- p-

sIm≠v KqV--ambn B\-µn-°p∂ kvXoa-\- n-s\-bmWv cm[ ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-

∂-Xv. kvssXWtNX-\-bpsS k¶o¿Æ-amb kzXz-ßsf t\cn -Sp -hm≥

IrjvW≥Ip´n Ai-‡-\m-Ip-∂p.

IrjvW≥Ip- n°v ]\n-°m≥ XpS-ßn. Ip´n-°mew apX¬t° ]\n Abmsf

CS-°nsS \o‰n-bn-cp-∂p. ]\n-®q-Sn¬ Xnf-®p-a-dn-bp-tºmƒ Ccp-´n-em-≠p-t]m-ImsX

IrjvW≥Ip´n Ft∏mgpw F¥ntem ]nSn®v s]m¥n-°n-S-∂p.

..............A\m-Zn-bmb Ccpƒ ]c-°p-I-bm-Wv. ]f-b-Pew `qansb hngp-ßp-I-bm-Wv.

lm! IjvSw! \Ωƒ apßp-I-bmWv lm! (1996:41)

]c-kv]c[mc-W-Iƒ C√mØ, Imap-IXzw \in®p Ign™ Zmº-XyPo-

-hn-X-Øns‚ ]Xo-Im-fl-I-amb A¥y-amWv Iev]m¥w F∂ IY Ah-X-cn-

∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Pnhn-°m-\p≈ KpWmflI( ) C—-Iƒ C√msXbmIp-∂p. cm[m-

Ir-jvW]W-b-k-¶-ev]-Øn\p hncp-≤-amb _nw_-tbm-P-\bpw ]Xy-b-im-kvX-

]-c-amb ]p\-cm-Jym-\-hp-amWv Iev]m¥w F∂ IY-bn-ep-≈-Xv.

]m©men

tKkn Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p≈ CXn-lm--km-¥¿K-X-cmb kvXoI-Ym-]m-X-ß-

fpsS tiWn-bn¬ BJym-\-k-hn-ti-j-X-sIm≠pw kml-knI mhp-I-Xzw-sIm≠pw

i‡-amb IY-bmWv ]m©m-en. _lp-`m-cy-mXzhpw _lp-`¿Ør-Xzhpw \ne-\n-

∂n-cp∂ Ahy-h-ÿn-X-amb Ime-L-´-Øns‚ ]Xn-\n-[n-bm-bn-cn∂n´pIqSn ]nev-

°m-e-]m-cm-b-W-ß-fn¬ ]m©m-en-bpsS ]mXn-h-Xy-Øn\p ]k-‡n-ssIh∂p.

kq£v-a-hm-b-\-bn¬ ]mcm-b-W-]-≤-Xn-I-fpsS N´-°qSn\p Iog-S-ßmØ

k¶o¿Æamb kvssXW-hy-‡n-XzamWv ]m©m-en-bp-tS-Xv. tKkn-bpsS

]m©men F∂ IY ]Xn-]mTw F∂ \ne-bn-em-Wv ]k-‡n-bm¿÷n-

°p-∂-Xv. Akw-Xr-]vX-amb Zmº-Xy-PohnXw A\p-`-hn-°p∂ kvXobpsS ]Xn-cq-

]-ambn ]m©m-en-am-dp-∂p. ]m©men F∂ IY-bpsS LS\ ]ucm-Wn-I-am-Wv.

]m©men IrjvW-s\-bmWv BXy-¥n-I-ambn ]W-bn-®n-cp-∂-sX∂ bmYm¿∞y-

Øn¬\n∂p-sIm-≠mWv IY-bpsS Bhn-jvImcw \S-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]mWvUh-

cpsS _e-lo-\-amb Ima-tI-fn-I-tfm-Sp≈ Ah-⁄bpw ]p—hpw IYm-¥y-Øn¬

kv]jvS-am-Wv. ]ucm-Wn-I-Im-ehpw h¿Ø-am-\-Im-ehpw XΩn-ep≈ IqSn-t®-c-emWv

BJym-\-]-c-ambn ]m©men sb hyXy-kvX-am-°p-∂-Xv.

BZy-cm-Xn-bn¬ \mgn-bpcn sIm≈p∂ Hcp sam¥-bmWv ]m¬ \nd®v

AΩm-bn-bΩ acp-a-Isf Gev-]n-®-Xv. h[p-hns‚ apJsØ Aº-c-∏p-I≠v Cfw-Nn-

cn-tbmsS Ah¿ ]d-™p.

^¬Kp-hns‚ Iev]-\-bm-Wv.

IrjvW IS-∂p-sN-√p-tºmƒ Abmƒ InS-°-bn¬ Nmcn-°n-S∂v knK-c‰v

]pI-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p..............

sam¥ tai-∏p-d-Øp-sh-°p∂ i_vZw tI´v Abmƒ Xncn™p t\m°n.

At∏mƒ Abmƒ°v Hcm-fpsSamXw apJ-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. \me-©p-t]¿ Abm-fn¬

Xn°n-Xn-c°n \n¬°p-∂-Xp-I≠v ]I®v IrjvW-bpsS lrZ-b-an-Sn∏v sX‰n ..............

(2004:65)

IY-bpsS LS\ AXy¥w k¶o¿Æ-am-Wv. IrjvW-bpsS Ab¬]°Øv

Xma-kn-°m-s\-Øp∂ A©v sNdp-∏-°mcn¬ Hcm-fmWv ^¬Kp-\≥ F∂v IY-

bpsS ]Xy-£-X-e-Øn¬ hy‡amWv. Rm≥ hmin-tbmsS ]Tn-®p. a’-c-]-co-

£-I-fn-sems° hotdmsS ]s¶-Sp-Øp. G‰hpw \√ DtZymKw sXc-s™-SpØv

\ns‚ A—s‚ ap∂n¬ s\©p-hn-cn®p \n∂p. \ns∂ Atßcv F\n°v Xcn-Ibpw

sNbvXp. F∂mepw Fs‚ Nßm-Xn-amsc ad-°m≥ ]mSn-√-t√m. C∂p apX¬ \ns∂

Rm≥ A©mbn ]¶phbv°p-I-bm-Wv . (2004 : 66). ]pcpjkØ-bnse A©v

ssewKnI i‡n-I-sfbmWv ]mWvU-h¿ F∂ k¶ev]w IYm-h-XvI-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

kvXo˛]pcpj _‘-Øn¬ Dƒt®¿∂ncn-°p∂ ssewKn-Im-k-‡n-I-fpsS

a\xim-kvX-]-chpw Iem-fl-I-hp-amb BhnjvIm-c--amWv ]m©m-en. ]pcpj

ssewKnI-X-bpsS ssien-Isf A©m-bn-Øs∂ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.

hfsc am\y-\mWv [¿Ω-]p-X¿. kvXoI-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ ]tXy-In-®pw.

IrjvW-bpsS DS¬ Hcp-h´w arZp-hmbn XgpIn Abmƒ Ah-fn-te°p IS-∂p.

thKw ia\w t\Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

]nt‰∂v cmXn-bn¬ `oa-\n-d-ßnb Ieym-W-ku-K-‘nIs]mbvI-t]mse

IrjvW Ie-ßn-a-dn-™p.

Hcp aqfn∏mt´m-sS-bmWv aq∂m-asØ cmXn-bn-te°v A¿÷p-\≥ IS∂p

hcp-∂-Xv. Abm-fpsS ]W-bm¿Z-amb angn-Iƒ IrjvWsb Gsdt\cw Dgn-

™p. Abm-fpsS hnc-ep-I-fn¬ cXn-cm-K-߃ s]cp-Øp. F¶nepw IrjvW

Aen-™n-√.

kpµ-c≥ \Ip-e\mWv. ]t£, \Ip-e≥ kvt\ln-°p-∂Xv kz¥w ico-

csØ amXw. kvXo ico-c-tØmSv Abmƒ°v Xosc-bn√ Bk-‡n.

\mW-a-I∂v kl-tZ-h≥ hnPw-`n-®p. Abm-fpsS hocyw Xmßm-\m-hmsX

IrjvW ]√p-Iƒ tIm¿Øv sRcn-®p. Cu Ifn Dug-an´v Ft∂°pw XpS-cp-sa∂v

Ahƒ°v Xo¿®-bm-bn . (2004 : 67˛68)

Cßs\, hnhn-[-Xcw hnIm-c-]-I-S-\-ß-fn-eqsS kvXoXzsØ am\n-°mØ

]pcp-j-ssew-KnI-X-bpsS kvt\l-iq-\y-amb B[n-]-Xy-sØ-bmWv ]Xo-Im-fl-

I-amb ]ucm-Wn-Im-¥-co-£-Øn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. tKkn-bpsS

At\Iw IY-I-fn¬ Bh¿Øn-°p∂ Pmc-i¶ ChnsS as‰m-cp-am\w tXSp-∂p.

B]Øv ImeØv kvt\ln-°p∂ Hcp Imap-I-k-¶ev]w F∂-Xn\v ]oXmw-_-c-]-

`-bn¬ apßnb Ah-fpsS apdn F∂p-am-Xta ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p-≈q.

tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fnse kvXokz-Xz-Nn-Xo-I-cWw D]-cn-π-h-a-√. ]pcp-j-]-

£Øpw kvXo ]£Øp\n∂p≈ kq£va-amb A\p- -h-hn-i-I-e\w ChnsS D≠v.

b£n- -K-‘¿∆ kqN-I-߃; ]pcm-hrØ hni-I-e\w

X∂n¬Ø-s∂-bp≈ A]c Øns‚ km∂n-≤ysØ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥

]pcm-hrØ kqN-I-ß-fpsS LS-\sb Fgp-Øp-Imcn Ah-ew-_n-°p-∂p-≠v. \nc-

¥-c-amb ]cn-Wm-a-߃°pw hyXn-bm-\-߃°pw hnt[-b-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂

kzXz -Øns‚ A]-\n¿Ωm -Whpw ]p\¿c -N -\bpw

km[y-am-Ip-∂-Xv, kaq-l-a-\- n¬ A¥¿eo-\-am-bn-cn-°p∂ ]pcm-

hrØ ßsf D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fnepw

Hm¿Ω-°p-dn∏p-I-fnepw Imhpkw_-‘n-bmb BZn-]-cq-]-ß-fpsS km∂n-≤y-ap-≠v.

kvXo]p-cpj\njvTamb kuµ-cy-k-¶ev]-ß-fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-am-bn- mWv IYm-L-

S-\-bn¬ Cu kqN-I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏- n- p-≈-Xv. Ah-bn¬ hni-I-e\w A¿ln-

°p∂ i‡-amb ]pcm-hrØ _nw_-ß-fmWv b£n ˛ K‘¿∆-k-¶ev]w.

b£n- -K-‘¿∆-k-¶ev]w tIc-f-Ønse A\p-jvTm-\-]-≤-Xn-I-fnepw kmwkvIm-

cn-I-amb samgn-h-g-°-ß-fnepw n∂-X-tbm-sS-bmWv kzoI-cn-°-s∏- n- p-≈-Xv. b£n-

_nw-_hpw Ah-tbmSv IÆn-tN-cp∂ K‘¿∆ ]cm-a¿i-ßfpw kvXo]pcpjkw_-

‘n-bmb ^m‚-kn-Iƒ amX-a-√. Hcp ]tXyI Ime-L´w cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb

kvssXW-kz-Xz-Øns‚ ]Xn-^-e-\-߃ Cu k¶ev]-ßfn¬ D≠v. AXp-

sIm≠pXs∂ b£n-Ifpw K‘¿∆∑mcpw Ah-cpsS `mam-flItemI-ß-fn¬ kzX-

¥-cm-bn-cp∂n-√ F∂v tIc-f-Øns‚ AXnk¶o¿Æ-amb Ncn-X-KXn hy‡-am-

°p∂p. ssZh-tI-µn-X-amb c≠v kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS Ie¿∏p-Iƒ tIc-f-kw-kvIm-

c-Øn¬ i‡-am-bn- p-≈-Xn-\m¬ b£n-Iƒ \mtSmSn ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ mK-

ambpw, K‘¿∆-∑m¿ tZhmwiw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ kmXznI Imap-I-∑m-cmbpw Ncn-X-

K-Xn-bn¬ kzXz-am¿÷n-°p-∂p. tIc-f-Ønse b£n-˛-K-‘¿∆ A\p-jvTm\ k¶-

ev]-ßsf hni-I-e\w sNøp-tºmƒ ssZh-imkvXw Fßs\ kvXokz-XzsØ

cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-sh∂pw hy‡-am-Ip-∂p.

s\‰n-bn¬ s]m´p-sXm-Sp∂ cq]-Øn-ep≈ kpµ-cn-b£n k¶ev]-Øntem

IÆmSn _nw_-amtbm BWv b£nsb ][m-\-ambpw Bcm-[n-°p-∂-Xv. hm¬°-

ÆmSn ]nSn®p \n¬°p∂ hn[-Øntem K‘¿∆-t\m-sSm∏w Ccn-°p∂ hn[-Øntem

BWv KW-I-∑m¿ b£n-t°m-e-߃ hc-bv°m-dp-≈Xv . (2005 : 52) F∂n-ßs\

10

tIc-f-Øns‚ tZh-Xm-k-¶ev]-ß-fn¬ hnhn[ Xc-Øn-ep≈ b£n k¶ev]-߃

D≈-Xmbn Fw.-Pn. iin-`q-j¨ hnh-cn-®n-´p-≠v. apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n® ]kvXm-h-\-

bn¬ \n∂pw b£nkw_-‘n-bmb Bcm-[\mhyh-ÿnXnbpsS kz`mhw hy‡-

am-Ip-∂p-≠v.

01. b£n \mtSmSn kwkvIm-c-Ønse tZhXm k¶-ev]-am-Wv.

02. A_m-“-Wn-I-amb a¥-hm-Z-amWv b£n-]q-P-bn-ep-≈-Xv.

03. emky-]-[m-\-amb kvssXW-kz-Xz-am-bmWv b£n k¶ev∏n-°-s∏- n-cn-°p-

∂-Xv.

04. kvXo]p-cp-j-k-a-\zn-X-amb Pnhn-X-k-¶ev]w b£n Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p.

b£n-kw_-‘n-bmb A\p-jvTm-\-]-≤-Xn-I-fn¬\n∂pw `n∂-ambn ]pcp-j-

∑msc hio-I-cn®v HSp-°p∂ Ima-cq-]n-Wn-I-fm-bn-´mWv b£n-Iƒ tIc-fob-cpsS

At_m-[-Øn¬ \ne-bp-d-∏n-®n- p-≈-Xv. A\nb¥nXamb kvssXW-Im-asØ ]pcp-

j-]-£-Øp-\n∂p ho£n-t°-≠n-h-cp-tºm-sg-√mw, b£n °v ss]imNn-I-amb mhw

ae-bm-f-]-Zm-h-en-Ifpw temI-t_m-[-ßfpw \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. b£s‚ kvXo F∂pw

s]mXpth thj-wam-dpIbpw P\-]o-U-sN-øp-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp Xcw ]nimNv

F∂pamWv i_vZ-Xm-cm-h-en (1931)b£nsb hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. tNmc-Ip-Sn-°p∂

Ima-tZ-hX F∂- A¿∞hy-Xn-bm-\-Øn-te°v kpµ-c-b£n k¶ev]w FØn-

s∏-´-Xv kwkvIm-c-N-cn-X-Øns‚ ]n≥_-e-tØm-sS-bm-Wv.

kvXokzm-X-¥ysØ `b-°p-Ibpw ASn-®-a¿Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂ ]pcp-j-

tem-I-Øns‚ amXw krjvSn-b√ tIc-f-Ønse b£n-]p-cm-hr-Øw. Imc-Ww, tIc-

f-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ ambm-b-£n-°m-hp-Iƒ (A-Sq¿, Hm®n-d) CXn\p A]-hm-Z-

am-Wv. k¿∆-X¥-kz-X-¥-amb ]Ir-Xym-cm-[-\-Iƒ°p-ta¬ A[o-iXzw ÿm]n®

_m“-W-]u-tcm-ln-Xy-Øns‚ AS-™-ho-£-W-amWv b£n-k-¶ev]-Øn¬ ]Xn-

^-en-°p-∂-Xv. sshZn-I-kw-kvImcw kvXoku-µ-cy-tØmSpw kzmX-¥y-tØmSpw

]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂ Bk‡-n-I-fp-sSbpw Ah-K-W-\-I-fp-sSbpw kzm[o\w tIc-fo-

b-amb b£n-k-¶ev]-Øn-ep-≠v. kuµ-cyw, ]Wbw XpS-ßnb A\p-cm-K-_-≤-

amb LS-I-ßsf amb amX-ambn ImWp-Ibpw Imaw F∂ Ah-ÿbv°v

]mamWyw ssIh-cn-Ibpw sNbvX Ncn-X-k‘nIqSn ]pcm-hrØ hniI-e-\-Øn¬

kqNn-X-am-Ip-∂p≠v. tZho-am-lm-fly-Øn s‚ Fgp-tØm-e-Iƒ sIm≠p-amXw

Bfl-\n-b-¥-Whpw c£bpw Is≠-Øn-bn-cp∂ _m“-W-sc-bmWv b£n-Iƒ

s]mXpth ]tem- n-∏n®ncp∂-sX∂Xv sFXn-ly-ame (1898˛1909) bnse kq£vam-

¿∞am-Wv.

K‘¿∆≥ F∂ ]pcm-hrØ_nw_Øn\v ]pd-In¬ h¿Øn-°p∂ a\x-

imkvXw AXy¥w Imev]-\n-I-am-Wv. \nXy-\q-X-\-amb Zmº-Xy-Po-hnXw BK-ln-

°p∂ kvXoa\- p-IfpsS BZ¿iImap-I-\mbn ( ) K‘¿∆≥ ]cn-K-

Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. BK-ln-°p-∂-sX¥pw \nd-th-‰n-s°m-Sp-°p-∂ ]pcp-j≥ F∂

k¶-ev]-amWv K‘¿∆-\nse a\p-jymwiØnep-≈Xv. D®m-S\ kw_-‘n-bmb a¥-

hm-Z-co-Xn-I-fn¬hsc K‘¿∆s\ kw_-‘n® Imev]-\n-I-am\w (

) \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-≠v. kpIp-am-c-I-e-I-fpsS A[n-\m-Y-\mbpw klr-Z-

bXz-Øns‚ ]Xo-I-ambpw k¶ev]n-°-s∏-Sp∂ K‘¿∆-∑m-cpsS D®m-S-\-߃ s]mXp-

a-¥-hm-Z-co-Xn-bn¬\n∂pw `n∂-ambn \n¬°p-∂p. £Wn®p hcp-Øn, A\p-hmZw

tNmZn®v kvXoi-co-c-Øn¬\n∂pw _lp-am-\-]q¿∆w Hgn∏n®p hnSp∂ Imev]-\nI-

amb A¥¿\m-S-I-ß-fmWv K‘¿∆-]q-P-Iƒ. ]pcp-j-a-\- ns‚ BZ¿i-_nw-_-ambn

b£n hnI-kn-°p-∂n√. ]t£, kvXo a\- ns‚ `am-fl-I-kq-N-I-ambn K‘¿∆≥

\ne-\n¬°p-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv b£n˛K‘¿∆ ]pcm-hr-Ø-ß-fnse sshcp-≤yw.

tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬, \ne\n¬°p∂ b£n- -K-‘¿∆ ]pcm-hr-Ø-߃°v

]qc-I-amb BJym-\-tem-I-amWv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kuµ-cy-\n-jvT-amb IYm-

]-›m-Øew F∂-Xn-\p-]cn ]pcm-hr-Ø-Øns‚ ]p\¿c-N\ (

) F∂ Xe-Øn-te°v Db-cp∂ IY-Iƒ A]q¿∆-am-Wv. AXm-bXv b£n

F∂ kvssXW-_nw-_-sØ-°p-dn®v \ne-\n¬°p∂ samgn-h-g-°-߃°v BJym-

\-]camb hnt—Zw hcp-Øp-hm≥ km[n-®n-´n-√. Hcp P\-X-bpsS At_m-[-Øn¬

ebn-®p-tN¿∂n-cn-°p-∂ hwio-bhpw tKmX-]-c-hp-amb kvac-W-I-fpsS A¿∞-hy-

Xn-bm\w km[y-am-Ip-tºmƒ amX-amWv ]p\¿c-N-\-bmbn amdp-∂-Xv. anØp-I-sf-

°p-dn-®p≈ imkvXo-b-hn-i-I-e-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v anØv Ahn-X¿°n-X-ambn kzoI-

cn-t°≠ kmwkvIm-cnI ]mT-a√ F∂pw, kzXzm-[n-jvTn-X-ambn \nc-¥cw ]p\¿c-

Nn-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-sW∂pw Is≠-Øp-∂p. tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ ]pcm-hr-Ø-

ß-fpsS ssieo-]-c-amb A\p-I-c-W-ß-fmWv D≈-Xv.

b£n-kq-N-\-Iƒ

01 b£nbm! kq£nt®m! tNmc-Ip-Sn-°p∂ C\am! Rm≥ Nncn-®p. Ahƒ

Ft∂w-sIm≠p Icn-º-\-bpsS apI-fn-te°p ]d-°p-∂Xpw CdpsI ]pW¿∂p

Np≠p-I-fn¬ Npw_n-®p tNmc-bq-‰p-∂Xpw amwkw Im¿∂p-Xn-∂p-∂Xpw F√pIƒ

Idp-apsd Nh-®p-Xp-∏p-∂-Xp-sams° Hm¿Øv Rm≥ tcmam-©w-sIm≠p .

(eq-bn-c-≠m-as‚ hncp-∂v, 1996:24)

02 ]mhw sIfh≥! \ns∂-t∏m-semcp b£nsb Xmßm≥ aq∏¿°v ]‰q√m.....!

\o Ctßm-´p-hmtbm! (I√p:1996:30)

03 hmXn-en¬ ap´n-b-t∏mƒ Ahƒ ae¿s° Xpd-∂p. b£n-°Ybn¬ \n∂n-

d-ßn-h∂ Hcp cmP-Ip-am-cn-sb-t∏mse kpµ-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p Ahƒ . (am¥n-I°-

Æm-Sn, 2005:173)

11

04 \K-c-lr-Z-b-Øns‚ Hcp tImWn¬ [ym\-Øn-ea-¿∂p \n¬°p∂ B

]gb hoSv Ahsf Ft∏mgpw Hcp- Im-¥w-t]mse BI¿jn®p..... C√n-°m-Sn-\-

∏pdw ]¥-en®p \n¬°p∂ Ggnew]me ]q°p-tºmƒ ]m¿°m≥ FØp∂ b£n-

tbmSv tNmZn°m≥ Ahƒ Ipsd tNmZy-߃ Icp-Xn-sh-®p. (\mb-bp≠v kq£n-

°pI, 2004:50)

K‘¿∆-kq-N\

IÆmSnbn¬\n∂v sh´n-Øn-cn™v Ahƒ D∑m-Zn-\n-sb-t∏mse s]m´n-®n-cn-

®p. Bbntcmw c≠m-bn-tcm-sams° \nßsfSp-tØm-≈q, F\n°v G‰hpw kpµ-c-

\mb K‘¿∆-s\ -°q´n\v X∂m¬ aXn. Aßs\-sbmcp cl-ky-Øns‚ I®n-Xp-

cp-sº-sa-¶n-√p-an-√msX Cu Pohn-X-Ønseß-s\-bmWv ]nSn®p \n¬°p-I....?

(\mb-bp≠v kq£n-°pI, 2004 : 50,51)

tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ kmµ¿`n-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp∂ ]pcm-hrØ

_nw_-߃°v inev]-]-c-amb LS\ e`n-°p-∂Xv tZhoalmflyw F∂ IY-bn-

em-Wv. tZhoalm-fly -Ønse kvXoI-Ym-]m-X߃°v kqNI\ma-ß-fmWv D≈-

Xv. \oen, tZhn F∂o hncp≤ kvXoZ¿i-\-ßsf Dƒs°m-≈p∂ h¿§-\m-a-߃

kmwkvIm-cnI hncp-≤-X-I-fn¬\n∂pw cq]w-sIm-≈p∂ A[o-i-]-Xy-b-im-kvX-

ßsf At£-]-lm-ky-tØmsS Xncp-Øn-sb-gp-Xp∂ tZho-a-lm-flysØ anØns‚

ssieo]-c-amb ]p\xkrjvSn- F∂ hn`m-K-Øn--emWv Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≈-Xv. h©n-

°-s∏´ kvssXW-kzXzw F∂ k¶ev]-Øn-emWv \oen sb NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂-

Xv. Iq´p-Im-cn-bmb tZhn, Xs‚ ]q¿∆Im-ap-I\pw tZhnbpsS ¿Øm-hpamb ]Im-

i≥ F∂n-h¿ h¿j-ß-ƒ°pti-jw, Ahn-hm-ln-X-bmbn Pnhn°p∂ \oen-bpsS

^vfm‰n¬ kulr-Z-k-µ¿i-\-Øn\p FØp-∂p. IY-bpsS ]tabw ]pcm-hr-Ø-

kq-N-I-ß-fpsS hnhn[ ÿe-Im-e-ß-fn-te°v ]t£-]n--°-s∏-Sp-∂p. AXn¬

\oen°v I≈n-bm-¶m´p \oen-sb∂ ss]im-Nn-I-b-£n-bpsS A¿∞-hym]vXn

e`n-°p-∂p. b£n®ncn, I≈nb¶mSv, ]\, NpÆmºv, ktΩm-l-\-®n-cn, Dc¬cq-]n-

bmb]oTw, ]me, ZwjvS, tNmc-bn-‰p∂ \mhv, tZhoamlmflyw F∂o

Xmt°m¬hm°p-Iƒ ( ) IY-bpsS ]Z-tIm-i-ß-fn¬ D≠v. ]pcm-

hrØ]c-amb IYm-L-S-\-bn-te-°p≈ kqN-I-]-Z-ß-fm-Wn-h.

AI-tØ°v IS∂ tZhn icn°pw A‘m-fn-®p. I≈n-b¶mSv F∂ vfm‰n\v

t]cn-´Xpw t]mcm™v N´n-bn-sems° \nd®v ]t\w ]nSn-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂p!

]\-I-fn-s√-¶n¬ b£osS KXnsb¥mhpw tZhn? Rm≥ an°-Zn-h-khpw

NpÆmºv tNmZn®v ab°n Hmtcm ]pcp-jt\w Ctßm´v Iq´n-s°m≠v hcpw. Dug-

an´v Hmtcm ]\-bpsS apI-fn-emWv ambm-am-fnI Xo¿°p-I. t\cw shfp-°p-tºm

]\-t©m- n¬ Ah-cp-sS-sbms° F√pw \tJmw apSow amXw Ah-ti-jn-°pw......

Nmb-Ø-s´-SpØv s]m≈p∂ Nncn-bn-eqsS \oen kzo-I-c-W-ap-dn-bn-te°v \S-

∂p. Nmb°∏v ssIam-dn -b -t∏mƒ ]Im-is‚ Pn⁄mk \oen -bpsS

hnc¬Øpºn¬ sXm´p.

b£n°v DjvW-c-‡tam ioX-c-‡tam? (2004:56˛58)

Ahn-hm-ln-X-bmb kvXo, Ah-fpsS kzmX¥yw, kuµ-cyw, Imaw XpS-

ßnb imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb AhÿItfm-Sp-≈ kaqlØns‚ kzm`m-

hnI ]Xn-I-c-W-ß-ƒ apI-fn¬ D≤-cn® hcn-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p-≠v. tZho-a-

lmflyw F∂ IY Ah-km-\n-°p-∂Xv A\n-b-¥n-Xhpw A]-cn-Nn-X-hp-amb

kvssXW-kz-XzsØ t\cn-Sp-hm≥ tZho-a-lmflyw At\z-jn°pItb \nh¿Øn-

bp≈q F∂ Bt£-]-lmky ]kvXm-h-\-tbm-sS-bmWv. ]ta-b-]-c-amb ]cn-

h¿Ø\w F∂-Xn-\p-]cn hyXn-cn-‡-amb BJym-\-k-t¶Xw F∂ \ne-bn-emWv

tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ ]pcm-hr-Ø-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xv. Nmap-WvUn,

\mK-b-£n, Ip´n-®m-Ø≥ XpS-ßnb \m´p-ssZ-h-ß-fpsS A¥¿ÿ-e-ambn tKkn-

bpsS IY-Iƒ amdp-∂Xv ssieo-]-c-amb ]tXy-I-X-sIm-≠m-Wv.

ss__nƒ_nw-_-ßfpw ssien-Ifpw

tKkn-bpsS cN-\m-tem-IØv c≠v kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS i‡-amb

km∂n[yap≠v. ]Ir-Xn-\n-jvTamb Zmhn-U-kw-kvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw ssIkvX-h-a-

X-kw-kvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw Ie¿∏p-Iƒ IYm-]m-X-ß-fn¬, ]tab kzoI-c-W-Øn¬,

]Z-tIm-i-ß-fn-se√mw kv]jvS-am-Wv. ss__nƒ IY-I-fpsS kvXokz-Xz-\n-jvT-

amb ]p\¿c-N-\-Iƒ tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ C√. ]ta-b-]-c-amb ss__nƒ

kzm[o\-ß-sf-°mƒ ]Zmh-en-Iƒ, hmIy-L-S\, D]-a-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ inev]]-

c-amb km∂n-[y-am-bn-´mWv A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ssIkvX-h-a-X-Øns‚ ]nXrtI-

µo-IrX-amb ( ) hnizm-k-ß-tfmSpw kmº-Øn -I -L-S -\ -tbmSpw

kwkvIm-c-tØm-Sp-ap≈ hntbm-Pn-∏p-I-fmWv ss__nƒssi-en-Isf lmky- m-h-

\-tbmsS ]p\-xkr-jvSn-°m-\p≈ t]c-W-bm-bn-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. Imth-cn-bpsS t\cv

F∂ Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p≈ btlm-h-bpsS hmƒ F∂ teJ\w

Cu ]kvXm-hsØ _e-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

Ccp´v Icnºpensb-t∏mse ]Xp-ßn-In-S-°p∂ Hcp-ap-dn-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p

Fs‚ ho´n¬. AIØv Ib-dn-bm¬ AXv apcƒ®-tbmsS NmSn-hoWv Fs∂ ISn-

®p-Iodp-sa∂v Rm≥ `b-∂p. B apdn-bn¬ Im¬s∏-´n-∏p-dØv sh≈-hn-cn®v Hcp

thZ-]p-kvXIw ]Xn-jvTn-®n-cp-∂p. IdpØ ]pdw-N- -bp≈ B ]pkvXIw IÆn¬s∏-

´-t∏m-sgms° `oXn Hcp-hmƒt]mse Fs‚ lrZ-bw-]n-f¿∂p. Hfn-®p-I-fn-°p-

tºmƒt∏mepw A_-≤-Ønseßm\pw B apdn-bn¬s]´p- t]m-Im-Xn-cn-°m≥ Rm≥

i-≤n-®p.

thZ]T\ ¢mkn¬ t]mbn-Øp-S-ßn-b-t∏m-gmWv AXv btlm-h-bpsS hmƒ

Xs∂-bmsW∂v F\n°v shfn-]m-Sp-≠m-b-Xv. Ip´n-bm-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ sNdnb

sX‰n\pt]mepw A∏≥ Fs∂ ITn-\-ambn in£n-®p. AX-Xs∂ hmin-tbmsS

Rm≥ sX‰ns\ kvt\ln-®p. ]t£, Hmtcm sX‰pw sNøm-\mbn lrZbw Xp\n™v

IpXn-°p-tºmƒ s]m≈n-°p∂ hmƒØn-f°w Fs∂ ]nt∂m°w ]mbn-®p.

............... Iuam-csØ ]n¥≈n Rm≥ bu∆-\-Øns‚ ]Sn-s°-´p-Iƒ Ib-dp-

tºmƒ A∏s‚ Igp-I≥ IÆp-Iƒ F\n°p Np‰pw Imap-I-∑m-cpsS \ng-ep-Iƒ

Xnc-bm≥ XpS-ßn. F∂mtem Fs‚ IÆp-Iƒ Bsc-sb-¶nepw Is≠-Øp-tºmƒ

btlm-h-bpsS hmƒØn-f°w ImgvN-bn¬ Ccpƒ \nd-®p. (b-tlm-h-bpsS hmƒ;

2000:11.) aXw am\-knI kzmX-¥y-ßsf hne-°p∂ a¿±-t\m-]m-[n-bmbn amdp∂

ImgvN-∏m-SmWv Cu hnh-c-W-ß-fn¬\n∂pw hy‡-am-Ip-∂-Xv. kvXo]pcpj _‘-

Øn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p∂ kzmX-¥y-ßsf ASn-®-a¿Øp∂ ssZh-im-kvX-am-bn-

´mWv tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ ss__nƒ_nw-_-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xv.

hnX-bv°p-∂-hs‚ D]-a , ]md , ]Ømw-]-am-Ww , ioalm NmØ≥tk-h,

c‡hpw amwk-hpw , Ipcn-ip-a-cWw F∂o IY-I-fn¬ ]Xy-£-amb ss__nƒ

]tbm-K-ssi-en-Iƒ D-≠v. ss__nƒ ssiensb Bt£-]-lm-ky-tØmsS ]n¥p-

S¿∂v ]mcUn cNn-°p∂ coXn hnX-bv°p-∂-hs‚ D]-a -bn-ep-≠v.

Kpcp as‰mcp D]a ]d-bm≥ XpS-ßn. hnX-bv°p-∂-h≥ hnX-∏m≥ ]pd-s∏-

´p. hnX-bv°p-tºmƒ NneXv hgn-b-cnsI hoWp. ]d-h-Iƒ h∂v AXv Xn∂p If-

™p. a‰p NneXv ]md-ÿ-eØv Gsd aÆn-√m-Øn-SØv hoWp. apf®p h∂h

NqSp-X´n DW-ßn-t∏m-bn. a‰p-Nn-eXv \√-a-Æn¬ hoWn´v apf®v hf¿∂v ^ew

sImSp-Øp.

IS¬Øo-cØv F¬. Fkv. Un. sImdn®p sIm≠n-cp∂ injy-KWw aqfn-

t°-´p. ap´n-en-g-™p-h∂v Kpcp-hns‚ ]mZ-ß-fn¬ hoWv \a-kvI-cn-®p. Kptcm! bp

B¿ tK‰v! _´v, B D]-a-bpsS Kp´≥kv H∂p hni-Z-am-°n-bm-epw.

Kpcp Nc- ns‚ ]pIsamØn-°p-Sn®v ]mXnbS™ IÆp-Iƒ sIm≠v injy-

K-WsØ Icp-W-tbmsS Xtem-Sn..............

Ip™m-Sp-I-tf, Cu D]a \n߃ Kln-°p-∂n-√tbm? hnX-°p-∂-h¿ \mw

Xs∂. hnØp-Iƒ \nd® IqS-bp-ambn \mw hnX-bv°m≥ ]pd-s∏-Sp-∂p. a®n-I-fn¬

hnX-°p∂ hnØp-Iƒ Ah-cpsS h‘yXzw Xn∂pIf-bp-∂p. I\y-I-I-fn¬ hnX-

°p∂ hnØp-Iƒ Infn¿°m≥ XpS-ßp-tºmƒ Ae-kn-∏n®p If-bp-∂p. thiy-I-

fn¬ hnX-bv°p-∂-hsb K¿`-\n-tcm-[-\-Kp-fn-I-Iƒ sRcp-°n-I-f-bp-∂p. A\ys‚

`mcy-am-cn¬ hnX-bv°p∂-h-bm-Is´ apf®v ]S¿∂v ^e-ap-≠m-Ip-∂p.

]ns∂, Ah¿ ]S-In¬ Ibdn A°-cbv°v t]mbn :

(hn-X-bv°p-∂-hs‚ D]-a, 1998:10)

Bflo-b-t]-cW F∂ \ne-bn-e√ ss__nƒ tKkn-bpsS IYm-tem-IØv

CS-s]-Sp-∂Xv F∂-Xns‚ kvjvShpw kq£va-hp-amb sXfn-hmWv apI-fn¬ DZm-

lcn® sNdp-I-Y.

ssZhimkvX hncp-≤-amb hmIy-߃ :

01. Rm≥ ]tXm-kns‚ aIƒ Gen-ip-_, Fs‚ A∏-t\m-S√ Ah≥,

]tXmtk! \o ]md-bm-Ip∂p; AXn-t∑¬ Rms\s‚ k`sb ]Wnbpw F∂-cp-

fn- sN-bvXXv. F∂mepw k`sb ]Wn-bp-∂-Xn\v A∏≥ G‰hpw Ffp-∏-amb kw`m-

h\ \¬IpIXs∂ sNbvXp. aqØ-a-Iƒ Zo\-Ω-sb. (]m-d, 1997:15)

02. kXy-In-kvXym-\n-I-fmb \Ωfv ]Ømw]amWw ad-°-cpXv . Cßs\

t]mbm \ΩpsS PohnXw sXme-™p-t]mIpw .

(]Ømw-]-amWw;1997:51)

03. aW-hm- n-bpsS apJ-tØ°v hnip-≤-kvt\-l-Øns‚ ]mc-h-iy-tØmsS angn-

\- p-\n-∂n-cp∂ Ctøm-_v, sdbv®-ens‚ Igp-Øn¬ Xmen-ap-dp-°n-b-t∏mƒ, a\p-jy¿

Iq´n-t®¿°p-∂-Xns\ ssZh-߃ th¿]n-cn-°p-∂-sX¥v F∂v ]ndp-]n-dpØp-sIm≠v

]pd-Øp-I-S∂v GI-\mbn Ftßm \S∂pt]mbn ...................................................................

.......................................................................................................................... ap´p-hn≥ Xpd-°-

s∏Spw F∂ \ymb-]-am-WsØ apdp-sI-∏n-Sn®v sk_-kvXym-t\mkv Nne-s]¨Ip-

´n-I-fpsS DØ-c-°-S-em-kp-I-fn¬ kuI-cyw-t]mse Fs∂ h∂v ImWpI F∂v

BwK-e-Øn¬ Ipdn-®n´p .

(io-a-lm-Nm-Ø≥tkh 1997:60˛61)

04. knÿ Gbv©¬ tacn I¿Øm-hns‚ apdn-bn¬ IS-∂p-sN-∂p. I¿Øm-

hns‚ Ip∏m-b-°p-Sp-°p-I-f-gn®v, Hscm‰ tcma-hp-an-√mØ s\©n¬ Imcp-Wy-Øns‚

I\¬t]mse Pzen-°p∂ Xncp-lr-Zbw Xnc-™p. At∏mgpw kuay-ambn Nncn®v

I¿Ømhv ]d-™p. lrZ-b-Øn-te-°p≈ hgn ico-c-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Ip-∂p.

(c-‡hpw amwk-hpw, 2004:44)

05 . IÆn\p ]Icw IÆv F∂v btlm-h- Pz-en-°p-tºmƒ a\p-jy¿ ]c-kv]cw

s]mdp-°p-Ibpw kvt\ln-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-sX-ßs\?

(Ip-cn-ip-a-c-Ww, 2005:199)

06. IY-bnse tbip-hn\v IqS-∏n-d-∏p-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. tbip-hns‚ P\-\-

tijw adn-b-bpsS K¿ -]mXw btlmh AS-®p-I-f™psh∂mWv IYm-IrØv

hniz-kn°p∂Xv.

(Ip-cn-ip-a-cWw 2005:200)

hnip-≤-sa∂v k¶-ev]n-°-s∏-Sp∂ aX-N-cn-X-tØm-Sp≈ i‡-amb FXn¿∏p-

I-fmWv ss__nƒ hmIy-L-S-\sb Iogvta¬ adn-°p∂ IY-I-fn¬ D≈-Xv. F√m

hna¿i-\-ßfpw `mjm-]-c-amWv F∂ Nn¥-bn-te°v Ch FØn-t®-cp-∂p.

IY-I-fnse ÿe-Imek¶ev]w

Hcp ]tXy-I-Im-e-L-´-Ønse Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-I-fpsS cN-\-Isf hni-I-e\w

sNøp-tºmƒ kzXz-cq-]o-I-c-W-]-In-b-bpsS A\n-tj-[y-L-S-I-ß-fmb tZi-Im-

e-߃ IY-I-fn¬ GXp-co-Xn-bn¬ Bhn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh-∂Xv At\z-j-W-

hn-t[-b-am-Wv. ImcWw a\p-jy-kz-Xz-Øns‚ auenI-amb kwh¿§-ß-fmWv ÿe-

Im-e-߃. kmt¶-Xn-I-ambn hyXykvX A\p- -h-a-WvU-e-ßsf krjvSn-°pI F∂-

XmWv Ch-bpsS [¿Ω-sa-¶nepw IY-bpsS ka-K-L-S-\-sb- ]cnKWn-°p-tºmƒ

ÿe-Im-e-߃ ]c-kv]-c-]q-c-I-ß-fmbn hcp-∂p. ÿe-Nn-Xo-I-c-W-ß-fpsS hyXn-

cn-‡-XIfnepw hym]vXn-bn-epamWv IY-bpsS Imew D≈-S-ßn-bn-´p≈Xv. `qan-im-

kvX-Øns‚ AXn¿Øn-Isf D√w-Ln-°p∂ cq]-Im-fl-I-amb ÿe-t_m-[-amWv

kmln-Xy-Øn¬ D≈-Xv. BJym-\-co-Xn, `mj, temI-ho-£Ww XpS-ßnb IYm-

L-S-I-ßsf \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ ÿe-Im-e-߃°v apJy-ÿm-\-ap-≠v. CX-c-K-

Zy-am-Xr-I-Isf At]-£n®v IY-bnse ÿe-t_m-[-Øn\v Nne-]-cn-an-Xn-I-fp-≠v.

AXv IY-bpsS LS-\-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. ÿe-Im-e-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp≈ Xe-

ap-d-I-fpsS Inbm-]-cn-Wmaw IY-bpsS BJym-\-[¿Ω-a-√. tIµo-Ir-X-amb Ime-

k-¶-ev]-Øn¬ ( ) \n∂p-sIm-≠p≈ IYm-c-N-\-bn¬ ÿew Nne-

kq-N-I-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv Bhn-jvIcn-°s∏Sp∂-Xv. hmIy-L-S-\, _nw_-߃, IYm-

]m-X-߃ F∂n-h-bn-eqsS AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp∂ kq£va-t_m[w amX-ambn IY-bn¬

ÿew amdp-∂p. sNdp-IY F∂ kt¶-X-Øns‚ kw£n]vX LS-\-X-s∂-bmWv

ÿe-Im-em-hn-jvI-c-W-Øns‚ hnkvXr-Xn-Iƒ°v XS- -ambn \n¬°p-∂-Xv. LS\m-

]-c-amb Cu ]Xn-k-‘nsb Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-bpsS I¿ØrXzw t\cn-Sp∂ hgn-I-fm-

Wv hni-I-e\hnt[-b-am-bn- p-≈-Xv. kzbw]q¿Æ-amb kuµ-cy-aq-ey-sa-∂-Xn-\p-]cn

IY Ah-ti-jn-∏n-°p∂ kmwkvIm-cnIcmjvSo-b-Øns‚ ( ) aWvU-

e-ß-fn-te-°p-hsc ]Zm-h-en-I-fn-eqsS cq]-s∏-Sp∂ A¥-co£w hnI-kn-°p-∂p-

≠v. Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-bpsS ]Xy-b-im-kvX-Øn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p∂ cmjvSobw/

AcmjvSobw F∂o k¶-ev]-߃ IYbpsS ÿe-Im-e-ß-fp-ambn _‘n-∏n®v

hnh-cn-t°-≠n-h-cp∂p. Pohn-X-Øns‚ kakvX aWvU-e-ß-fnepw A[n-Im-c-hn-t[-

bXz _‘-ß-fpsS tiWo-I-cWw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-≠v. A[n-Im-c-_-‘-ß-tfmSv

hy‡n-a-\ v ]Xn-I-cn-°p∂ F√m coXn-I-fnepw cmjvSo-b-ap-≠v. CØcw

kwL¿j-ßsf IYm-IrØv kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-amb coXn-bn-

ep≈ A\p-]mXIa-ß-fmWv Hcp IYsb s]mfn-‰n-°¬ F∂pw sdmam‚nIv

F∂pw hn`-Pn-°p-hm-\p≈ t]c-W. IY-bpsS LS-\-bn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p∂

B¥-cnI-bp‡n ÿew, Imew, am\-hn-IX F∂n-h-bpsS ]c-kv]c_‘-ßsf

hna¿in-°p-Itbm `mh-\m-fl-I-ambn ]p\¿c-Nn-°p-Itbm BWv sNøp-∂-Xv. LS-

\m-]-c-ambn kq£va-sa-¶nepw hni-I-e-\-Øn¬ Fgp-Øp-Imcn Pohn-°p∂ uXnI-

kw-kvImc ( ) hpambn _‘-s∏-´p-sIm-≠mWv ÿe-Im-e-߃

IY-bn¬ \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. kvXobpsS I¿Ør-Xz-Øn-eqsS cq]-s∏-Sp∂ ÿe-

Im-e-ho-£-W-߃ km¿∆-XnI IYm-Im-e-Øn\p Xnc-›o-\-amb ( )

At[m-tem-IsØ NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂p. kvXoXzw t\cn-Sp∂ ]Xn-k-‘n-Ifpw

B¿÷n-°p∂ temI-t_m-[-ßfpw AXn-Po-h-\-i-a-ß-fp-sa√mw IY-bnse `q`m-

K-hn-kvXr-Xn-bn¬ A¥¿eo-\-am-Wv. ae-bm-f-I-Y-bnse kvXokz-Xz-Nn-Xo-I-c-W-

ß-fn¬ s]mXpth \n›-e-amb ÿe-Im-e-k-¶-ev]-amWv D≈Xv. \n›n-X-amb

Hcp mh-Øn¬ tIµo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v CX-c-kz-c-L-S-\-Isf AS-®p-I-f-bp∂ k¶p-

Nn-X-tem-I-t_m-[-Øns‚ kqN-\-Iq-Sn-bmbn CXv amdp-∂p.

ÿew, CSw \n¿∆-N\w

kwkvImc]T-\-Øns‚ kp]-[m\ taJ-e-bmWv kmwkvIm-cnI qan-im-kvXw

( . Cu hna¿i\ ]≤-Xn-b-\p-k-cn®v kzXz-cq-]o-I-cWw ÿew

( ), CSw ( ) F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. ÿew F∂m¬

hyXn-cn-‡X shfn-hm-°p∂ kw⁄ F∂m-W¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv. CSw ( ) hym]-

I-amb XpS¿®-Isf kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. B[p-\n-IX ( ) DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX

( ) F∂n-ßs\ amdn-h∂ temI-t_m-[-߃°-\p-kr-X-ambn kmln-

Xy-Ønse ÿew, CSw F∂o ]cn-I-ev]-\-Iƒ°pw A¿∞-hy-Xn-bm-\-ap-≠mbn

B[p\n-I-Xm-hmZw ( ) ÿew F∂ Iev]-\sb hy‡n tIµn-X-amb

CS-ß-fm-°n. F∂m¬ DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-Xm-hmZw ( ) ÿe Øns‚

ÿeXzw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂p. ÿew kwkvImc Ncn-X-Øn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p∂

F√m Zzµz-ß-sfbpw Ah-cpsS A[n-Imc ]cn-k-c-ß-sfbpw Dƒs°m≈p∂p. DZm:-

- kplr-Øv/A]-cn-Nn-X≥;kpc£n-XXzw/A]-ISw;]pcp-j≥/kvXo Cß-s\-bp≈

Zzµz-ß-fn-eqsS cq]-s∏-Sp∂ A[n-Im-c-Øn\pw \ne-\n¬∏n\pw th≠n-bp≈ \nc-

¥ckwL- \ßfpsS XpS¿_-‘-amWv ÿew . ÿe-kw-_-‘n-bmbn t\cn-

Sp∂ k¶o¿Æ-X-I-fmWv IY-bpsS ]Xy-b-im-kvXsØ \nKq-Vhpw hym]vX-hp-

am-°p-∂-Xv. ÿe-\m-a-߃ Bh¿Øn-®XpsIm≠v Hcp IY-bn¬ i‡-amb ÿe-

t_m[w D≠mh-W-sa∂n√. ÿe-\m-a-ß-fn¬ D≈-S°w sNbvXn-cn-°p∂ kaq-l-

k-¶ev]-Øns‚ _ln¿ap-J-X-bmWv IYm-]m-cm-b-W-Øn\v hyXykvX tImWp-

Iƒ ( ) krjvSn-°p-∂-Xv. ÿe-Ime_≤X F∂Xv IY-bpsS BJym-\-]-

cn-k-c-Øn¬ hcp-tºmƒ hy‡n-]-c-amb sNdnb A\p-`-h-tI-µ-ßsf IY-bnse

ÿew Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. ChnsS CShpw ÿehpw Ah-bpsS hyXn-cn-‡-XIƒ

t`Zn®v CS-I-e¿∂p hcp-∂p. IY-bpsS IYm-]-c-Xsb ( ) \ne-\n¿Øp∂

kz]v\-߃, `mjm-cq-]-I-߃, kuµ-cy-Z¿i\w F∂n-h-sb√mw ÿem-hn-jvIm-

12

c-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. kvssXW-cq-]I--ß-fn-eq-sSbpw hmIy-L-S-\-bn-eq-sSbpw cq]-

s∏-Sp∂ CSw kvXokz-Xz-Øns‚ _mlyhpw B`y-¥-c-hp-amb Z¿i-\-hn-kvXr-

Xn-Isf kqNn-∏n-°p-hm≥ ]cym-]vX-am-Ip-∂p. AXm-bXv IY-bn¬ Bhn-jvIr-X-am-

Ip∂ ÿew tIh-e-amb q]Ir-Xn-b-√. tZio-b-tam kmap-Zm-bn-Itam kmº-Øn-

Itam enwK-]-ctam Bb kzXz-Øns‚ ]Xn-k-‘n-Ifpw AXn-Po-h-\-ßfpw ÿem-

hn-jvIm-c-Øn¬ IS∂phcp-∂p. Hcp IYm-Imcn-bpsS kvXoIYm-]m-X-߃ Bhn-

jvI-cn-°p∂ kzXz-Øns‚ kz`mhw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]Xy-£tam ]tcm-£tam

Bb ÿe-kq-N-I-߃ CS-s]-Sp-∂p.

Hm¿Ωbpw bmYm¿∞yhpw tN¿∂v kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-bn¬ ]cm-ar-jvS-am-Ip∂

ÿesØ Imhy-ÿecmin ( ) F∂mWv _m®n-em¿Uv (1969) hyh-

l-cn-°p-∂-Xv. IY-bn¬ ImWp∂ emh-Wym-flI q]-IrXn kzXz-Øns‚ uXnI-

]-cn-k-c-ß-fn-te°v FØn-t®-cp-∂-sX-ß-s\- F∂ hni-I-e-\-amWv tKkn-bpsS

IY-Isf ap≥\n¿Øn \S-Øp-∂-Xv. tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fnse ÿesØ ][m-\-

ambpw uXn-I-ÿew ( AXn- uXnI ÿew ( )

F∂n-ßs\ hn -Pn-°p∂p. CSp-°n, IÆq¿, Fd-Wm-Ipfw F∂n-ßs\ A]q¿∆w

]mtZ-inI kw⁄-Iƒ IS-∂p-h-cp-∂-sXm-gn-®m¬ `mj-sIm≠v cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-

Sp-Øn-´p≈ Imhy-ÿe-cmin Xs∂-bmWv tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ B[n-]Xyw

sNep-Øp-∂-Xv. uXn-I-amb hyh-lm-c-ta-J-e-Iƒ°v AIØpw ]pdØpw A√mØ

A¥-cmfÿew F∂v Cu ÿe-k-¶-ev]sØ hyh-l-cn°p∂p. m‚kn F∂

kt¶-X-Øns‚ mK-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂ t]X- q-an-Iƒ, ]pcm-hrØÿe-߃,

Akw-_-‘-kz- m-h-ap≈ D]-I-Y-Iƒ F∂nh A¥-cmf ÿe-k-¶-ev]-Øn\v DZm-

l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. ico-c-\n-jvT-amb Bk-‡n-Ifpw b-ßfpw kΩn-i-ambn hcp∂

kvssXW-kz-Xz-amWv tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ ]I-S-am-Ip∂ apJy-hn-j-bw. AXp-

sIm≠vXs∂ hnj-bm-\p-kr-X-ambn ico-c-Øns‚ cq]-I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈

ÿe-h¿Æ\-Iƒ NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

hoSns‚ ap∂n¬ IsÆ-Øm-Zq-c-tØ°v ]c-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ ]mS-߃°v H‰-

ap-e-t]mse BIm-i-Øn-te°v sXdn-®p-cp≠v \n¬°p∂ Ip∂v XS-bn-Sp-∂p.

Ip∂ns‚ D®n-bn¬ ape-sR-´p-t]mse ]‰n \n¬°p∂ Imhv. B≠n-sem-cn-°¬

amXta Xpd-°m-dp≈q.......... (ip-`w, 1997:53)

ae-bpsS D®n-bn¬\n∂p Xmc Xmtg°p t\m°n. Zqsc tXmSv Agn-™p-

hoW Hcp Ac-™m-W-ambn an∂p-∂p. HmSn´ hoSv Hcp Ba-bpsS ]pd-t¥m-Sp-

t]mse Aa¿∂p InS-°p∂p . (Xo-®m-apWvUn 2005:194)

Hcp Im¥n-I-i-‡n-bn¬ Ah-cpsS ssIIƒ H∂ptN¿∂ \nanjw

Iymºkpw Ahn-S-hnsS Xe-bp-b¿Øn-\n∂ tIm¨Io‰v sI´n-S-ßfpw A]-Xy-

£-am-bn. ÿeIme-߃ Iogvta¬ adn-™p................. \nemhpw \ngepw ]pW¿∂p

InS-°p∂ ]mX-bn-eqsS Im´p-]q-°-fpsS ]WbwsIm≠v kpK-‘n-bmb Cfw-Im-

‰ns‚ AI-º-Sn-tbmsS Ah¿ ssItIm¿Øv apt∂m´v \S-∂p.

(B-cmwj 1996:46)

Rm≥ AI-Ø-f-Ønse XWpØ Ccp-´n-te°v c£-s∏-´p. AXv Nne-¥n-h-

e-bmbn Fs∂ hcn™p apdp-°n. Rm≥ InS∏papdn-bn-te°v hen-™p. AXv

]pI-bmbn h∂v Fs∂ ]pdØv NmSn-®p.

(I-Æq-cv, 2005:226)

]ucm-Wn-Ihpw Ncn-X-]-c-hp-amb A¥¿ÿ-e-߃ krjvSn-°p∂ ]m©m-

en, A\-kq-b-bpsS k£-X-°p-™p-߃, Bcmwj; AXn-`u-XnI ÿe-I-ev]-

\-Iƒ D≈ Kp]vX≥ NnX-Kp-]vX≥, hnNn-X-Kp-]vX≥ F∂nh¿, At_m-[-ÿ-e-

ßfpw KqV-tem -I -ßfpw Bhn -jvI -cn -°p∂ `m¥v , ]\n -°-Æv ,

ioalmNmØ≥ tkh , Hcp ss]¶n-fn-°-Y-bpsS A¥yw XpS-ßnb _lp- q-

cn-]£w IY-Ifpw hnhn-[-ß-fmb A\p-`-h-tI-µ-ßsf Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-hm-\p≈

ia-Øns‚ ^e-ß-fm-Wv. `uXnI-amb kzXz-]-iv\-sa∂ coXntb°mƒ Bfl-

tI-µn-Xhpw emh-Wym-fl-I-hp-amb ÿem-hn-jvI-c-W-amWv tKkn\S-Øp-∂-sX∂v

iq\y-X-sIm≠v apdn-th-‰-h¿ F∂ IY-bpsS ]ta-b-sØbpw LS\-sbbpw

ap≥\n¿Øn sXfn-bn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-∂p.

ÿe-Øns‚ DXv]m-Z-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ssk≤m-¥n-I-\n-co-£-W-ß-fn¬

]ap-J-am-bXv sl‚n ses^hvsh (1991) bpsS Is≠-Ø-ep-I-fm-Wv. At±lw

aq∂p-Xcw ÿe-]-cn -I-ev]\ Isf-°p-dn®v ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. B\p-`m-hnIw

( ) aq¿Øw ( ), `mh-\m-flIw ( )

01. B\p-`m-hnIw ( ) =- A[zm\w + ]cn-k-c-\n¿ΩmWw + s]mXp-

ÿew + Ab¬_-‘-߃

02. aq¿Øw ( ) -= hmkvXp-hnZy + πm\nMv + F≥Pn-\o-b-dnMv

03. `mh-\m-flIw ( ) =- km¶-ev]n-I-`q-`mKw + ÿe-hn-th-N\w + Ie.

aq∂p-Xcw ÿe-I-ev]-\-I-fp-sS ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp∂ hnj-b-ßsfbpw kqN-

I-ß-sf-bp-amWv apI-fn¬ hyh-t—-Zn®v ImWn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kvXokz-XzsØ ÿe-

]-c-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-hm≥ ian-°p∂ I¿ØrXzw HSp-hn¬ CS-ß-fn-te°p

Xs∂ Dƒh-en-bp-∂-Xns‚ kqN-\-Iƒ tKkn-bpsS iq\y-X-sIm≠p apdn-th-‰-

h¿ F∂ IY-bpsS ]Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≠v. XnI®pw At_m-[m-fl-I-amb Bhn-jvI-c-

W-amW-Xv. F≥Pn-\o-b-dnMv tImtf-Pnse ]W-b-Øn\p tijw hnhm-ln-X-cm-Ip∂

ani-Pm-Xn-°m-cmb hniz-\m-Y\pw AΩp Ipcp-hn-f-bp-am-Wv IY-bpsS tIµ- m-KØv

hcp-∂-Xv. IY-bpsS hnIm-k-K-Xn-bn¬ BJym-\Øns‚ hyXy-kvX- tIm-Wp-Iƒ

krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂psh-∂-XmWv Cu IY-bpsS LS-\m-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X. hniz-

\m-Ys‚ hgn-Iƒ, hoSp-Iƒ sXfn-bm-sX-bm-hp-∂p, Imc-tWm≥tIm´ F∂n-ßs\

A\p- htiWnsb ]e-Xmbn hn -Pn-°p-∂p. ÿe-Ime kw£n-]vX-Xsb AXn-

Po-hn-°p∂ Pohn-X-]-cn-Wmaw Cu IY-bn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. hniz-\m-Y≥

AIm-e-Øn¬ ac-W-s∏-Sp-Ibpw B¿°n-sS-Iv‰mb AΩphpw aI-fmb Dabpw Pohn-

X-tØmSv s]mcpXn Pohn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn-\nsS Kncn-i-¶¿ F∂ sNdp-∏-°m-

c≥ Da-bpsS Pohn-X-Øns‚ `mK-am-Ip-∂p. aI-fpsS `mhn-h-cs‚ bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-

amb Xd-hm-S-t\z-jn®p sN√p∂ AΩp-hns\ ]nXr-temIw BI-an®p oj-Wn-s∏-

Sp-Øp∂p km[m-c-W-sa-¶nepw Akm-[m-cW LS-\-bp≈ IYbmWv iq\y-X-

sIm≠v apdn-th-‰-h¿.

HutZym-Kn-I-ambn B\p- m-hn-Ihpw aq¿Ø-hp-amb ÿe-]-cn-[n-I-fn¬ \n¬°p-

tºmgpw AΩp F∂ BJym-Xm-hns‚ ( ) ÿek¶ev]w mh-\m-fl-

I-am-sW∂v sXfn-bp-∂p.

Poh-\p-≈-Xv, Poh-\n-√m-ØXv Fs∂mcp th¿Xn-cnhv AΩp-hn\v Hcn-°epw

D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√-t√m. Poh-\n-√m-Ø-sX∂v a‰p-≈-h¿ Icp-Xp∂ hkvXp-°-tfmSv AΩp

FX t\cw thW-sa-¶nepw an≠msX an≠pw. AXn-t∏mƒ hniz-\m-Y\v XpW-bm-

bn. Nßm-Xn-°q- ns‚ klm-b-tØmsS AΩqkv Fs∂mcp I¨kvS-Ivj≥ Iº\n

XpS-ßn. CsX-¥∏m Hc-Ωqkv F∂p tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ hniz-\m-Y≥ Nncn-®p. Poh-\p-

≈-h-tbmSv an≠p∂ Hc-Ωp. Poh-\n-√m-Ø-h-tbmSv an≠p∂ as‰mcΩp...................

IS-em-kn¬ hoSv hc-bp-∂Xv AΩp, aÆn-te°v ]dn®p \Sp-∂Xv hniz-\m-Y≥.

hoSns‚ πm≥ At\z-jn®v hcp-∂-h-tcmSv lrZ-b-Øn¬ sXmSp∂ Hcp Nncn-tbmsS

AΩp ]d-bpw. \nß-sf-t∏mse Xs∂ hoSp-Iƒ°pw lrZ-b-ap≠v tIt´m..............

Aßs\ FX hoSp-I-fmWv AΩp hc-®Xv! Xpd∂ lrZ-b-ap≈ hoSp-Iƒ! AS-

™-lr-Z-b-ap≈ hoSp-Iƒ! Ah-\-h-\n¬Ø-s∂-bßv apgpIn ]ns∂ \Sp-ßn-bp-

W-cp∂ hoSp-Iƒ!.................

(iq\y-X-sIm≠v apdn-th-‰-h¿, 2002:8)

bu∆-\-bp-‡-amb Hcp L´-Øn\ptijw ]mcm-_v[-Nn-¥-Iƒ hcp-∂Xpw

aI-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ B[n-Iƒ hf-cp-∂Xpamb Hcp L´-Øn-emWv aI-fpsS Imap-

Is‚ hoSp tXSn AΩp t]mIp-∂Xv

Imdv ap‰Øv \n¿Øn ]pd-Øn-d-ßn-b-t∏mƒ AΩp ]X-dn-t∏m-bn. B hoSns‚

lrZbw ]g-asb ssIhn-Sm-s\m-cp-°-a-s√∂v AΩp Xncn-®-dn-™p ..................... sXmSn-

bn¬ Ahn-S-hnsS Dd-ßn-°n-S∂ kam-[n-°p-gn-Iƒ Hs∂m-∂m-bp-W¿∂v tIm´p-hm-

bn-´p. Hmtcmtcm hnf-dnb \ng¬cq-]-߃ ]pd-tØ°p hcm≥ XpSßn................

(2002:10˛11)

Imc-tWm≥tIm´ t]mep≈ ÿe-ß-fn¬ \n∂v c£-s∏-Sp-hm-≥ BK-ln-

°p-∂-Xmbn IY kqNn∏n-°p-∂p-sh-¶nepw `uXnIÿekwkvIr-Xnsb Iog-S-

°n-°-f-bp∂ `mh-\m-`q-]-S-߃ tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ B[n-]Xyw sNep-Øp-

∂p. AΩp F∂v t]cp≈ B¿°nsSIv‰v ]q¿Æ-ambpw πm\n-Mv, hmkvXp-hnZy

F∂nh-bpƒs∏-Sp∂ `uXnI-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ h‡m-h√ F∂v kqN-\-bp-≠v.

ÿe-Øn\v Poh≥ sImSp-°p∂ lrZ-b sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]cm-a¿i-߃ it≤-

b-am-Wv. aq¿Ø-ÿ-e-t_m-[-Øn-s‚bpw mh-\m-fl-I-ÿ-e-t_m-[-Øn-s‚bpw Awi-

߃ D≈ I¿Ør-Xz-Øn¬ `mh-\m-ÿ-e-Øn\v ap≥K-W\ e`n-°p∂p F∂-mWv

IY-bpsS LS\ hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv. CØ-c-Øn¬ ÿe-]-c-ambpw LS-\m-]-c-ambpw

\ho-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-hm≥ k∂-≤-bm-Ip-tºmgpw B¥-cnI-h-XvI-cn® ÿe-amWv

tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ B[n-]Xyw sNep-Øp-∂-Xv.

Imew LS-\bpw Z¿i-\hpw

IY-bpsS BJym-\-L-S-\-bnepw Z¿i-\-Ønepw Htc-t]mse CSs]-Sp∂

kt¶-X-amWv Imew ( ). Hcp IrXn-bn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p∂ ImesØ hnhn-

[-co-Xn-I-fn¬ hni-I-e\w sNøp-hm≥ km[n-°p-∂p. uXn-I-amb ]iv\-a-WvUew

F∂ coXn-bnepw am\-kn-Im-\p-`hw F∂ coXn-bnepw IY-bn¬ Imew h¿Øn-

°p-∂p-≠v. Hcp ]mT( )Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI \n¿Æbw mjsb ASn-ÿm-\-

am°n \n¿∆-ln-°p-tºmƒ IY-bpsS Ime-k-¶ev]w Xs∂-bmWv tIµ-ÿm-\Øv

hcp-∂-Xv. ka-b-Øn¬ Dƒt®¿∂ncn-°p∂ kmaq-lnIam\-ß-fmWv IYm-inev]-

Øn¬ B¥-cnI-Im-ehpw _mly-Im-e-hp-ambn amdp-∂-Xv. sNdp-I-Y-bpsS \n¿∆-N-

\-ß-fn¬ Imew F∂ kt¶Xw kqNn-X-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. ka-b-Øns‚ hn\ym-k-

ssh-Nn-Xy-ß-fn¬ sImcp-Ø-s∏-´n-´p≈ BJym\kw`-h-ß-fmWv IY. Fgp-X-s∏-

SmØ A\p-`-h-ßfpw Fgp-X-s∏´ ]mThpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘sØ ZrV-am-°p-

∂Xv Ime-am-Wv. CØcw \n¿∆-N\߃ sNdp-IY F∂ kt¶-X-Øns‚ mj-bn-

emWv Imew \ne-\n¬°p-∂-sX∂v sXfn-bn-°p-∂p.

tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fnse Ime-k-¶ev]w ÿew F∂ k¶-ev]\w t]mse

B¥-cn-Im-\p-`hw F∂ coXn-bn-emWv ]Xy-£-am-Ip-∂-Xv. kmaq-ln-I-am-\-ßsf

AXn-Po-hn®v \n¬°p∂ Hm¿Ω bpsS hyXy-kvX-a-WvU-e-߃ IY-I-fn¬ cq]-

s∏-Sp-∂p. kzXzmhn-jvIm-c-Øn\p th≠n tKkn kzoI-cn-°p∂ IY, \o≠-I-Y,

Bfl-I-Y, Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ KZy-am-Xr-I-Iƒ; Pohn-X-Øn\v

Xpd- p-Iƒ \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂v t_m[y-amIpwhn[w IY-bn¬ ImWp-∂-

A¿t≤m‡nhncmaw; Hcp ]tXy-I-`m-h-Øns‚ D®-ÿm-bn-Isf adn-I-S-°p-hm≥

km[n-°mØ kµ¿ -߃; D]-lm-km-fl-I-ambn IS∂phcp∂ Bfl-l-Xy-Iƒ,

t]X-Im-e-߃, kzXz\jvSØn¬\n∂pw cq]-s∏-Sp∂ D∑m-Z-Imew F∂n-ßs\

Ime-Øns‚ hyXy-kvX-amb, AtX-k-abw kzIm-cy-X-bp≈ At\Iw AS-cp-Iƒ

tKkn-bpsS cN-\-I-fpsS B`y-¥-c-]-Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≠v. kzXz-kw-_-‘n-bmb Zpcq-

l-kq-N-\-Ifpw A¿t≤m-‡n-hn-cm-a-ßfpw IY-bpsS LS\, Imew, Z¿i\w F∂n-

h-bp-ambn _‘w ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xn-\m¬ tKkn-bpsS kvssXW-kzXzNnXo-I-c-

W-ß-fn¬ B[p-\nI-`m-hp-I-Xz ( ) Øns‚ kzm[o-\-ß-fm-Wp-

≈-sX∂v Is≠-Øp∂p. qX-Im-e-Øns‚ AS-cp-Iƒ tN¿∂p hnI-kn-°p∂ mhn-

bn-√msX Id-ßp∂ Imew ( ) IYm-¥-co-£-Øn-ep≠v. ÿe-Øn¬

\n∂v Ime-Øn-te-°v, Ime-Øn¬ \n∂v ÿe-Øn-te°v F∂n-ßs\ ]c-kv]-c-

]q-c-I-amb IYm-]m-X-N-e-\-߃ Ds≠-¶n¬ amXta Hcp IY _lpIm-en-I-kz-

`m-h-ap-≈-Xm-sW∂v ]d-bp-hm≥ km[n-°p-I-bp-≈q. ÿew BfltI-µn-X-amb

CS ambn tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ amdp-∂p-s≠∂v ]_‘-Øn¬ kqNn∏n°p∂p-

≠v. B[p-\nI-X-bpsS sshIm-cnI CS-ßsf AXn-Po-hn-°p-hm≥ hnhn[ BJym-

\-X-¥-߃ IYm-IrØv kzoI-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. cN-\m-X-¥-ßsf A\p- -h-ß-fp-ambn

Iq´n-bn-W-°p∂ Ime-K-W\ AS-™-hy-h-ÿ-bm-bn-Øo-cp∂ kµ¿`-߃ DZm-

l-cn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-∂p. Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏p-Ifpw IY-Ifpw ]e-t∏mgpw Bflm-\p-

I-c-W-ambn amdp∂ kµ¿`-ßfpw D≠v.

01. Cf-sh-bn¬ ]c-s∂m-gp-Inb Hcp ]`m-X-Øn¬ Ahƒ hnim-e-amb sXmSn-

bn-te°v ]mdn-t∏m-bn. ]p√ns‚ aSn-Ø-´n¬ \ndsb Nncn®p \n∂ \oe-∏q-°ƒ

I≠v A¤pXw Iqdn t\m°n t\m°n \n∂-t∏mƒ \oe-Ønc ]m™p-h∂v Ahsf

thtcmsS ]ngp-Xp. Xnc-bpsS Xp©Øv Ahƒ BIm-i-tØmfw Db¿∂p. ]ns∂

AIØpw ]pdØpw \pc-bp∂ \oe-°-S-en¬ Gsd t\cw s]m¥n-°n-S∂p . (`m-

¥≥]q-°ƒ, 1996:64)

02. `qan-bn¬ CS-an-√msX Acp-‘Xn BIm-i-Øn-eqsS \S-∂p. At∏m-tg°pw

B\bv°v oam-Im-cßfmb c≠v Nnd-Ip-Iƒ apf-®n-cp∂p AXp-sIm≠v Dd-°-Øn¬

\n∂pw kz]v\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw AI∂p \n¬°m≥ Acp-‘Xn sImXn®p. I¨t]m-

f-Iƒ hen®pXpd∂v Acp-‘Xn Dd-°sØ B´n-tbm-Sn-°m≥ ian®p. ]t£,

Acp-‘Xn Dd-°-Øn-te°pXs∂ hgp-Xn-t∏mbn .

(A-cp‘XnbpsS kz]v\-߃, 1998:43)

03. Rm≥ Ah-tcm-sSm-∏-am-bn-cp∂ GtXm Hcp \nan-j-Øn-emWv Fs‚ AΩ

acn-®Xv F∂v Rm≥ Adn-™p.

(H-cn-Sw, 1998:29)

04 IÆp-Iƒ°v Np‰pw ]c-∂n-cp∂ hyK-Xbpw Np≠p-I-fn¬ XpSn®p\n∂

Zmlhpw ac-W-Øns‚ XWp-∏n-e-en-™p.

(ac-Wm-¥cw, 1998:26)

05. IsÆm-∂-S-™p-In-´m≥ th≠n Ahƒ Imf-sb sI´p∂ Ib-sd-SpØv hn´-

Øn¬ Rm´n-bn´v Igp-Øn¬ Ipcp-°n-b-t∏mƒ IÆp-Iƒ ]ns∂bpw Xpdn-®p-h-

∂p.

(`qan-bn¬ Ct∏mƒ a™p-Imew, 1997:47)

06. IÆp-I-fn¬ h\y-amb Hcp Xnf-°-tØmsS ]nS-s™-gp-t∂‰v Ahƒ InS-

∏p-ap-dn-bn-te°v ]m™p. hmXn-e-S®v Ip‰n-bn´v ]gb Hcp kmcn sXc-s™-Sp-Øp.

Hcp Ãqsf-SpØv AXn¬ Ibdn \n∂v Xq°p-hn-f°v kz]v\w ImWp∂ Hcp Iºn-

h-f-b-Øn¬ kmcn-bpsS Hc‰w sI´n. at‰ A‰Øv Hcp Ipcp-°n´v AXn¬ Xe-I-

SØn Ahƒ hnfn®p Iqhn:

ChnsS hcq! Rm≥ icn°pw ]Tn-∏n®p Xcmw!

.........................................................................................

Xe-bn¬ Nq≠p-hn-c¬ sXm´v Ahƒ ]d-™p.

CXv Awiw!

]ns∂ DS-en¬ sXm´v,

CXv tOZw!

InX®v Ahƒ XpS¿∂p.

c≠v `n∂kwJy-Iƒ XΩn¬ Iq´p-tºmƒ, Zm, Cßs\!

Ahƒ s]mSp-∂s\ Ãqfv Imep-sIm≠v X´n-°-f-™p.

(`n-∂-kw-Jy, 1997:38)

07. A\-kqtb, kvt\ln®v aSpØv kn≤m¿∞≥ \ns∂ Dt]-£n®v t]mbnt√?

]Xn-\mdv h¿j-߃ ]nt∂bpw IS∂v t]mbXv \ob-dn-bm-Ø-sX¥v? A\-kqb

AsXm∂pw tI´n-√. Ime-Øns‚ Hgp°v A\-kq-b-bn¬ Ft∂m \ne-®p-t]m-bn-

cp-∂-t√m.

(A\-kq-b-bpsS \£-X-°-Æp-Iƒ, 1998:52)

hyXykvX Ime-K-W-\-I-fn¬ tKkn Fgp-Xnb IY-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hmIy-

ß-fmWv apI-fn¬ D≤cn®-Xv. kmaq-ln-Im-\p- hw F∂ \ne-bn¬ Ime-Øn\v XpS¿®

e`n-°p-∂n√ F∂v hy‡-am-Ip∂ `mjm-hy-h-ÿbmWv CXn-ep-≈-Xv. LS-\m-\-

¥c Nn¥-I-\mb anJm-bn¬ _JvXn≥ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ tImtWm-tSm]v F∂

k¶ev]w Cu hkvXp-Xsb hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ ]cym]vX-am-Wv. B[p-\nIhpw

B[p-\n-I-]q¿∆-hp-amb sdmam‚nIv mhp-I-Xz-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-fp-ambn _‘-

s∏´ h\yhpw Ccp-≠-Xp-amb kzXz-k-¶-ev]-ßsf hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-hm-\mWv _JvXn≥

Cu ]cn-I-ev]\ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. kml-kn-I-amb kzXzm-hn-jvImcw, kzmX-

¥y-t_m-[w, A\p-cm-Kw, ]W-b-Zp-c-¥-߃ F∂n-ßs\ hy‡nsb tIµo-I-

cn®v hnI-kn-°p∂ ]ta-b-Imew F∂¿∞w.

AXn-I-Y, IY-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ IY-Iƒ

ÿe-Ime kw_-‘n-bmbn tKkn-bpsS IY-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ kwi-b-ß-fp-

sStbm ]Xn-k-‘n-I-fp-sStbm hymJym\w F∂ coXn-bn-emWv IY F∂ kt¶-

X-sØ-Øs∂ hnj-b-am-°p∂ IY-Isf ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. ae-bm-f-Ønse Fgp-

Øp-Im-cn-I-fpsS kzXz-k-¶-ev]-ßsf hni-I-e\w sNøp-tºmƒ Ah¿ \ne-\n-

∂n-cp∂ am≤yaw Xs∂ IYm-hn-j-b-ambn hcp-∂p≠v. sI. kckz-Xn-b-Ω-bnepw

cmP-e-£van-bn-epw kmdm-tPm-k-^n-epw XmØznIam-bn-Øs∂ Cu ]iv\w Bhn-

jvIr-X-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. IYm-Imcn F∂ \ne-bn-ep≈ I¿Ør-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw IY-bn-

eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ kzXz-Øn-s‚bpw temI-t_m-[--ßfnep≈ `n∂-X-I-

fmWv kvXokzXzsØ BJym-\-]-c-amb k¶o¿Æ-X-bn-te°v \bn-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp

IYm-Im-cn-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ tKkn-bpsS I¿Ør-Xz-Øn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p∂ IYm-

kw-_-‘n-bmb Dƒ°m-gvN-Ifpw hna¿i-\-ßfpw Xs∂ IY-bpsS inev]-Øn-te°v

( ) am‰-s∏-Sp∂ kµ¿`-ß-fp-≠v. AXm-bXv IYsb A]-\n¿Ωn-°p∂ Fgp-

Øp-I-fmbn Ch amdp-∂p. AXn-IY ( ) F∂ DØ-cm-[p-\nI IYm-k-¶-

ev]-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp∂ BJym-\-co-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv.

alZv , DZmØw XpS-ßnb ¢m n-°¬ Iem-aq-ey-ß-fm¬ hne-bn-cp-Ø-

s∏-´n-cp∂ kmln-XysØ BZ¿im-flI ]cn-th-j-ß-fn¬\n∂v tamNn-∏n-°p-hm-

\p≈ t_m[-]q¿∆-amb ia-߃ IY-I-fn¬ D≠v. FgpØv kzXz-\n¿Æ-b-Øn-

\p≈ ][m\ D]m-[n-bmbn hcp-∂-Xn-t\m-sSm∏wXs∂ Pohn-X-]-cn-tXm-h-ÿ-I-

fpsS ]cp-j-amb Xe-Øn¬ \n∂psIm≠v FgpØv F∂ ]In-b-bn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-

cn-°p∂ s]m≈-Ø-c-ßsf \yq\oI-cn-°pIbpw Pohn-X-tØmfw hep-X√ FgpØv

F∂ sshcp-≤ym-fl-I-amb kao-]-\w ]pe¿Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. ]hm-kn-bpsS

P\\w , Fs‚ kXym-t\z-jW ]co-£-W-߃ , ]cn-Wm-a-Kp-]vXn , ioa-lm-

Nm-Ø≥tk-h , eqbnc≠m-as‚ hncp∂v , Xnc-»oe IØp-I-bm-Wv , ChnSw

Ct∏mƒ im¥-w , \m´p-\-S-∏v , Ipcn-ip-a-cWw F∂o IY-I-fn-emWv IY ]ta-

b-ambn hnI-kn®v \n¬°p-∂-Xv.

kmlnXyw \ne-\n¬∏n-\p≈ D]m[n F∂ \ne-bn¬

............... apdn-bn¬ FØn-b-]msS s]´n Xpd∂v ]gb ]pkvX-I-ß-fn¬

NneXv hen®v ]pd-Øn´v Ahƒ Xs‚bpw kl-Po-hn-I-fp-sSbpw CS-bn¬ Hcp

aXn¬s°-´p-b¿Øn. A£-c-߃ Ahsf aSp-∏n-®-t∏mƒ kzbw tXm¬∏n-°m-

s\∂ hÆw hmin-tbmsS hmb\ XpS¿∂p...................

(]-hm-kn-bpsS P\-\w, 1998:24)

bmYm¿∞y-Nn-Xo-I-c-W-Øn¬ kvXokzXzw t\cn-Sp-∂-]-Xn-k‘n

shdp-sX-bn-cn-°p-hm≥ F\n°v F¥m-bmepw Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. kXym-

t\z-jW]co-£-W-ß-fpsS Hcp mK-sa∂ \nebv°v ]ns∂ \pW-Iƒ sa\-bp-∂-

Xn-embn Fs‚ i≤-bXbpw. AXv kXy-ßsf ]p\-cm-hn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ

ia-I-c-am-sW-∂v F\n°v At∏mƒ amXta a\- n-em-bp-≈q..................

FXtbm ]Xn-Iq-e-km-l-N-cy-ß-fpsS A\-¥-c-^-e-am-bmWv Rm≥ Cu

hgn-Øn-cn-hn¬ FØn-b-sX∂v GXv klr-Z-b\pw a\- n-em-°m-hp-∂-tX-bp-≈q.

(Fs‚ kXym-t\z-j-W-]co£W-߃, 1998:55˛56)

\ne-\n¬°p∂ kmln-Xy-k-t¶-X-ßsf hna¿in-°p-hm≥ B kt¶-X-sØ-

Øs∂ Bt£-]-lm-ky-tØmsS D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p:-

01. Fs‚ BZysØ kmlnXy krjvSn ]pd-Øp-h-∂Xv ]Øm-asØ hb- n-

emWv. Hcp \mS≥ ]khw t]mse A\mbm-k-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. cq]-Øn¬ AXv

Hcp \mS-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. A∏≥ : FSntb! H∂nßp ht∂. AΩ: \nß-s°-¥ns‚

tISm a\p-jyt\? tZmssj-I-Zr-°mb Hcp \ncq-]-I-\p-t]mepw t_m[y-amIpw

hn[w Pohn-X-Øn¬\n∂pw No¥n-sb-SpØ Hcp GSm-bn-cp∂p AXv. \mS-Im¥w

IhnXzw F∂ al-Zz-N-\-sam∂pw A°m-eØv Rm≥ tI´n-´p-X-s∂-bp-≠m-bn-cp-

∂n-√. C\n-sb¥p th≠p F∂v kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ Nn¥n®v Gsd-\mƒ \ncpt∑-j-

bmbn \S-∂p. (]-cn-Wm-a-Kp-]vXn, 1998:57)

02. ì Ahcv \nt∂-°p-dn-®p≈ kXyw apgp-h\pw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-√-t√m. Xs∂-

bp-a√ Fgp-ØpImcv Ah-cpsS Np‰p-h-´-sØms° tabp-Ibpw ]ns∂ Ab-sh-´p-

Ibpw sNøp-∂-XmWv kmln-Xy-sa∂v \o NcnXw ]Tn-°m-Ø-sX¥v?

(io-a-lm-Nm-Ø≥tk-h, 1997:63)

03. Ipsd D≈n¬ sN∂-t∏mƒ Zmk-∏≥ Ic-bm≥ XpS-ßn. Xm≥ Hcp Bfl-I-

Y-sb-gp-Xm≥ t]mhp-I-bm-sW∂v s\©n¬ ssIh®v Abmƒ ]Jym-]n-®p. Fßs\

XpS-ß-W-sa∂v Xo¿®-bn-s√-¶nepw Xm\Xv FgpXn apgp-an-∏n-°p-I-Xs∂ sNøp-

sa∂v Abmƒ BW-bn- p.

amØ-∏≥ Xosc XmXv]-cy-an-√mØa´n¬ ]d-™p. AXn-\nX IjvS-s∏-tS≠

Imcy-sam-∂p-an-√. Chn-Snt∏m Hcq´w Bfl-I-Y-sb-gp-Øp-Im-cp-≠tSm Zmk∏m. Imip-

sIm-Sp-Øm¬ BcS Bfl-I-Y-th-tWepw Fgp-Xn-Øcpw

Ct∏m sIt´ymfv NØm¬ sIt´ym\pw sIt´ym≥ NØm¬ sIt´ymfpw

s]mkvX-I-sa-gp-Xp∂ Htc¿∏m-Sp-≠-t√m. ]®-sh-≈-Øn\p Xo]n-Sn-°p∂ s\mW-

I-fteym X´n hnS-WXv!î

(eqbnc≠m-as‚ hncp-∂v, 1996:20˛21)

\mµn :, hnjvIw- w, c-X-hmIyw F∂n-ßs\ ]mNo-\-kw-kvIrX \mS-I-ß-

fpsS BJym-\-X-¥-sØ D]-lm-km-fl-I-ambn kzoI-cn-°p∂ ëXnc-»oe IØp-

I-bmWví F∂ IY-bn¬ kmt¶-Xn-I-]-k‡n F∂-Xn-\p-]-cn-bmb Xe-ß-fn-√.

(2005:216˛18)

DØcm-[p-\nI IYm-X-¥-ß-fpsS am¿§w kzoI-cn-®p-sIm≠v IYm-Ir-Øn¬

\n∂pw kzmX¥yw t\Sp∂ IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS PohnXw NnXo-I-cn-°p∂ Bcpw

]d-bmØIY-bn-te°v \m´p-\-S∏v F∂o IY-Ifn¬ kmln-Xyhpw Pohn-Xhpw

XΩn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ hnS-hp-Isf Bt£-]-lm-ky-tØmsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂

\m´p-\-S∏v F∂ IYbv°v ]k-‡n-bp-≠v.

ì A`n-ap-J-°m-c-t\mSv IYm-IrØv ]d™p: Rms\mcp Acm-P-I-hm-Zn-bm-

Wv. Fs‚ IYm-]m-X-ßfpw Aßs\ Xs∂.

A`n-ap-J-°m-c≥ t]\ Ip\n-®p. Hm!

At∏m-gmWv Hcp s]m´n-®n-cn- tI-´Xv. IYm-IrØv sR´n.

Bc-hnsS?

Nncn®pIp-g™v Hcp s]¨thjw shfn-®-s∏- p.

dm≥! ASn-b≥ Xs∂! kmdns‚ Hcp IYm-]mXw!

IYm-IrØv aµ-l-kn-®p.

Hm, \otbm? GXv IY-bn¬ \n∂mWv?

IYm-]mXw Nncn®p hiw-sI-´p.

kwi-b-sa¥v? thiy F∂ IY-bn¬ \n∂p Xs∂!

IYm-Ir-Øns‚ apJw aßn.

\osbms° IY-bn¬ \n∂n-dßn Cßs\ Xeßpw hne-ßpw

\S-°p-∂-sX-¥n\v?

thiy- Ip-Wpßn®ncn-®p..................

AXmWv km¿ Ct∏mƒ \m´p-\-S∏v

IYm-IrØv Np≠v tIm´n.

Hm, IY-bnse \S∏v Zo\w!

At∏mƒ Btcm aXn¬ NmSn ad-bp-∂Xv I≠v IYm-IrØv £p`n-X-bu-∆-\-am-bn.

BcmSo AXv?

BSn-°p-g™v thiy-]-d-™p.

Bcm-bmepw kmdns‚ s]º-t∂m-cpsS apdo-∂m, Hm¿°Ww kmtd, Cß-s\-X-

s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p Fs‚bpw XpS-°w.

IYm-IrØv A´-l-kn-®p.

FhnsS sh´p-IØn? CsXm∂pw Fs‚ ho´n¬ \S-∏n-√.! î

(\m´p-\-S∏v, 2002:42)

Cu IY DØ-cm-[p-\nI IYm-X-¥-sØ-Øs∂ hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn ]co-

£n-°p-∂p. IYm-Ir-Øn¬ \n∂pw Cdßnt∏mIp∂ IYm-]m-X-߃ ëIY-bnse

\S-∏p-Zo\wí F∂ Bt£-]-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv shfn-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. apJy-[m-cm-I-Ym-km-

ln-Xy-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ cN-\m-X-¥-ßtfmsS√mw D]-lm-k-]q¿∆w ]Xn-I-

cn-°p∂ kvXoXz-sØ-bmWv Cu IY-Isf√mw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. LS-\-sb-

Øs∂ \ncm-I-cn-°p-hm-\p≈ ia-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wn-Xv.

kvXokz-Xzm-hn-jvIm-chpw mjm-]-tbm-Khpw

ae-bm-f-I-Y-bnse kvXokz-Xzm-hn-jvIm-c-N-cn-X-Øn¬ tKkn-bpsS IY-Iƒ

`mjm-]-c-amb hnt—-Z-Øn\pw \ho-I-c-W-Øn\pw k∂-≤-am-Ip-∂p. kzXz-\-ho-I-

cWw F∂m¬ `mjm \ho-I-cWw IqSn-bm-sW∂ Xncn-®-dn-hmWv Cu IYm-`m-j-

bpsS hyXn-cn-‡-X. efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿÷\w, sI. kc-kz-Xn-b-Ω, cmP-e-£van,

kmdm-tPm-k- v, ]n. h’-e, am\-kn, adn-bΩ, AjnX, Nµ-aXn XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS

IYm-X-e-Øn¬ ]ta-b-]-c-amb hyXy-kvX-X-Iƒ, i‡-amb kvssXW-t_m-[-

߃, ]Jym-]n-X-co-Xn-im-kvX-߃ F∂nh Ds≠¶nepw \ne-\n¬°p∂ BVy-

`m-jm-k-¶-ev]-ßsf hnt—-Zn-°p-hm-\p≈ ]h-WX tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn-emWv

]I-S-ambn D≈-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ kvXokz-Xzm-hn-jvIm-c-hni-I-e\ß-fn¬

tKkn-bpsS auenI kw`m-h-\-bmbn hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂Xv `mj-sb-bm-Wv. IYm-]m-

X-ß-fp-sSbpw kµ¿ -ß-fp-sSbpw HuNn-Xy-Øn-\-\p-kr-X-ambn hnhr-X-am-hp-Ibpw

Cem-kvXn-I-am-hp-Ibpw ZrV-am-hp-Ibpw sNøp∂ ssien-bmWv IY-I-fn¬

s]mXpth kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. mjsb ]q¿∆-\n-›n-X-amb GI-I-ß-fpsS ( )

hyh-ÿbm-bn-°m-Wp∂ LS-\m-hm-Zn-I-fpsS mjm-k-¶-ev]-\-a√ tKkn--bpsS IYm-

`m-jsb hni-I-e\w sNøp-tºmƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. kvXo mj-sb-∂m¬ sasø-

gpØv ( ) BsW∂ kvXohm-Z-Øns‚ Hcp ]cn-I-ev]-\sb amX-

amWv tKkn-bpsS `mjm-hn-NmcN¿®-I-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. ImcWw ico-c-

Øns‚ cq]-I-߃ tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ kv]jvS-ambn D≠v. ]t£, \ne-

\n¬°p∂ am\-I-km-ln-Xo-b- m-j-bn¬ kvssXW- m-j-bp-tS-Xmb AXn¿Øn-Iƒ

\n¿Æ-bn-°p-I-b√ tKkn sNøp∂-Xv. `mj-bpsS A[n-Im-c-\n-jvThpw BVy-hp-

amb tIµsØ inYn-e-am-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. mjm-a-WvU-esØ kwL¿j`q-

an-bmbn ImWp∂ anJmtb¬ _JvXns‚ mjm-k-¶-ev]-\-amWv tKkn-bpsS mjm-

hn-i-I-e-\-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.

s]mXp-C-S-ß-fnse ( mj-]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ ]Jym-]nX s^an-

\n-Ãp-Iƒ hnap-JX ImWn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ tKkn-bpsS IYm-]m-X-߃ s]mXp-

a-WvU-e-ß-fpsS ]mXn-\n-[y-ap≈ mj-bmWv kwkm-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hy‡n-]-c-am-b-

sX√mw cmjvSo-b-amWv ( ) F∂ B[p-\nIm-\-¥c kvXohm-

Z-X-Øz-im-kvX-Øns‚ hnNm-c-co-Xn-b-\p-k-cn®v kvXo]p-cpjhn`-Pn-X-amb `mjm-

ta-J-e-I-tf-°mƒ s]mXp-a-WvU-e-ß-fnse mj-bv°mWv ]k-‡n-bp-≈-Xv. tIc-

f-Ønse kvXohm-Z-km-lnXyw s]¨`m-j-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-hm-\mWv bXv\n-®n-´p-

≈-Xv. ]Jym-]n-X- s -an-\n-k-Øn\v ]pd-ØmWv tKkn-bpsS mjm-temIw h¿Øn-

°p-∂-Xv. kvXobpsS I¿Ør-Xz-Øn\v A\y-sa∂v Icp-Xn-bn-cp∂ ]Z-]-tbm-K-

߃, hmIy-L-S-\-Iƒ, kmt¶-Xn-I-hy-Xn-bm-\-߃ F∂n-hsb ssieo-]-c-ambn

]p\x-kr-jvSn-°p-hm≥ tKkn°v km[n-®n-´p-≠v. s]mXp-`mjmk¶-ev]-\-ß-fn¬

Xt‚-Xmb kzXzw Fßs\ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv ][m-\-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv.

_JvXns‚ mjm-Z¿i\w

`mjm-hy-hÿ ( , `mjWw ( ) F∂nß-s\-bp≈ skm q-dn-

b≥ mjm-k-¶-ev]-ßsf hna¿in-®p-sIm-≠p≈ anJm-tb¬ _JvXns‚ mjmN¿®-

I-fn¬ \n¿Æm-b-I-ÿm\w hln-°p∂ k¶-ev]-\-amWv Dcn-bm´w . Cu LSIw

kzXz-\n¿Æ-b\-Øns‚ D]m-[n-bmbn amdp-∂-sX-ßs\-sb∂v hni-I-e\w sNøp-

∂p. s^¿Un-∂‚ v Z skm q-dn-s‚ k¶-ev]-\-Øn-\p-tijw mjm-im-kvX-Øns‚

aWvU-e-Øn¬ hym]-I-amb kzoIm-cyX Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ c≠v kw⁄-I-fmWv

Dcn-bm´w ( ), ani-`m-j-IXzw ( ) F∂nh. Hcp tZio-b-

`mjbv°p≈n¬ Ac-tß-dp∂ tItµm-∑p-Jhpw tIµ-]-cm-Mvap-Jhpw (

) HutZym-Kn-Ihpw A\u-tZym-Kn-I-hp-amb hyh-lm-c-߃ XΩn-

ep≈ G‰p-ap-´-emWv ani-`m-j-IXzw (kp-\n¬ ]n., Cf-bnSw 2007:86˛7). ani-`m-

j-I-Xz-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ k¶ev]w BWv. Dcn-bm´w F∂v ae-bm-f- m-

j-bn¬ hyh-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Cu k¶-ev]sØ _JvXn≥ hnhn[ coXn-bn¬ \n¿∆-

Nn-®n´p-≈-Xmbn hymJym-Xm-°ƒ ]d-bp-∂p. A¿∞-Øn\p s]mXpth Aaq¿Øw

( , ]I-c-W-\njvTw ( ) F∂nßs\ c≠v hn`-P-\-ß-fp-≠v.

Aaq¿Ø-amb A¿∞w \nL-≠p-°-fn¬\n∂v kzcq-]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw ]I-c-

Wm¿∞w hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ [mc-W-bn-eqsS hnh-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-XpamWv. \nL-

≠p-°-fn¬\n∂pw hypXv]-∂-am-Ip∂ bm¥n-Im¿∞Øn-\p-]cn kmµ¿`n-I-ambn

(]-I-c-W-\n-jvTam-bn) a\- n-em-°-s∏-Sp∂ A¿∞-amWv `mjm-Po-hn-X-hp-ambn

_‘w ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xv. kmµ¿`n-I-ambn cq]-s∏-Sp∂ [mc-Wm¿∞-sØ-bmWv

F∂v _JvXn≥ hyh-l-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Dcn-bm´w mjm-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS bm¥n-

Ihpw GIm-fl-I-hp-amb bp‡n-Isf \ntj-[n-°p-∂p. Cu \ntj-[-Øn-emWv ëani-

`m-j-IXzwí F∂ `mjm-k-¶-ev]-\-Øn\v ÿm\-ap-≈-Xv. t\mh¬ F∂ kaq-l-

_-≤-amb BJym-\-cq-]sØ ap≥\n¿Øn-bp≈ mjm-hn-NmcN¿®-bmWv _JvXn≥

\S-Øp-∂-Xv. ÿe-Im-e-_-≤-amb `mjm-inev]w F∂ KW-Øn¬ IY Dƒs∏-

Sp-∂-Xn-\m¬ IYm-`m-j-bnepw ani-`m-j-IXzw F∂ LS-I-Øn\v ]k-‡nbp≠v.

kmaq-ly-]-Xy-b-imkvX Pohn-X-Øns‚ IogvØeßfn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ ani-

`m-j-IXzw AwKo-IrX kmln-Xy-`m-jsb amX-a√ (Hcp bpK-Øn-s‚bpw tZi-

Øn-s‚bpw hmNnI ]Xy-b-im-kvX-Øns‚ `mjm-tI-µsØ amX-a-√) t\cn-Sp-

∂-Xv. kmln-Xy-`m-j-sb-Øs∂ AXv \nc-¥cw t\cn-Sp-∂p. lmkym-\p-I-c-W-]-c-

amb AXv kz¥w Ime-L- -Ønse HutZym-Kn-I- m-jsb aq¿®-tbm-sSbpw Xm¿°n-

I-ambpw FXn-cn-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p F∂ kp\n¬ ]n. Cfbn-S-Øns‚ \nK-a\w

(2007:894) ]k-‡-am-Ip∂ IYm-k-µ¿ -ß-fp-≠v. tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ Bh¿Øn-

®p-Im-Wp∂ ]mcUn F∂ kt¶Xw; Akw-_‘ hmIy-L-S-\, kmµ¿`n-I-

ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ A«o-e]-Zm-h-en-Iƒ ( ) ]ucm-Wn-Ihpw

hnip-≤-hp-amb KŸ-ß-fpsS ssieo-]-c-amb lmkym-\p-I-cWw, Kmay-]-Z-߃

F∂nh tIµo-Ir-X-amb IYm- m-j-bv°-IØv cq]s∏-Sp∂ ani- m-j-IXzw Xs∂-

bm-Wv. hymI-cW \nb-a-ß-sfbpw am\-Io-I-cn-°-s∏´ IYm-`m-j-I-sfbpw \nL-

≠p-°-sfbpw `mjm-]-c-am-bn-Øs∂ t\cn-Sp∂ kµ¿`-ß-fm-Wn-Xv. tKkn-bpsS

temI-ho-£-W-߃ mjm-]-c-amb ]cn-h¿Ø\w B¿÷n°p∂-sX-ßs\-sb∂v

At\z-jn-°p-tºmƒ ani- m-j-IXzw F∂ k¶-ev]\]-cn-[n-bn-emWv AXv Dƒs∏-

Sp-∂Xv. ssieo-\n-jvT-sa∂ `mjm-]-cn-[n-bn-emWv tKkn-bpsS IY-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-

∂-Xv.

tKkn-bpsS mjm-ssien

ssien- Xs∂ ]ta-bhpw tIµ-hp-am-Ip∂ IYIfmWv ssieo-\n-jvT-I-Y-

Isf∂ hn`m-K-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ssieo-\n-jvT-I-Y-Iƒ hkvXp-\n-jvT-Xsb

Hcp ]am-W-am-°p-∂n-√. IYm-IrØv Xs∂ IY-bn¬ t_m[-]q¿∆-ambn CS-s]-´p-

sIm≠v D≈-S-°-Øns‚ hkvXp-\n-jvT-Xsb s]mfn-s®-gpXns°m≠n-cn-°pw.

hkvXp\n-jvT-X, hnizm-ky-X, bp‡n-`-ZX XpS-ßnb ]am-W-ßsf \nc-kn-®p-

sIm≠v ]ta-bsØ `mj-bn¬ amXw \ne-\n¬°p∂ Hcp bmYm¿∞y-am°n

am‰p∂p CØcw IY-Iƒ. `mj Xs∂ inev]-ambn amdp∂ Ah-ÿ-bm-Wn-Xv.

(h’e≥, hmXp-t»cn; 2007:56) `mjm-ssien ]ta-b-ambn hnI-kn-°p∂ \nc-

h[n IYm-k-µ¿`-߃ tKkn Bhn-jvI-cn-®n-´p-≠v.

DZm:- ì01. ............ Cu sk_-kvXym-t\m-kn\pw Ch-s\-t∏m-ep≈ AkwJyw

\km-Wn-Iƒ°pw th≠n-bm-Wt√m Im\o-\-]p-X-\mb tbip-am¿Ø-tbbpw adn-

b-sbbpw shSn™v Ipcn-in-te-dn-b-Xv F∂v I£nt`Zan-√msX Nn¥n-®msd Ccp-

´ns‚ Hcp Xnc-h∂v NmØ-cpsS ImgvN-aq-Sn. sNhn-b-S-™p. i_vZw \jvS-s∏´

NmØcv Ipg™v hogp-Ibpw sNbvXp. tijw ANn¥yw!

(io-a-lm-Nm-Ø≥tk-h, 1997:63)

02. .............. ca-W\v Fs∂ a\- n-em-bnt√?

an≠m-\m-hmsX ca-W≥ Xe-Ip-ep-°n. NµnI At∏mƒ Nncn-®p. Cu P∑Øv

ca-W≥ BSp-Isf tabv°p-∂n-√. ]Icw NnXw hc-bv°p-I-bmWv At√?

....................................................................................

apc-fnbpw Dt]-£n®p F∂v tXm∂p∂p?

..................... ae-c-Wn-°m-Sp-Iƒ Xnßn hnßn, ac-X-I-Im-¥n-bn¬ apßn apßn F∂v

]mSnb H∂m-asØ Kmb-I≥ Ct∏mƒ Fhn-sS-bmWv?

Abmƒ Ct∏mƒ kn\n-abv°v ]ms´-gp-Xp-I-bm-Wv.

Xfncpw aecpw Xcp-∏-S¿∏pw XWepw XWp-hWn ]p¬∏-c∏pw F∂v ]mSnb

c≠m-asØ Kmb-It\m?

Ah-\n-t∏mƒ ]cn-ÿnXn kwLw skI-´-dn-bm-Wv...................

(c-a-W≥, 2002:43˛4)

03. amØ-∏≥ s]m´n-®n-cn-®p. ]ns∂ Hcp ]mXncn ]kw-K-Øns‚ CuW-Øn¬

XpS-ßn.

ìip≤m-flm-hmb tPmk-t^, adn-bhpw K_n-tbepw XΩn-ep≈ hg°v

Xo¿°m≥ \o CSbv°v IS∂-sX-¥n\v? K¿`n-Wn-bmb adn-bsØ HSp-hn¬ Ah≥

\ns‚ s]S-en°v h®v sI´n-bnt√? \ns‚ IjvS-Im-e-Øn\v adnbw s]‰-sXmcp

s]s¶m-®n-s\, B sIm®v hf¿∂p-h-∂m¬, Cß-s\-sbms° Nn¥n®p t]mb-

Xn¬ AXn-i-bn-∏m-s\-¥p≈q? .

(eqbn c≠m-as‚ hncp∂v, 2005:127)

04. Fs∂ ISn-®n-s´m≠v ]mºv. CΩnWn ap¥nb F\w Xs∂-bm. Icn-aq¿°-

\m-bn-cp-∂p. ae-sh≈w s]mßn-b-Im-e-Øm. sh≈w tIdn-bm-∏ns∂ sNdp-tXm-

Wn-bn-d°n Hcp t]m°m. DÆm≥ t]mepw hcq-e............. aXym-thmfw Ae-™p-\-

S∂v Xncn-s®Øn tXmWn-b-Sp-∏n®v ho´n-te°v \S-°p-º-gmWv kw -hw........... Ahs‚

\Sp-sºm-d-sØ-ßm\pw Nhn- o-s´m-≠mhpw. hmep-s]m-°n-sbm-cSn! No‰n-s°m-s≠m-

c‰ ISow! Rm≥ Aedn hnfn-®Xpw Hc-¥n-b-S-∏≥ ag Ae-®ßp hoWp.î

(C-cpƒhogp-tºmƒ, 2005:138)

BJym-\-L-S\

IY-bn¬ \S-Øp∂ t_m[-]q¿∆-amb CS-s]-S-ep-I-fpsS e-amWv BJym-

\-L-S-\-bpsS \nc-¥-c-amb Agn-®p-]-Wn-Iƒ. ]ta-b-]-c-amb ]cn-h¿Ø-\sØ

Dƒs°m-≈p∂ ]Xn-]m-Z-\-coXn Xs∂-bmWv BJym-\-L-S-\sb \n¿Æ-bn-°p-

∂-Xv. BJym-\-kz-Xz-hp-am-bmWv BJym-\-L-S\ _‘w ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xv. sNdp-I-

Y-bpsS BJym-\-k-µ¿`-ß-fn¬ c≠v coXn-bn-emWv BJym-Xmhv ]h¿Øn-°p-

∂-sX∂v ]T-\-߃ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. IYm-IrØv kzbw BJym-Xm-hm-Ip-I,

IYm-]mXw BJym-Xm-hm-IpI F∂n-ß-s\-bmWv ssiensb hn`-Pn-®n-´p-≈-Xv.

hmekv ln¬UnIv F∂ hna¿i-I≥ ]Xn-aq-∂p-Xcw BJym-\-]-£-ßsf k¶ev]n-

°p-∂p-≠v. BJym-\-kzXzw IYmLS\-bn¬ \S-Øp∂ CS-s]-S-ep-IfpsS tiWn-

X-s∂-bmbn CXv amdp-∂p. tKkn-bpsS BJym-\-ssi-en-bpsS `n∂-X-Isf Cu

coXn-im-kvX-a-\p-k-cn-®mWv hymJym-\n-°p-∂-Xv.

01. IY-bpsS CS-bv°ph®v IYm-IrØv ]Xy-£-s∏ v Hcp km£n-samgn t]mse

IY ]d-bp∂p.

DZm:˛ ì apJ-a-S-s®m-cSn In´n-b-Xp-t]mse tPmk v e°p-sI v \n¬°p-∂Xv

Rm≥ amX-a√ hmb-\-°m-cm, Xm¶fpw ImWp-∂p-≠-t√m. A∂-bpsS apJ-Øns‚

apdp-°-am-Is´ sX√pw Ipd-™n- p-an-√. At∏mƒ ]ns∂ BcpsS Nncn-bmWv \ΩpsS

CS-bn¬ DXn¿a-Wn-Iƒ t]mse h∂phogp-∂-Xv.? î

(CXv tPmk-^ns‚ IY A∂-bp-sS-bpw, 1996:14)

02. IYm-]mXw Rm≥ Bbn \n∂p-sIm≠v IY-]-d-bp-∂p.

DZm:˛ ì Rm\mWv Bcmwjm! IpXv_p±o≥ sF_-°ns‚ ]pX≥î

............................................ Abmƒ ]ns∂bpw ]d-™p.

Rm\mWv Bcmwjm `qX-Im-e-Øn¬ \n∂v Hcp k©mcn î

(Bcmwjm, 1996:42)

03. t_m[-[m-cm-k-º-Zmbw D]-tbm-Kn®v IY-]-d-bp∂ coXn.

DZm:˛ AΩbpw aI-\pw kz¿§Ønse hgn-bn-eqsS \S-°m-\n-d-ßn. Ah¿

GtXm Hm¿Ω-I-fn-¬ apgpIn Gsd Zqcw \S-∂p....................

DÆo, \oe-I-WvTm, \Ωfv qan-em-cp-∂t∏m \o Hcq´w hnZy ImWn®ncp∂Xv

Hm¿°-Wpt≠m?

(amPnIv tjm, 2002:15)

04. hmb-\-°msc A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNøp∂ coXn.

kzmKXw, CXv Xmcm-]pcw tImf-\n.

(tIm-f-\n, 2002:58)

05. hnhn[ IYm-]m-X-߃ BJym-\-]-£Øv \n∂v IY-]-d-bp∂ coXn.

DZm:˛ tUmIvS¿, lcn-i-¶¿, hmk-¥n, Acp¨ F∂o IYm-]m-X-߃

BJym-\-]-£Øv hcp-∂p.

(kq-cym-Lm-Xw, 2005:221˛224)

06. Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏p-I-fpsS BJym-\-]-›m-Øm-e-Øn-eqsS IY- ]-d-bp-∂p.

DZm˛ ìAh≥, Fs‚ Nßm-Xn, ]Sn-s°´v Xmßn ap‰w IS∂v tNmc-s]m-Sn-

bp∂ k‘y-bn-te°ndßp-∂-t√m.î (I-Æq-cv, 2005:225)

kmµ¿`n-I-amb A«o-e-]-Zm-h-en-Iƒ

IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS am\-kn-I-kzm-X-¥y-߃°-\p-kr-X-amb `mjm-ssien

tKkn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v. hymI-cWhncp-≤-X, BVy-ssieohncp≤X F∂nh

tKkn-bpsS `mjm-t_m-[-Øn¬ D≠v.

DZm˛ ì01. D∑-Ø-\mbn th®p-th®v \S-∂p-h-cp∂ `¿Øm-hns\ I≠v

`mcy aq°Øv hnc¬ h®p. amdSo ]pt√ hgo∂v! F∂v A -l-kn®v Abmƒ

AIØv Ib-dn. (kz-]v\-߃°v Xo]n-Sn-°p-∂p, 1997:25)

02. Oo Ing-´p-X¥! ]pgpØ IY-Ifv sIm®p-]n-≈m¿°v sImSp-°-WXv

tI´nt√?..................... Ipgo-te°v Imepw \o´n-bn-cn-°p-hm-tWepw Cu h¿§-Øn\v

s]Æns‚ Nn¥-tb-bp-≈q. Cu Ing- p-ihw Fs‚ sIm®n-t\-°q-sS NoØbm°pw

(Ccpƒho-gp-tºmƒ, 1996:35)

03. he-XpssI \o´n AΩ-®n-bpsS Igp-Øn¬ ]nSn-ap-dp°n A∏-®≥ Aa¿Ønb

i_vZ-Øn¬ tNmZn-®p. \o FX XhW Ahs‚ IqsS sIS∂p? kXyw ]d!

At√ev sIm∂p-Itfw Rm≥!................... Ht∂m? I≈-°q-Øn®n! kXyw ]d-

™n-t√ev C∂v \ns‚ Ah-km-\-am

(]\n-°-Æv, 2002:29)

04. ìAIØv Hcn-cpƒap-dn-bn¬ I√p-hns\ tNmZyw sNøm≥ BZy-sa-Øn-bXv

C≥kvs]-IvS¿ cmcn-®≥. aoi-]n-cn®v C≥kvs]-IvS¿ ]Xn-hp-ssi-en-bn¬ XpSßn:

]pe-bm-Sn-tam-tf........ \obv ]mXn-cm-Xn-bn¬ Ahs\ hnfn®v AIØv tI‰n Xt≈

sIm√n-®p, At√? I√p-hns‚ IÆp-Iƒ C≥kvs]IvS-dpsS apJØv Xd-®p-\n-∂p.

C≥kvs]-IvS¿ Ah-fpsS Npa-en¬ ssIh®v Hcp ]SpNncn-tbmsS A`n-\-µn®p :

\obv Hcp-K≥ Nc-°m-W-t√mSo!...........î

(I-√p, 1996:29)

Akw-_‘ ssien-Iƒ

01. Ct∏m NmØ-t\dv XpS-ßo-t´-bp-≈q, C\n Xo´w sIm≠p≈ Ifow hc-Wp-

≠v. (io-a-lm-Nm-Ø≥tk-h, 1997:63)

02. sas√ ]q¿W-Im-b≥ taL-\m-Ys‚ aq°n≥ Xpºn¬ hnc¬ tN¿Øv

]Jym-]n®p : Xt¥sS Im‰p-t]mbn!

(C-hnSw Ct∏mƒ im¥w, 1996:27)

03. C°pdn \n߃ tXm‰p Xt≈, Fs‚ Xo≠mcn \ne®p t]mbn.

(AΩ Adn-tb-≠Xv, 2005:230)

04. It≈mfw \s√mcp hkvXp ]qtem-I-Øn-s√Sn adntb!

Ft≈mfw D≈o-s®-∂m¬ ]qtemIw ]p√p-I™n!

XnØn-Ømcm s]mbvI-bn-ep-s≠mcp amIn NØp-In-S-°p-∂p.

(A-Xn-I-an®p IS-°-cp-Xv, 1996:57˛58)

05. sXßn≥ tNm´nse ]p≈n-s∏-Æns\

A∏-®≥ sIm∂v Idp-ap-dm-Ønt∂!

sRmdnhm-en-f°n hcp-∂pt≠

htdm-Xn-\m≥ hey-Ω®n

(]\n-°-Æv, 2002:24˛26)

Kmay]Z-߃

samfn™ ssIØ≠

Afp°v

NmW-°√v

D∏p-XqWv

Cdºv

Xs≠√v

]pI-t°mWn

shS-e-®ncn

Igp-th¿S-tamfv

s]º-d-t∂mØn

hb-‰p-IÆn

X¥

]\-¶p‰n

s]dfn

A¥n-b-S-∏≥ ag

Ing-´p-ihw

cmhmS

IS-®n¬

Nmap-WvUn-

Noap´

sISp-aWw

Xo≠mcn

Bbw-]n-Sn-°pI

skmb-º≥

sImc-≠n-∏-eI

IpSp°

aqti´

FØn-°pØpI

t]dpw s]d∏pw

]qtemIw

amIn

sI´m-a-dnb

]qgn-°-S-I≥

ta´w

sh¥p-a-e-bv°pI

H°n-®m-SpI

hn´w

shfn-bS

ae-º≈

sasø-gpØv ico-c-\n-jvT-amb cq]-I-߃

01. IÆp-Iƒ°p Np‰pw ]c-∂n-cn-°p∂ hyK-Xbpw Np≠p-I-fn¬ XpSn®p \n∂

Zmlhpw ac-W-Øns‚ XWp-∏n-e-en™p (a-c-Wm-\-¥cw, 1998 : 26)

02. ap‰-Øns‚ Cd-ºn¬ BIm-i-Øp-cpΩn \n¬°p∂ ]\-bpsS a≠-bn¬

\n∂p I\Ø amwk-t]-in-Iƒ Dcp- n-°-fn®v GWn-°-ºn-Iƒ hgn Xmtg°v Xp≈n-

°p-Xn-°p∂ sNØp-Im-c≥ Ahƒ°p Zp»Ip\-am-Ip∂p . (`q-an-bn¬ Ct∏mƒ

a™p-Imew, 1997 : 45)

03. F¥n-s\-∂-dn-bmØ Hcp Zmlw Ah-fn-ep-W¿∂p. AXv sXm≠-°p-gn-bpsS

Bg-ß-fn¬ Hcp IS-®n-embn hf¿∂p. IS-®n¬ Ak-ly-am-b-t∏mƒ Ahƒ°p

t_m[£bw D≠m-bn. (`m-¥≥ ]q°ƒ, 1996 : 60)

04. Ah-fpsS Imaw Xo≠nb cmXn-bn¬ Ah≥ Dd-°-an-f®p . (am-¥n-I-I-ÆmSn

2005 : 171)

05. Ima-Øns‚ sImt؉p aq¿—n®v Icn-\o-en-°m-\p≈ Xohm-`n-emjw Ah-

cpsS DS-ep-I-fn¬ Cg™p \S-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. (tIm-f\n, 2002:89)

06. kzbw Hcp Pmc-\mbn k¶-ev]n-°msX cLq-Ø-a\v F∂n-te-°n-d-ßm-\m-

hp-∂n-√...... F\n°v Xo¿Øpw A]-cn-Nn-X-am-sbmcp IcpØv At∏mƒ cLq-Ø-a-

\n¬ Npc-am-¥p-∂p. Hcp sImSp-¶m‰v `m¥p-]n-Sn® \J-ap-\-I-fn¬ Fs∂ tIm¿Øv

sImSp-ap-Sn-I-fn-te°pw Xmgvhm-c-ß-fn-te°pw ]d-°p∂p (`m¥v 1997 : 72)

Akw-_-‘-kz- m-h-ap≈ D]-I-Y-Iƒ

tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fnse BJym-\-L-S-\sb hy‡n-cn-‡-am-°p-∂-Xn¬ IY-

Iƒ°p-≈n¬ kmµ¿`n-I-ambn hnh-cn®v -t]m-Ip∂ D]-I-Y-Iƒ°v ÿm\-ap-≠v.

Cu LS-\-bmWv tKkn-bpsS kvXokz-Xz-Z¿i-\sØ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-

IY ( ) F∂ BJym\kt¶-XsØ hnhn-[-co-Xn-bn¬ IY-bn¬ D]-

tbm-Kn-®n- p-≠v. Hcp IY-bn¬Øs∂ AsXm-cp-I-Y am-X-am-sW∂p kqNn-∏n-°p∂

hnh-c-W-߃ AS-ßn-bn-´p-≠v. IY-bnse BJym-\-kzXzw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂

kwL¿j-߃°v DZm-l-c-W-ambn Akw-_-‘-kz- m-h-ap≈ D]-I-Y-Isf kqNn-

∏n-°p-∂p. Hcp IY-bn¬Øs∂ hnhn[ BJym-\-]-X-e-߃ krjvSn-°p-hm≥

D]-I-Y-Iƒ°p km[n-®n-´p-≠v.

01. DZm: cmt[, tIƒ°v IrjvW≥Ip´n ]d™p XpS-ßn. Ip∂Øv Xd-hm-

´nse ]pcp-j-]-P-Iƒ°v Zmº-Xy-kpJw hn[n-®n-´n-√. ]g-a-bn¬ thtcm-Sn-b-Hcp

IY-bp≠v AXn\p ]n∂n¬. ]pXn-b-Xmbn ]Wn-I-gn-∏n® t£X-Øn¬ ]Xn-jvTn-

°m≥ h©n-bn¬ K-h-Xnsb IpS, Xg, Nma-ctØmsS Iq´n-s°m≠p hcn-I-bm-bn-

cp-∂p. h©n Ic-°-Sp-∏n-®-t∏mƒ `K-h-Xn-bpsS hnKlw FSp-Øn-d-°n-bXv aqØ-

Ωm≥. At∂cw `K-hXn shfn-®-s∏-´p. Agn-™p-e™v Imens‚ s\cn-bmWn ad-

bv°p∂ apSn. s\bv hnf°v IØn \n¬°p∂ IÆp-Iƒ. tNm∂p \\™ Np≠p-

Iƒ. ]´pdhp-°-bn¬ s]mXn™ Ip™p-ap-e-Iƒ. Hcp ]Xn-\m-dp-Im-cn. aqØ-Ωm-

\m-sW-¶n¬ HscmØ sNdp-∏-°m-c≥. A`ym-kn. F¶nepw `K-h-Xn-bpsS I¨ap-

\-Ø-√n¬ Ah-i-\m-bn. Imen¬ hoWv aqØ-Ωm≥ Ic-™p. ASn-bs\ ssIsh-

Sn-bt√! aqØ-Ωm\v `m¥n-f-In, F∂p IcpXn ]qPm-cnbpw AI-º-Sn-°mcpw hnK-

l-ta¥n \S-∂p-t]m-bn. FX-bm-bn´pw ]XnjvT Dd-®n-√. HSp-hn¬ ]iv\w h®p

t\m°n. K-hXn aqØ-Ωms‚ IqsS t]mbn. Xd-hm-´nse a®-IØv IpSn-bn-cn-∏mbn

F∂p sXfn-™p.............. Xd-hm-´nse BWp-߃ BZyw Iman-°p-∂Xv `K-h-Xn-

sb. ]ns∂ Imaw DcpInsXfn-™v `‡n-bm-hp-∂p. `mcybv°v Ah-cpsS a\- n¬

c≠mwÿm\w amXw. (I-ev]m¥w 1996 :38 ˛ 9)

02. NnX-dn-t∏mb Fs∂ Iq´n-bn-W-°p-∂Xv Jm≥km-tl-_ns‚ sh≈-°p-Xn-

c-bpsS Ipf-º-Sn-sbm-®-I-fm-Wv. ]Im-i-Øns‚ BZy-civan BImiw Xpf®v `qan-

bn-te°v IS-°p-tºmƒ c≠mƒs]m-°-ap≈ aXn¬s°- ns‚ tK‰v ae¿t° Xpd∂v

aq¿®-am-X-amb Hcp icw t]mse IpXnc ]pd-tØ°v IpXn-°p-∂p. ASp-Ø-SpØp

hcp∂Ipf-º-Sn-sbm-®-bpsS hocyw \pI¿∂v Fs‚ Cµn-b-߃ ]nS-s™-gp-t∂-

ev°p-∂p. ...... Gtd-°mew knwK-∏q-cn-em-bn-cp∂ kmtl_v AhnsS \n∂v aq∂p

lqdn-Isf sI´n-s°m-≠p-t]m-∂n-´p -s≠-∂mWv tIƒhn. Ah¿s°m∂pw

DW¿Øm≥ Ign-bmØ ]ucpjw IpXn-c-∏p-dØp NmSn-hoWv hmbp-th-K-Øn¬

]m™p-t]m-hp-tºmƒ Ac-°q-Sn¬ \n∂v Npcpƒ\n-h¿Øn \s´-√n-eqsS Cg™v

apI-fn-seØn ]Øn-hn-cn-®m-Sp-a-tX. GXm-bmepw aS-°-bm-X-bn¬ IpXnc sas√

\S-°p-I-bmWv ]Xn-hv. AXns‚ hmbn¬\n∂v \pcbpw ]Xbpw Hen°pw. Xf¿∂v,

hnb¿sØm-en-®v, IpXn-c-∏p-d-Øn-cn-°p∂ kmtl-_ns‚ IÆp-I-fn¬ A\n¿∆-N-

\o-b-am-sbmcp Xnf°w ]c-∂n-´p-≠mIpw . (`m-¥v, 1997 :72)

tKkn-bpsS IYm-L-S-\-bn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p∂ Kmay-]-Z-߃, Akw-_-

‘-ssi-en-Iƒ, BJym\ sshNnXy߃, D]-I-Y-Iƒ F∂n-hsb hni-I-e\w

sNøp-tºmƒ `mjm-]-c-amb hnt—Zw tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ kv]jvS-am-Wv.

kvXoXzw F∂Xv \nc-¥-c-amb ]cn-Wm-a-]-In-b-bm-Wv. cq]-s∏´p Ign-™n- n-√mØ

kzXzw. tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fnse ÿe-Im-e-ßsf A]-K-Yn-®-t∏mƒ Ime-]-c-

amb ]Xn-k‘n Ds≠∂p Is≠-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. tKkn-bpsS IYIfnse Ime-]-c-

amb ]cn-anXn mjm-]-c-amb ]cn-an-Xn--Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. \nc-¥cw ]cn-h¿Ø-\-߃°pw

hnt[-b-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ \ne-°mØ ]hmlw (

) F∂v _JvXn≥ hyh-l-cn-°p∂ `mjm-Po-hnXw ]q¿Æ-ambpw tKkn-bpsS

IYIfpsS mK-am-Ip-∂n-√. kzX-¥-amb mjm-]-≤Xn F∂ \ne-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-

°p∂ mjm-ssi-en-bpsS \ho-I-cWw tKkn-bpsS IYIfn¬ \S-°p-∂n-√ F∂Xv

]cn-anXn Xs∂-bm-Wv. \nc-¥cw \ho-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-hm≥ k∂-≤-bm-Ip-tºmgpw tIµo-

Ir-X-amb `mh-Øns‚ B[n-]-XysØ sNdp-°p-hm-\m-Ip-∂n-√. ae-bm-f-Ønse

kvXoI-Ym-I¿Ør-Xz-߃ t\cn-Sp∂ ][m-\ -]-Xn-k‘n tIµ-k-¶-ev]-ßsf

adn-I-S-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p∂n√ F∂-Xm-Wv. kvssXW-kzXzw t\cn-Sp∂ ]tem-`-

\hpw `oj-Wn-bp-ambn ssewKn-IX tKkn-bpsS IYIfn¬ tIµo-Ir-X-L-S-I-

ambn hcp-∂p-sh-∂Xv kv]jvS-am-Wv. lmkym-\p-I-c-Ww, ]Xym-h¿Ø\w F∂o

IYm-]-h-W-X-I-fn-eqsS tKkn-bpsS IYIfn¬ Hcp tIµo-Ir-X-`m-hp-IXzw cq]-

s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. ìHcp ]tXyI tImWn¬ \n∂mWv Imcy-ßsf ImWp-I-bpw A\p-

`-hn-°p-Ibpw a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNøpI. BJym-\-ß-fn¬

kzoI-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Cu ]cn-t]-£ysØ hn.-kn. ioP≥ tIµo-I-cWw F∂p

hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂p (1992).

tKkn-bpsS IYIfnse kvXokz-Xz-Z¿i\w

bmYm¿∞y-Øn\pw `amflI-Xbv°pw CS-bn¬ Aa¿Øn-h® lmky-

tØmsS k©-cn-°p∂ kvXokz-Xz-ß-fmWv tKkn-bpsS IYIfn¬ D≈-Xv. ÿe-

Im-e-kw-_-‘n-bmb XpS¿®-I-sftbm hym]vX-a-fi-e-ß-sftbm krjvSn-°p-hm≥

`mKn-I-ambn amXw Ign-hp≈ IYm]m-X-ß-fmWn-h¿. Htc-k-abw At\-I-cmbn

cq]-s∏-Sp-hm-\p≈ kzXz-km-[y-X-Iƒ kq£n-°p∂ Ch¿ imco-cn-I-amb ]tem-`-

\-߃°pw BI-a-W-`o-Xn-Iƒ°pw ASn-s∏-´p-\n¬°p-∂p. tKkn-bpsS kvXoI-

Ym-]m-X-ß-fpsS GI-Xm-\X F∂pXs∂ Cu tIµo-IrX kz`m-hsØ hyh-l-

cn-°p-∂p. imco-cn-I-amb Ah-ÿ-mt`-Z-߃ ]tem-`-\hpw `oj-Wnbpw ]I-bp-

ambn amdp∂ Bh¿ØnX IYm-k-µ¿`-ß-fmWv tKkn-bpsS kvXokzXzw t\cn-

Sp∂ Z¿i-\-]-c-amb ]Xn-k-‘n. tKkn-bpsS kvXoXz-Z¿i-\sØ ]Jym-]nX

kvXohm-Z-Øns‚ coXn-im-kvX-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v ]q¿Æ-ambpw hymJym-\n-°p-hm≥

km[n-°p-∂n-√. ImcWw ]c-kv]-c-hn-cp-≤-amb kzXz-km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬ ]Xy-£-

s∏-Sp∂ At\Iw kvXoI-Ym-]m-X-ßsf tKkn krjvSn-®n-´p-≠v. Pohn-X-tØmSv

Xoh-amb Bk-‡nbpw kam-¥-c-amb hnc-‡nbpw Dƒh-ln-°p∂ IYm-]m-X-ß-

fp-≠v. kvXoI-fpsS k¶o¿Æ-amb at\m-K-Xn-Isf Bhn-jvIcn-°p∂ ]Sn-bn-d-

ßn-t∏mb ]m¿∆-Xn , ]m©m-en , AΩ Adn-tb-≠-Xv , ]md , CXv tPmk-

^ns‚ IY A∂-bp-tSbpw F∂o IY-I-fn¬ kvXokz-Xz-]-T-\-ß-fpsS coXn-im-

kvX-ßsf ]Xn-]-£Øp \n¿Øp∂ kµ¿ -ß-fp-≠v. Hmtcm kzXzm-hn-jvIm-chpw

Hmtcm am\-kn-I-LS\sb ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂p.

c‡-_-‘-ß-sfbpw lrZ-b-_-‘-ß-sfbpw AXn-Po-hn-°p∂ kvXokz-Xz-

Øns‚ Bhn-jvIm-c-amWv AΩ Adn-tb-≠Xv F∂ IY. AIm-e-Øn¬ bu∆\w

\ne-®p-t]m-Ip∂ aI-fpsS am\-knItemI-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv IY Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-

∂-Xv. kpµ-cn-bmb AΩ-bpsS hncq-]-bmb aIƒ, aI-fpsS `¿Ømhv F∂o IYm-

]m-X-ß-fmWv IY-bn¬ kqNn-X-am-Ip-∂-Xv. Xs‚ kuµ-cy-[m¿jvSy-Øns‚ ]n≥_-

e-Øn¬ aIsf ]cn-l-kn-°p∂ AΩ-bpw, Xs‚ sshcq-]y-Øn¬ am\-kn-I-kw-

L¿jw A\p- -hn-°p-Ibpw AΩ-tbmSv Akq-b-I-e¿∂ hntZzjw kq£n-°p-Ibpw

sNøp∂ aIfpw tIh-e-amb kvssXWkzXz-ß-fpsS \ne B¿÷n-°p-∂p. AΩ

˛ aIƒ F∂ _‘w ChnsS A]-k-‡-am-Wv. F√m-hn[ kuµ-cy-]-cn-th-j-

ßfpw \jvS-s∏ v ihambn amdn-°-gn™ AΩsb ImWp-hm-\p≈ aI-fpsS ]pd∏m-

Sn-¬, AΩ-bpsS arX-tZlw ImWp-tºmƒ Xm\n-\nbpw aI-fpsS hb-‰n¬ P\n-°p-

sa∂p ihw kwkm-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse aIƒ°-\p-`h-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]q¿Æ-ambpw

At_m-[-Øns‚ LS-\-bn-emWp ac-Wm-\-¥cw F∂ IY Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-

≈-Xv.

Ah-fpsS lrZbw A£-a-sIm≠v XpcpXp-cm-an-Sn-®p. AΩ acn®psh∂v

t\cn¬°≠v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ Ahƒ XnSp-°-s∏-´p. .... AΩ-bpsS ape-Iƒ Xe-

sb-Sp-t∏msS \n∂v Imcp-Wy-]q¿∆w Xs‚ amdn-te°p t\m°n aµ-l-kn-°p-∂Xv

Ahsf ipWvTn-]n-Sn-∏n®p (AΩ Adn-tb-≠-Xv 2005 : 229)

ico-cw, AXpw bu∆-\-bp-‡-amb icocw F∂ bmYm¿∞ysØ AwKo-I-

cn-°p∂ kvXokz-Xz-Z¿i-\-amWp tKkn-bpsS IYIfn-ep-≈-Xv. ico-csØ kzXz-

\n¿Æ-tbm-]m-[n-bmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°p∂ IY-I-fn¬ ]Sn-bn-d-ßn-t∏mb ]m¿∆-Xn-

bpw , ]hm-kn-bpsS P\-\hpw ]tXyI hni-I-e\w A¿ln-°p-∂p. k¶o¿Æ-

amb ssewKn-I-Z¿i-\-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv Cu IY-Iƒ Fgp-X-s∏-´n-´p-

≈-Xv. kzh¿§-c-Xn, D`-b-enw-KXzw F∂o ]h-W-X-Isf°pdn-®p≈ kqN-\-Iƒ

Cu IY-I-fpsS A¥-co-£-Øn-ep-≠v.

]m¿∆Xn F∂n-te°v IS-∂p-h-cp-tºmƒ R߃°n-cp-h¿°pw ]Xn-\m-dp-

h-b- m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-fpsS shfpØp XpSpØ apJhpw ]Im-i-ta-dnb hen-b-I-

Æp-Ifpw \o≠n-S-Xq¿∂ apSnbpw F\n°v el-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. a‰p s]¨Ip-´n-Iƒ

hnIm-c-Xo-h-X-sIm≠v CS-dnb i_vZ-Øn¬ ]pcp-j-∑m-sc-°pdn®v kwkm-cn-°p-∂Xv

Fs∂ h√msX aSp-∏n-®p. Cu ]mb-Øn¬ FXn¿enw-K-tØmSp tXmt∂≠ kl-

P-amb hnIm-c-ß-sfm∂pw F\n-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√-∂Xv Fs∂-Øs∂ CS-°nsS

A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øm-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]t£, ]m¿∆-Xn-bpsS Ihn-fn¬ Nq≠p-hn-c¬

sIm≠p-sXm-Sp-hm\pw IÆp-I-fn¬ Np≠-a¿Øm\pw an\p-Ø-ap-Sn-bn¬ Xgp-Im\pw

\nKq-V-amb Hcp Bthiw F∂n¬ \pc-™p-s]m-¥p-∂Xv ]Wn-s∏- mWv Rm≥

AS-°n-bn-cp-∂Xv . (]Sn-bn-d-ßn-t∏mb ]m¿∆Xn 1998 : 30) hyh-ÿm-]n-X-amb

ssewKn-I-ho-£-W-Øn\p ]pdØp≈ kzh¿§cXn-sb-bmWvv ChnsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-

°p-∂-Xv. IYm-cw-`-Øn¬ kmµ¿`nI-ambn kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-sXm-gn-®m¬ IY-bpsS

KXn-bn¬ Kuc-h-X-c-amb ]cn-Wm-a-߃ krjvSn-°p-hm≥ tKkn ian-®n-´n-√.

D`-b-enw-K-hy-‡n-Xz-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Akz-ÿ-X-Iƒ A\p-`-hn-°p∂ Hcp

bph-Xn-bpsS at\m-hym-]m-c-߃ KmV-am-bn-Øs∂ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ IY-bmWv

]hm-kn-bpsS P\\w . ico-c-kw-_-‘n-bmb `am-fl-IX F∂ coXn-bn¬ hfsc

kzm`m-hn-I-X-tbmsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ Cu ssewKn-Im-\p-`-h-Øn\p Ncn-X-

]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb hyh-lm-c-ß-fp-ambn _‘-ap-s≠∂p hni-I-e-\-

Øn¬ Is≠-Øp-∂p.

Dd-°-Øn¬ Ahƒ hnNn-X-amb Hcp kz]v\w I≠p. Xm≥ ]pcp-j-\mbn

amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AXv F¥m-bmepw hfsc Xam-i-bp≈ Hcp Imcy-ambn Ahƒ°p

tXm∂n. Hcp _eq¨ ho¿Øp-h-cp-∂-Xp-t]mse Ahƒ Nncn-°m≥ Xp-Sßn. Nncn

Hcp henb i_vZ-tØmsS s]m´n-b-t∏mƒ Ahƒ \Sp-ßn-bp-W¿∂p. kz]v\-sØ-

°p-dn®v Hm¿Øv D∏vck-ap≈ Hcp sNdnb Nncn \pW™v Ahƒ InS-∂p. ]ns∂

shdpsX ASn-bp-Sp-∏n-\p-≈n¬ ssII-SØn ]c-Xn-b-t∏mƒ Ahƒ Aº-c-∂p-t]mbn.

kz]v\-a√ bYm¿∞-ambpw Xm≥ Hcp ]pcp-j-\mbn amdn F∂-hƒ a\- n-em-

°n........... s]mSp-∂-s\-bmWv Ahƒ Xs‚ ape-Isf°pdn®v Hm¿Ø-Xv. enwK-Øns‚

apf-sb-Sp-t∏msS Ah sImgn-™p-t]mbn´p≠m-Ip-sa∂ Nn¥ an∂¬∏n-W-cns‚

thK-Øn¬ Ah-fn-te°v Bgv∂n-d-ßn. Ah bYm-ÿm-\Øv ]g-b-h-ep-∏-

Øn¬Øs∂ ÿnXn-sNøp-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p..... Aßs\ kz¥-ambn HcnSw \jvS-

s∏´ Ahƒ Ipfn-ap-dn-bpsS Cu¿∏-ap-‰nb Xd-bn¬ Xf¿∂n-cp∂v ]mb¬]n-Sn®

Nph-cn¬ apJw Aa¿Øn.... (]-hm-kn-bpsS P\-\w, 1998 :22) Aan-X-amb imco-cn-

I- o-Xn-Iƒ kvXokz-XzsØ Ac-£n-X-am-°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xns‚ ]Xo-Im-fl-I Bhn-

jvImc-am-WnXvî.

\thm-∞m\ Ime-L- -Øn\p tij-ap≈ bqtdm-]y≥ kaq-lsØ ssewKn-

I-\n-jvT-ambn hymJym-\n® antj¬ ^qt°mhns‚ Nn¥-Iƒ D`-b-ssew-Kn-IX

Fßs\ Hcp kzXzsØ ]Xn-k-‘n-bn-em-gvØp-∂p-sh∂p ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. imco-cn-

Im-\p-`-h-ßsf IrXy-amb ⁄m\-]-≤-Xn-bm°n hnI-kn-∏n® bqtdm-]y≥ Nn¥-I-

fmWv ChnsS ]k-‡-am-bn- p-≈-Xv. ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠n-\p-ti-j-ap≈ bqtdm-]y≥

kaq-l-Øn¬ ssewKnI hn⁄m\w Ima-Ie í

F∂o ]cn-I-ev]-\-Isf sshZy-im-kvXw, a\x-imkvXw F∂o hn⁄m-

\-ta-J-e-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠p≈ ssewKnI hn⁄m-\-Øn\p

]mapJyw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. CX-\p-k-cn®v hy‡n-kz-XzsØ A\p-Iq-etam ]Xn-Iq-

etam Bb -co-Xn-bn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ \n¿Æm-b-I-ta-J-e-bmWp ssewKn-I-X-bp-

tS-Xv. kzXzhpw ssewKn-I-Xbpw XΩn-ep≈ k¶o¿Æ-amb _‘sØ hni-I-

e\w sNøp-hm≥ ^qt°m Hcp kw`-h-IY DZm-l-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. ^m≥knse Hcp

ssIkvXh IpSpw-_-Øn¬ 1838˛¬ P\n® _m¿_n≥ Ccp-]Xp h¿j-tØmfw

s]¨Ip-´n-bmbn Pohn-®p. At∏m-gmWv Ah-fpsS ssewKn-I-kz-XzsØ°pdn®v

kaq-l-Øn\p kwibw P\n-°p-∂-Xv. D`-b-ssew-Kn-IX AwKo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ Xøm-

d-√m-Xn-cp∂ kaqlw Hcp knhn¬ tImS-Xn-bpsS DØ-c-hns‚ cq]-Øn¬

sl¿Iyqen≥ _m¿_ns‚ hy‡n-Po-hnXØn¬ CS-s]-Sp-Ibpw ëAhsfí ]pcp-

j-\mbn ]Jym-]n-°p-I-bpw sNbvXp. CXn¬ a\w-s\m¥ _m¿_n≥ Aev]-Im-e-

Øn-\p-tijw Bfl-lXy sNbvXp (]n.-]n. cho-µ≥; 1998) . D`-b-enw-K-hy-‡n-

bpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ kaqlw Fßs\ A[o-iXzw ]pe¿Øp∂p F∂p hni-Zo-I-

cn-°p-hm-\mWv ^qt°m Cu IY DZm-l-cn-°p-∂-Xv. tKkn-bpsS IYbn¬ D`-b-

enw-KXzw am\-kn-Im-\p- hw F∂ \ne-bn-emWv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kvXoi-

cocw F∂ bmYm-¿∞y-Øn\pta¬ kaqlw ]pe¿Øp∂ A[n-Im-c-]-h-W-X-I-

fmWv IYm-kzXzw A\p-`-hn-°p∂ at\m-hn-`m-¥n-bpsS ImX¬.

Nne Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-Iƒ ico-c-amWv Fgp-Xp-∂-sX∂v m¿§-h-cm-a\pw cm[m-

c-a-W\pw Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv km¿ Hm¿°p-∂p-≠m-hpw. Po\p-I-fm-Wt√m kz`m-h-

Øn-\p-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Iƒ. ico-c-an-√msX Po\p-Iƒ°v \ne-\n¬∏pt≠m? At∏mƒ ico-

c-amWp Hcmsf \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂Xv F∂p Xo¿®. (_o-P-_m¶v 2005 : 289)

IY-sb-Øs∂ hnj-b-am-°p∂ _oP-_m¶v F∂ IY-bnepw kvXokz-

Xz-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-L-S-I-ambn ico-c-amWv h¿Øn-°p-∂-sX∂ [mc-Wbm-

Wp-≈-Xv.

13

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ

01. sNdp-IY F∂ kt¶-XsØ ssk≤m-¥n-I-ambn hymJym-\n® BZy-Ime

Ata-cn-°≥ Fgp-Øp-Im-cmWv \Ym-\n-b¬ lmtØm¨, FUvKm¿ Ae≥t]m

F∂n-h¿. Ae≥t]m IYm-Im-c≥ amX-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. IYsb \n¿∆-Nn® ssk≤m-

¥n-I≥ IqSn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ bqtdm-

∏n¬ hnI-kn®p h∂ sdmam‚n-kn-k-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv hnhn-[ß-fmb

sNdp-IYm \n¿∆-N-\-߃ krjvSn-°-s∏- -Xv. Ae≥t]m sNdp-I-Y-bpsS ASn-ÿm-

\-L-S-I-ambn ImWp-∂Xv ë í (GI`m-h-tI-µnX-Xzw)-s\-bm-Wv. Hcp

IYm-]m-Xw, Hcp kw -hw, Hcp `mhwíF∂XmWv IY-bpsS GI-XzsØ \n¿Æ-

bn-°p-∂-sX∂v _m≠¿ am-Xyqkv ]d-bp-∂p. (Imev]-\n-I-

K-Zy-cq-]w) F∂v ^m¶v H tImW¿ IY-sb hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p.

02. IYm-]-cX F∂Xv IYbpw bmYm¿∞yhpw XΩn-ep≈ auen-

I-amb hyXym-ksØ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ k¶-ev]-\-am-Wv.

03. 19˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ bqtdm-∏n¬ ]N-cn-®n-cp∂ Imev]-\n-I-Xm-hm-Z-Øns\-Xnsc

cq]-s∏´ ]ÿm-\-ß-fmWv djy≥ t^m¿a-en-kw, \h-hn-a¿iw F∂nh. djy≥

t^m¿a-en-k-Øns‚ hnI-kn-X-im-J-bmbn LS-\m-hm-ZsØ ]cn-K-

Wn-°p-∂p. djy≥ t^m¿a-en-kw IrXn-bpsS cq]-Ønepw \h-hn-a¿iw D≈-S-°-

Ønepw tIµo-I-cn-®-t∏mƒ LS-\m-hmZw Ch c≠n-s‚bpw ka-hm-b-ambn \ne-

hn¬ h∂p. a\p-jy-a-\- v, kz]v\-߃, ⁄m\w F∂n-hbv°v `mjm-[n-jvTn-X-

amb LS-\-bp-s≠∂ `mjm-im-kvX-Øns‚ hnNm-c-am-Xr-I-I-fmWv LS-\m-hm-Z-

Øn\p XmØzn-I-amb ]n¥pW \¬In-b-Xv.

04. ì Bi-b-kw-ln-X, Hcp h¿§-Øn\v ]tXy-I-am-bp≈ aqey-hn-izm-k-߃,

Ab-Ym¿∞-amb k¶-ev]-߃ F∂o A¿∞-ß-fn-emWv ]Xy-b-im-kvX-sa∂

hm°v D]-tbm-Kn®p hcp-∂Xv. Cu A¿∞-ß-sf-sb√mw DƒsIm-≈p-Ibpw AtX-

k-abw Iqsd-°qSn kmam-\y-am-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ as‰m-c¿∞-Øn¬ Cu hm°v

D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. CX-\p-k-cn-®v, A¿∞-ß-fp-sSbpw Bi-b-ß-fp-sSbpw

Dev]m-Z-\-sa∂ kmam\y ]In-b-bmWv ]Xy-b-im-kvXw. A¿∞-ßfpw aqey-

ßfpw \n¿-Ωn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv kmaq-ln-Im-\p- -h-Øn¬ \n∂m-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v A¿∞-

ß-sfbpw aqey-ß-sfbpw DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ km-aq-ln-Im-\p-`-hsØ sltem-kn-

t\mhv ]Xy-b-imkvXw F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-Øn¬ ]Xy-b-

im-kvX-sa∂ hm°v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv khn-ti-jhpw kmam-\y-hp-amb

Cusbmc¿∞-Øn-emWv . (hn. kn. ioP≥, IYbpw ]Xy-b-im-kvX-hpw, 1992,

tZim-`n-am\n hmcn-I, s^_p ˛ ]p:23, e:35)

05. ì IYsb Bfl-s\m-º-chpw Bfl-Zm-lhpw kz]v\-hp-am-bn-°m-Wp-∂, sshb-

‡n-Im-\p-`q-Xn-I-fpsS B[n-Im-cn-Ihpw kXym-fl-I-hp-amb NnXo-I-c-W-ambn

AXns\ Z¿in-°p∂ B[p-\n-I-]q¿∆w F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp∂ IYm-k-¶-

ev]-am-W-Xv. Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS N´-°q-Sn¬ \n∂-ap-b¿∂p hcp∂ dnb-enÃv IYm-

k-¶ev]w F∂¿∞-Øn-em-Wv Imev]-\nI dnb-enkw F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xvî.

(]n.-]n. cho-µ≥, IY-bpsS `qan-imkvXw Fw.-Snsb hmbn-°p-tºmƒ, 1997, tZim-

`n-am\n hmcn-I, s^_p ˛ ]p: 26, e:44).

06. ì

07 Hcp hkvXp-hns‚ Hcw-i-sØ-°p-dn®v amXw ]d™v hkvXp-hns\ samØ-

Øn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xns\ë íF∂p hyh-l-cn-°p-∂p.

08.

09. AXn-IY : B[p-\n-I-I-Y-Iƒ ]q¿Æ-ambpw mjm-in-ev]-Øn-

emWv tIµo-I-cn-®-Xv. B[p-\n-I-Xbv°p tijw h∂ IYm- m-hp-I-Xz-Øns‚ apJy-

]-Xn-k‘n B[p-\n-I-I-Y-m-X-¥p-°sf \ntj-[n-°p-I-sb-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. mj-sb-

Øs∂ hna¿i-\m-fl-I-amb kt¶-X-ambn DØ-cm-[p-\n-I¿ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øp.

DØ-cm-[p-\nI IY-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏´ kt¶-X-ß-fmWv AXn-I-Y, ]mcUn

F∂n-h. ]pXnb IYm-X-¥-ß-fpsS A]-cy-m]vX-X-bn¬ \n∂p-amWv Fgp-Øn-s\-

Øs∂ hnj-b-am-°n-s°m-≠p≈ IY-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. 1960˛I-fn¬ `mj-bpsS

]m[m-\y-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≠mb ]pXnb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-fn¬ \n∂mWv AXn-IY F∂

kt¶Xw Dcp-Øn-cn-™-Xv. Ata-cn-°≥ Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\mb hneyw F®v -Kmkv

BWv sa‰m-^n-Ivj≥ F∂ ]Zw BZy-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv. IY-bpsS IYm-fl-

I-kzXzw BJym-\-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn-Øo-cp∂ ]In-bsb kqNn-∏n-°p-hm-\mWv

Cu ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv. Hcp IYbv°p IY-sb∂ \ne-bv°p≈ AkvXn-XzsØ

B IY-bn¬Øs∂ hymJym-\n-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ AXmWv AXn-I-Y. Hcp IY-bpsS

Xs∂ `mjm-]-chpw BJym-\-]-c-hp-amb kzXzw B IY-bn¬Øs∂ hymJym-\n-

°-s∏-Sp-∂-XmWv AXn-IY . (hn.-kn.ioP≥, 1999, B[p-\n-tIm-Ø-cw, hni-I-e-

\hpw hna¿i-\-hpw, F≥.-_n.-F-kv.)

]mcUn : ]q¿∆-\n¿±n-jvS-amb IY-\-ssi-en-Isf lmkym-fl-I-

ambn ]p\x-kr-jvSn-°p∂ ]mcUn B[p-\n-tIm-Ø-c-I-Ym-X-¥-am-Wv. ì

, 28 : 232)

10. anØv F∂ hm°n\p kam-\-ambn, ae-bm-f-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp∂ ]Zw

]pcm-hrØw F∂-Xm-Wv. GtXm Hcp ImeØv D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v i‡-amb

hnizm-k-amWv ]pcm-hr-Ø-Øn\v B[m-c-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Hcp kaq-l-Øns‚ kz]v\-

sa∂p ]pcm-hr-ØsØ hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv............

11. anØp-Isf kw_-‘n® ssk≤m-¥nI hni-I-e-\ß-fn¬ anØns‚ aq∂p-

Xcw [¿Ω-ß-sf-°p-dn®v ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v. 1)

12. ì

13. ^qt°m FUn‰p sNbvX _m¿_n-s‚ Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏p-I-fpsS Cw•ojv ]cn-

`mj sl¿Iyp-en≥ _m¿_n≥ : _obnMv Z dosk‚ ven UnkvI-th¿Uv saavhmkv

Hm^v F ss\≥So≥Xv sk≥Nzdn sl¿am-t^mssU-‰v, ]cn- m-j, B¿. aIvtUm-

K¬, \yq tbm¿°v, 1980.

(IS-∏mSv : ]n.-]n. cho-µ≥, antj¬ ^qt°m, h¿Ø-am-\-Øns‚ Ncn-Xw,

1998, `mjm- C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)