bab v. pengujian kualitas kayu ing
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Pengujian kayuTRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER V
WOOD QUALITY TEST
A. Depreciation Wood
1. Objectives
a. To determine the percentage of wood angle.
b. To find out what happens to wood shrinkage from wet to dry. In this case
the depreciation based on the shrinkage of the wood grain.
2. Basic Theory
Determine the moisture content in wood timber volume, less water in
the wood, it also decreases the volume of the timber. Because wood is a
shrinkage of volume shrinkage, the shrinkage is happening in three directions
dimensions:
a. Shrinkage direction toward the center (radial)
b. Directions shrinkage in the direction of the tangent line type (tangential)
c. Direction shrinkage in the direction of the length of the rod (axial)
3. Materials used
a. Wood samples of I (wood camphor)
b. Wood samples II (wood meranti)
4. Apparatus
a. Calipers
b. Scale
c. Oven with a max temperature of 150 ° C made in Germany
5. Steps Work
a. Each sample was coded teams, parallel fiber = a, b = perpendicular fibers,
fiber direction = c.
b. Considering each sample timber.
c. Measure the length, width, and thickness of wood (tangential, radial, axial)
d. Incorporate wood into the oven for ± 24 hours.
e. The next day put into oxilator for ± 15 minutes, and then weighed.
f. Measuring wood shrinkage.
95
6. Workflow
Figure V.1 Workflow of Depreciation Wood
Preparing Apparatus and Materials :a. Wood samples of I (wood camphor)b. Wood samples of II (wood meranti)c. Calipersd. Scalee. Oven
Depreciation Wood
Start
Steps Work:a. Each sample was coded teams, parallel fiber = a, b =
perpendicular fibers, fiber direction = c.b. Considering each sample timber.c. Measure the length, width, and thickness of wood
(tangential, radial, axial)d. Incorporate wood into the oven for ± 24 hours.e. The next day put into oxilator for ± 15 minutes, and then
weighed.f. Measuring wood shrinkage.
Observing Test Results
Data Analysis
Finish
Conclusion
7. Observation Results.
Figure V.1 Steps Work Depreciation Wood
Informations Before oven After oven
Camphor Meranti Camphor Meranti
Length (cm)Wide (cm)High (cm)
10,86,84,9
10,26,94,7
10,76,44,6
106,74,5
Table V.2 Tables Wood Sample Observations
Samples
Weight (gram) Before oven After oven
Before oven
After oven
atangential
(cm)
Bradial(cm)
caxial(cm)
a’tangential
(cm)
b’radial(cm)
c’axial(cm)
Camphor (I)
285 265 5,2 4,2 10,8 5,1 3,9 10,7
Meranti (II)
230 210 5,8 3,6 10,2 5,7 3,5 10
8. Data Analysis
a. Sample I ( Wood Camphor )
Sringkage length woods
1) Direction axial = c – c’= 10,8 – 10,7= 0,1 cm
Large depresiation =
0,110,8 x
= 0.926 %2) Direction radial = b – b’
= 4,2 – 3,9 = 0,3 cm
Large depresiation =
0,34,2 x
= 7,143 %3) Direction tangential = a – a’ = 5,2 – 5,1 = 0,1 cm
Large depresiation =
0,15,2 x
= 1,923 % Water content of wood camphor
1) Weight of water = weight before oven – weight after oven = 285 – 265 = 20 gram
2) The water content of the dry weight =
weight waterweight after oven x 100%
=
20265 x
= 7,5471 %
3) The water content of the wet weight =
weight waterweight before oven x 100
=
20285 x
= 7,0175 %
The level of moisture
Formula : X =
(1,15 . 6 x )−6 kv6kv x 100 %
By : 6x = weight of the object before the oven
6kv = weight of the object after the oven
X = moisture content of wood
XKa =
(1,15 .285 )−265265 x
= 23,679 %
b. Sample II (Meranti wood)
The length of wood shrinkage
1) Direction axial = c – c’ = 10,2 – 10 = 0,2 cm
Large Depreciation =
0,210,2 x 100 %
= 1,96 % 2) Direction radial = b – b’ = 3,6 – 3,5 = 0,1 cm
Large Depreciation =
0,13,6 x 100 %
= 2,78 % 3) Direction tangential = a – a’ = 5,8 – 5,7 = 0,1 cm
Large Depreciation =
0,15,8 x 100 %
= 1,72 %
The water content of the wood1) Weight water = weight before oven – weight after oven = 230 – 210 = 20 gram
2) The water content of the dry weight =
weight waterweight after oven x100 %
=
20210 x 100 %
= 9,524 %
3) The water content of the wet weight =
weight waterweight before oven x100 %
=
20230 x 100 %
= 8,69 % Meranti wood moisture levels
Formula : X =
(1,15 . 6 x )−6 kv6kv
x100%
By : 6x = weight of the object before the oven
6kv = weight of the body after oven
X = moisture content of wood
XJa =
(1,15 . 230 )−210210 x 100%
= 25,9524 %
c. Average price of wood shrinkage
a = shrinkage direction c ( axial ) =
0 ., 926 %+1 ,96 %2 = 1,443 %
b = shrinkage direction b (radial) =
7 ,143 %+2 ,78 %2 = 4,9615%
c = shrinkage direction a (tangential) =
1, 923 %+1 ,72 , %2 =1,8215 %
9. Conclusion
a. From the above experiments obtained:
a) Sample I (Camphor wood)
1) Losses timber directions axial (c) = 0.926%
2) Losses timber directions radial (b) = 7.143 %
3) Losses timber directions tangensial (a) = 1.923 %
b). Sampel II (Meranti wood)
1) Losses timber directions axial (c) = 1.96 %
2) Losses timber directions radial (b) = 2.78 %
3) Losses timber directions tangensial (a) = 1.72 %
b. From the calculation of wood camphor the moisture content above is
equal to 23.679 % is about 20%, it can be said the wood was wet.
c. From the calculation of meranti wood the moisture content above is
equal to 25.9524 % is about 20%, it can be said the wood was wet.
d. From the samples I and II, the average wood shrinkage axial direction
(c) < wood shrinkage radial direction (b) > wood shrinkage tangential
(a).
e. Camphor wood moisture content > Meranti wood moisture content
10. Suggestions
a. Pieces of wood should be flat and angled corners should, because it will
affect the measurement of the length of wood.
b. In the measurement, caution should be considered properly.
c. Timber should be examined first, whether cracked or not to affect wood
shrinkage.
B. Pressure Strong Test Wood
1. Objectives
To find the powerful urge to know the strength of the wood so that
the wood properly.
2. Basic Theory
Wood for building or construction should be a good and healthy.
Provided that all the attributes and shortcomings of existing, will not
damage or diminish the value of construction (building). In Indonesia
Timber Construction Regulations of 1961 stated that for some types of
wood, which allowed voltage taken rather low. But this rule may also be
given to the evidence of the investigation can be accounted for.
Table V.3 Wood Class Data Classification
Class DensityAbsolute bending strength (kg/cm³)
Compressive strength of absolute
(kg/cm³)IIIIIIIVV
> 11001100 – 750750 – 500500 – 360
< 360
> 11001100 – 750750 – 500500 – 360
< 360
> 600600 – 425425 – 300300 – 215
< 215
3. Materials Used
Table V.4 Material Test Data Urges Strong Wood
No Data Wood Wood camphor Wood Meranti
1.2.3.4.5.6.7.
Wood defectsLength ( p )Wide ( l )High (t )
Weight ( s )Volume ( v )Density ( Bj )
-30 cm6,6 cm4,9 cm
700 gram970,2 cm3
0,72 gr/cm3
-30 cm6,6 cm5 cm
510 gram990 cm3
0,52 gr/cm3
4. Apparatus
a. Scale
b. Ruler bracket
c. Sandpaper
d. Calipers
e. Saw
f. Test equipment demanded
5. Steps Work
a. Cutting wood with a length of ±30 cm, ± 4 cm wide and ±5 cm tall,
then measure the length, width and height are actually using calipers.
b. The weighing timber.
c. Wood insert into test equipment and records pressed wood shortening
occurs, starting from the moment the needle indicates the load 2.5 kN,
5 kN; 7.5 kN, and so on (multiplier 2.5 kN)..
d. Draw a sketch of timber damage caused by the load acting on the
timber.
6. Workflow
7.Start
Pressure Strong Test Wood
Steps Work:a. Measure the width of the test surface in the central part of the
sample length, in millimeters.b. Placing the sample on recording devices, so that the test surface
facing up. Placing the press (punch) at odds with the test sample. Place the test sample and recording devices in the test machine. Perform loading sample rate continuously with constant pressure or constant rate of movement of the loading head, simultaneously recording devices will record the load and deformation. The rate of increase in load should be such that the test length not less than 2 minutes.
c. Testing continued until the deformation reaches 2.5 mm. It can be seen from the diagram the pressure readings on the machine or deformation on the gauge. Expenses associated with the deformation fmax should be noted.
Observing Test Results
Preparing Apparatus and Materials :a. Scaleb. Ruler bracketc. Sandpaperd. Caliperse. Sawf. Test equipment demanded
Data Analysis
Conclusion
Finish
Figure V.2 Workflow of Pressure Strong Wood
7. Observation Results
Table V.5 Observation data pressure strong test camphor wood
No.Weight P
(kN)Depreciations
( ∆L ) cm
1 0.02 0.13 0.24 0.35 0.4
Table V.6 Stress and strain calculations camphor wood
No.Weight (P) Depreciations σ=P/A
ε=ΔL/L0
Correction
kN Kg ΔL (cm) (Kg/cm²)Analytic
( ε' )
Correction :
x+0 .333x + 1 . 000 =
376 . 81475 . 36
475.26 X + 159.42 = 185.51 X + 185.51292.75 X = 26.09
X = 0.089
σp = 465.00 kg/cm² σmax = 492.260 kg/cm² σ0,05 = 475.00 kg/cm² εp = 1.05 εmax = 1.18 ε0,05 = 1.1
a). Modulus of elasticity =
σ p
ε p =
465 . 001 .05 = 442.857 kg/cm²
b). Modulus of elasticity = ½ . σp . εp
= ½ . 465.00 . 1.05
= 244.125 kg/cm²
c). Modulus secant =
σ0 , 05
ε0 , 05 =
475 . 0001 .1 = 431.818 kg/cm²
d). Unknown : P = 16500 kg A = 345 cm² σk = 16500 = 47,826 kg/cm² = 4,7826 MPa
345Absolute power σk = 4,7826 MPa
Table V.7 Observation data pressure strong test meranti wood
No.Weight P
(kN)Depreciation( ∆L (cm))
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Table V.8 Stress and strain calculations meranti wood
No.Weight (P) Depreciation σ=P/A
ε=ΔL/L0
Correction
kN Kg ΔL (Kg/cm²)Analytic
(ε')
Correction : X + 0. 333 = 57.971 X + 4.33 411.594 411.59 X + 137.20 = 57.971 X + 251.21 353.62 X = 114.01
X = 0.322
σp = 349.700 kg/cm² σmax = 421.59 kg/cm² σ0,05 = 391.800 kg/cm² εp = 3.667 εmax = 4.650 ε0,05 = 4.100
a). Modulus of elasticity =
σ p
ε p =
349 .7003 .667 = 95.364 kg/cm²
b). Modulus of elastic = ½ . σp . εp
= ½ x 349.700 x 3.667 = 2564.699 kg/cm²
c). Modulus secant =
σ0 , 05
ε0 , 05 =
391 .8004 .100 = 95.561 kg/cm²
d). Unknown : P = 14200 kg A = 345 cm²
σk =
14200345 = 41,159 kg/cm² = 4,1159 MPa
Absolute power σk = 4,1159 MPa
8. Conclusion
a. From the experimental results strongly urged camphor wood by using a
hydraulic insisted, is obtained:
σp = 465.00 kg/cm²
σmax = 492.26 kg/cm²
σ0,05 = 475.00 kg/cm²
εp = 1.05
εmax = 1.18
ε0,05 = 1.100
modulus elasticity = 442.857 kg/cm²
modulus kenyal = 224.125 kg/cm²
modulus secant = 431.818 kg/cm²
Camphor wood has absolute power σk = 47,826 kg/cm²
b. From the experimental results strongly urged meranti wood using a
hydraulic insisted, is obtained:
σp = 349.700 kg/cm²
σmax = 421.59 kg/cm²
σ0,05 = 391.800 kg/cm²
εp = 3.667
εmax = 4.650
ε0,05 = 4.100
modulus elasticity = 95.364 kg/cm²
modulus kenyal = 2564.699 kg/cm²
modulus secant = 95.561 kg/cm²
Meranti timber has absolute power σk = 41,159 kg/cm²
9. Suggestions
a. Wood urged to be tested must have a flat surface and angled so that the
entire cross section can receive urgent force evenly.
b. The accuracy in the measurement of length, width and height of timber
to be tested must be really careful, because it will affect the amount of
stress and strain that occurs.
c. In the installation of wood that will be tested in a hydraulic test
equipment urge to be completely straight.
d. In the notice of motion and the needle on the record when pressed
should be careful, because it supports the validity of data obtained
Figure V.5 Wood material after pressure strength test
C
⅔h
C. Flexural Strength Test of Wood
1. Objectives
To determine the flexural strength of wood so as to know the
strength of the wood very well.
2. Basic Theory
If the log is placed on two pedestal, burdened with force P, the top
edge fibers of the stem and urged each other on the bottom edge fibers will
each attraction. Because the fibers of the top edge of each emergency, there
will be a compressive stress. In contrast to the lower edge of the fiber tensile
stress will occur. The voltage is called the bending stress (σ lt). At the
boundary between the compressive stress and tensile stress, no fibers were
voltage = 0, meaning no voltage occurs. This tension lies in a straight line or
plane-called neutral line, as shown in the picture:
(a) Beams loaded (b) Looks beam (c) Diagram of stress
Figure V.6 Wood Flexure Strength Test
If the voltage is happening (σ LT) has reached the voltage permits (σ lt), it is
considered to be neutral line at half the height of the beam (½ h). At the
h
P
⅓h
TFiber tensile
Normal line
Fiber press
moment this is still a balance is: C compressive force equal to the tensile
force T.
The amount of compressive force or tensile force can be calculated by the
formula:
C = T = diagram area x wide beam C = ½ h . lt x b 2 C = ¼ . h . lt . b
Due to the tie style and compressive force, moment magnitude can cause
M = the force x distance between compressive force and tensile strength
= C x ⅔ h = ¼ . b . h lt . ⅔ h = 1/6 . b . h² . lt
Since the moment of detention W = 1/6 . b . h² , the stress obtained
permission σ lt
δ lt = M / V
Therefore in planning suffers beam or rod bending moment is not
connected, use the following formula:
δ = M / V lt
3. Materials Used
Table V.9 Data Materials Wood Flexure Strength Test
No Information Meranti Camphor1 Length (cm) 50 502 Wide (cm) 6,9 6,93 High (cm) 4,6 4,54 Weight (gr) 1275 11205 Volume (cm³) 1587 1552,56 Density (gr/cm³) 0,8 0,727 Area(cm2) 345 3458 P max (kg) 1900 24009 Stress (kg/cm2) 5,5072 6,9565
4. Apparatus
a. Scale
b. Ruler bracket
c. Calipers
d. Flexure test equipment
e. Desicator
f. Oven
g. Sandpaper
5. Steps Work
a. Timber is weighed and then measured the length, width and height.
b. Calculate wood density.
c. Wood put in flexural test equipment and record the maximum pressure
and measure the deflection of wood going up the wood cracked /
broken.
d. Draw a sketch of timber damage caused by the load acting on the wood
6. Workflow
Figure V.7 Workflow of Strong Flexure Wood
Start
Flexural Strength Test of Wood
Preparing Apparatus and Materials :a. Scale b. Ruler Bracketc. Calipersd. Flexure test equipmente. Desicatorf. Oveng. Sandpaper
Steps Work :a. Timber is weighed and then measured the length, width and
height.b. Calculate materials and tools.c. Wood put in flexural test equipment and record the
maximum pressure and measure the deflection of wood going up the wood cracked / broken.
d. Draw a sketch of timber damage caused by the load acting on the timber.
Observing Test Results
Data Analysis
Conclusion
Finish
7. Observation Results
a. Kind of Wood Camphor
Length = 50 cm
Wide = 6,9 cm
High = 4,5 cm
Weight of wood (S) = 1120 gram
Volume (V) = p x l x t
= 50 x 6,9 x 4,5
= 1552,5 cm³
Density (γ) = S / V = 1120 / 1552,5 = 0,72 gram/cm³
Pmaks = 24 kN = 2400 Kg
Area (A) = p x l = 50 x 6,9
= 345 cm²
Stress (σ) = 3xPmaksxL/ 2xbxh2
= 3x2400x50 / 2x6.9x4.5
= 5797.101 kg/cm²
b. Kind of Wood Meranti
Length = 50 cm
Wide = 6,9 cm
High = 4,6 cm
Weight of Wood (S) = 1275 gram
Volume (V) = p x l x t = 50 x 6,9 x 4,6
= 1587 cm³
Density (γ) = S / V = 1275 / 1587
= 0,8 gram/cm³
Pmaks = 19 kN = 1900 kg
Area (A) = p x l = 50 x 6,9
= 345 cm²
Stress (σ) = 3xPmaksxL/ 2xbxh2
= 3x1900x50 / 2x6.9x4.6
= 4489.603 kg/cm²
8. Conclusion
a. For camphor wood type:
1) Wood fractured at pressures of 2400 kg
2) Wood experiencing flexure stress 5797.101 kg/cm²
3) Density = 0,72 gr/cm2
According to the 1961 PKKI camphor wood are included in Class V.
b. For Meranti Wood Type:
1) Wood fractured at pressures of 1900 kg
2) Wood experiencing flexure stress 4489.603 kg/cm²
3) Density = 0,8 gr/cm2
According to the 1961 PKKI meranti are included in Class V.
9. Suggestions
a. In the watch and record the distance the needle must be flexible at
carefully, because it supports the truth of the data obtained.
b. Test materials cultivated in the dry state so as to obtain the maximum
value of flexure.