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TRANSCRIPT
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BUILDING CONSTRUCTION I
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) IN ARCHITECTURE
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CONTENT
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1.0 Introduction to siteProject descriptionSite plan
4
2.0 Site and Safety 5 - 6
3.0 Plants and Machineries 7 - 9
4.0 Preliminaries WorkSite LayoutSetting OutEarthwork
10 - 16
5.0 FoundationType & Construction process ( from site )Type & construction process ( from references )
17 - 20
6.0 SuperstructureBeam & ColumnSlabWallStaircase
21 - 31
7.0 Doors and Windows 32 - 46
8.0 RoofType & construction process ( from site )Type & construction process ( from references )
47 - 52
Summary 53
References 54 - 55
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Group Members
PRELIMINARIES WORK 0322822
0322608
0322020
0322879
0322633
0323824
0323454
0323066
FOUNDATION
DOORS AND WINDOWS
SUPERSTRUCTURE - WALL, STAIRCASE
SUPERSTRUCTURE - BEAM AND COLUMN, SLAB
ROOF
SITE AND SAFETY
SUMMARYCOMPILATION
Shum Li Sze
Sii Siaw Hua
Tan Kah Inn
Tay Siew Wen
Wee Sue Wen
Wong Mei Xin
Wong Yun Teng
Yang Jing Loo
3
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1.0 Introduction to Site
1.11 Site Plan
4
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2.0 Site and Safety
To protect the individual from injuries caused by falling objects
To prevent head contact with sharp objects or some other hazard situation that might cause direct injuries to the head
To prevent eyes from getting exposed to hazards such as dust particles, molten metal or liquid chemical.
It has high reflective property that is easily discernible
To make sure an individual is highly visible to others
To protect feet from falling or sharp objects Closed toe shoes that made of rubber, give
protection to toes Must do Round shape, white
pictogram on blue background
Prohibition or danger alarm Round shape, black
pictogram on white background; red edging and diagonal line
Warning or hazard Triangular shape, black
pictogram on yellow background with black edging
Emergency escape, first aid, no danger
Rectangular or square shape, white pictogram on green background
5
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6
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3.0 Plants and Machinery
7
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8
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9
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4.0 Preliminary
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c
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The contractors site accommodation is a temporary structure that comes in various sizes and types to meet the site accommodation needs. It remains in the site during the construction phase and the length of time on site will therefore determine the types of site accommodation used.
Characteristics of the site office to suit office activities.
1. Weatherproof 2. Heated3. Insulated4. Lit & Furnished with desks 5. Work surfaces, plan, racks & chairs
Characteristics of site accommodation for workers to ensure health, welfare requirement and productivity.
1. Toilets2. Washing facilities 3. Drinking water4. Changing rooms5. Rest room
.
c
The construction period for this project is 3 years. Therefore, different forms of temporary site accommodation were set up to form a long chain of office complex.
Mobile cabin
Fire extinguisher
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c
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c
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c
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c
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c.
c
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5.0 Foundation
17
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http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/prism.htmlhttp://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/concrete.htmlhttp://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/dimension.htmlhttp://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/column.htmlhttp://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/wall.htmlhttp://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/load.htmlhttp://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/foundation.htmlhttp://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/slope.htmlhttp://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/bearing-stratum.htmlhttp://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/horizontal.htmlhttp://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/horizontal.html
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4.1.4 Ribbed Foundation ReinforcementPhotoreference:http://www.buildinghow.com/en-us/Products/Books/Volume-A/The-reinforcement-II/Foundation/Raft-foundation
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20
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6.0 Superstructure
Superstructure Requirement of good formwork
Formwork
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v
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22
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v
Long and Slender ColumnShort and Thick Column
6.14 Types of column on site:
Short and Thick Column 23
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Two Way Beam Supported Slab
Flat Slab
Flat Plate
Waffle Slab
Two Way Beam Supported Slab
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25
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Red bricks are used for walls around staircase.
VoidWatertightness would be adversely affected if voids are present in the cement mortar.
Image 6.34
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6.41 Types of Staircase
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STRINGERUNIT RISE
TREAD
UNIT RUN
RISER
TOTAL RUN
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31
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7.0 DOORS AND WINDOWS
Decide on positions, sizes and shapes of openings.Decide on style, character And materials for openings.
Decide on basic materials for fabric of roof and walls. Decide on basic materials for fabric of roof and walls. 32
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Design to give required fire resistance.
When closed door should act in
conjunction with surrounding
fabric as an enclosing element.
Good fit to exclude wind
and rain.
Weathered at bottom to shed
surface water.
Adequate locks and bolts
for security.
Design to give required
thermal and sound
insulation.
Glazed area to provide natural
daylight to the interior.
Suitable finish and
construction to withstand
natural elements.
Main function ~ to provide access and fabric of building.
dpc
Good fit to provide thermal
comfort and privacy.
Adequate lock for
security.
Colour and design to blend
with internal decor.
Main function ~ to provide access and egress through internal wall or partition.
When closed door should act in
conjunction with surrounding fabric
as an internal dividing element.
Architrave.
Design to give required thermal
insulation, sound insulation and
fire resistance.
Skirting.
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Solid Panel - flush panels
timber
1829
& 1
981
1981
1981
1981
610,686 & 762 686,762 & 838 762 & 838 762 & 838
plywood facing
skeleton framing
lightweight core filling
edge lipping
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finished thickness 40 or 44 mm
Solid Core (laminated) Timber DoorMortice Lock
- Side hung - Single leaf - Single swing door
Butt Hinge
External Door
On site front elevation drawing
35
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36
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Straight Sliding Doors
Glazed
Aluminium Framed
Patio Door Lock
Door Guides
37
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heig
ht ra
nge
from
182
9 to
203
2
width range
facing materials :- hardboard plywood laminated plastic
solid or skeleton frame core
edge lipping
glazed 450 x 450 mm observation panel
facing materials :-Hardboard plywood
top rail
stile
lock rail
panels of narrow width louvres
clear or obscure glazing in small panes
bottom rail
38
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Internal Door
- Side hung - Single leaf - Single swing door
Door Knob -
On site sectional drawing
Door handle with lockRequires key to open
Butt Hinge - Lift the weight of the doorFoldability
39Skeleton Core Flush Door
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Concrete Lintel
40
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Glass and glazing to be suitable for
window position and type.
Suitable and durable materials
required for framing.
Window should be weather tight when openings
lights are closed.
Perimeter joint to be adequately
sealed.
Thermal and sound insulation
properties to be acceptable to
client and within Building
Regulations.
Sizing of openings to meet
requirements of Building
Regulations for limiting heat
losses.
41
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FIXED LIGHTusually used in conjunction
with other types.
TOP HUNG CASEMENTusually of small size for controlled ventilation.
BOTTOM HUNG CASEMENTuse as for top hung
casement.
VERTICAL PIVOT HORIZONTAL PIVOT
high performance - nearer than casement types - can be obtained as reversible for easy cleaning.
HORIZONTAL SLIDING SASH
gives good controlled ventilation without any forward or backward projection of sash.
simplest and cheapest type of opening window.
SIDE HUNG CASEMENT
sash side hung opening
out. sash top hung opening
out.
sash bottom hung
opening in.
sash hung on centre pivots.
DOUBLE HUNG SLIDING SASH
sashes hung on spring
balances or weights.
sashes run on
guide rails.
good ventilation with only small projections of louvres.
louvres hung on
centre pivots.
LOUVRE
&
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ventlight closed
aluminium frame
casement
ventlight open
transom
mullion
Casement Fastener
hot pressed aluminium, plain end pattern
Casement Stay
cast aluminium, plain end pattern with one pin
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Hollow Core Aluminium Profiled Window Section
polyurethane - resin thermal breaks
double glazed unit
synthetic rubber sealing gasket
hollow core may be filled with closed cell foam
standard profile outer frame for head, jamb and sill
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7.32 Window Types -
&Top Hung Casement
STD. Handle
STD. Cleat
Cross Connector
Friction Stays
D/G Bead Multi Bead
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3 Blade
Glass Louvre Blade
Adapts to Aluminium Frame
Handle
&
45
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Rough Window Opening
2. Concrete Lintel
46
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8.0 ROOF
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Diagram 7.1.3. The rock wool above the chicken wire mesh is to provide sound and heat insulation.
Diagram 7.1.5. Lastly, add the metal decks above the aluminium foils.
Diagram 7.1.5.
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Diagram 7.1.1. Diagram 7.1.2.
Diagram 7.1.3. Diagram 7.1.4.
Diagram 7.1.1. Steel Trusses are installed to provide roof support.
Diagram 7.1.2. After adding the purlins, put the chicken wire mesh above the purlins to hold the rock wool.
Diagram 7.1.4. Insert a layer of aluminium foil to reflect heat.
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Main truss
Steel Sheet for waterproofing
Purlins
Type of Truss
Column
Concrete
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Roof on porch is a concrete slab
Aluminium foil to insulate roof
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Roof gutters
Diagram 7.3.1
Diagram 7.3.2
Diagram 7.3.3
In Diagram 7.3.1, Steel trusses are constructed and is supported by the wall.
In Diagram 7.3.2, Roof sheathing, for example, aluminium sheet is applied above this layer for protection and allows roof to support the load.
In Diagram 7.3.3, The last layer of the flat roof is roof coverings. This layer protects the roof against harsh weather and waterproofing.
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Site visits are an important part of learning where it allow us to have greater understanding relating to the construction project, design and the processes. To ensure the construction is successful, involvement of planning and organising skills are essential for leaders to carried out. Besides that, trainings are to be delivered to workers for safety purposes and to accomplish works effectively. Firstly, Safety is the major concern in construction site to prevent from injuries. Equipments such as fire extinguisher, safety nets, first-aid box are essential to be placed permanently on certain areas. According to the contractor, fire extinguisher will be placed on every 1 km of the construction site. We are also required to place on safety helmets before entering.
Construction site that we recently went were located at Persiaran Setia Perdana, Shah Alam - residential building with 2 storey. Hence, the area focusses on the living spaces and public gardens to encourage more interaction from neighbourhoods. Observations on the process of constructing a house are recorded down, we able to get an understanding how the theoretical knowledge is fitted into practice. Gaining experience in building materials are also part of the site visit as well where we able to identify the raw materials in the construction process such as the detailing of doors and windows installations, roof covering, wall structures and etc.
Alongside with that, machineries able to increase workers workability in transporting materials, construction of walls made using templates, making aggregates using cement mixer. Wooden structure also known as pallet function as a base to carry materials from place to place by mobile cranes which available to work in low rise buildings. Maximum range it can hold 660 pieces of bricks or concrete. Formwork are also used as support structures or moulds to create concrete columns out of it, on the site plywood are used. The categories of formwork are defined as conventional type as it is easy to produce, flexible but time consuming for larger structures.
We did analyzed different construction methods by the drawings, plans, elevations and sections given by Mr. Phoon who accepted us on the site visit and guided us along throughout the day. Furthermore, these experiences had led us to be more involved in the construction process after a series of researches and interaction with the environment.
Summary
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