bachelor of science in microbiologysinghaniauniversity.co.in/images/course_content... ·...
TRANSCRIPT
SINGHANIA UNIVERSITY
CURRICULUM AND SYLLABUS
Bachelor of Science in Microbiology
SINGHANIA UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MICROBIOLOGY
B.Sci. in Microbiology
Eligibility Course
Mode
Duration Fees Per Year/Sem
10+2 WITH
PCB/M
Year 3 Year Rs. 20000
Year 1
Subject Code
Subject
Type Subject Name Credits
BSMICRO-11 Theory Introduction to Microbiology 6
BSMICRO-12 Theory Basic Techniques in Microbiology 6
BSMICRO-13 Theory Bacterial Systematics and Physiology 6
BSMICRO-14 Theory Industrial and Soil Microbiology 6
BSMICRO-15 Theory Air and Water Microbiology 6
BSMICRO-16 Theory Bacterial Genetics 6
Year 2
Subject
Code
Subject
Type Subject Name Credits
BSMICRO-21 Theory Medical Microbiology – I 6
BSMICRO-22 Theory Genetics & Molecular Biology – I 6
BSMICRO-23 Theory Enzymology 6
BSMICRO-24 Theory Immunology - I 6
BSMICRO-25 Theory Fermentation Technology -I 6
BSMICRO-26 Theory Food & Dairy Microbiology 6
Year 3
Subject Code
Subject
Type Subject Name Credits
BSMICRO-31 Theory Medical Microbiology – II 6
BSMICRO-32 Theory Genetics & Molecular Biology – II 6
BSMICRO-33 Theory Metabolism 6
BSMICRO-34 Theory Immunology – II 6
BSMICRO-35 Theory Fermentation Technology – II 6
BSMICRO-36 Theory Agricultural & Environmental Microbiology 6
F. Y. B. Sc. Microbiology
Introduction to Microbiology
Unit No.
2. A. History of Microbiology I. Discovery of microscope II. Micrographia of Anton von Leeuwenhoek
and Robert HookeIII. Abiogenesis v/s biogenesis
• Aristotle’s notion about spontaneousgeneration • Redi’s experiment• Louis Pasteur’s & Tyndall’s experiments
B. Development of Microbiology in 19th
century I. Observations and role of microorganisms in
transformation of organic matter. • Germ theory of fermentation• Discovery of anaerobic life &
physiological significance of fermentation
II. Discovery of microbes as pathogens• Surgical antisepsis• Germ theory of disease – Koch’spostulates & River’s postulates
C. Developments in 20th and 21st Centuries with respect to: 4• Vaccination and Chemotherapy• Contributions of Nobel Laureates inImmunology, Molecular Biology & Biotechnology
3. Morphological and differentiating characters of microorganisms:
• Bacteria• Rickettsia
Syllabus
FIRST YEAR
Topic
1. Frontiers of Microbiology
• Protozoa• Algae• Fungi (Molds and Yeasts)• Viruses, viroids and prions
Principles in classification of Bacteria (Introduction toBergey’s Manual of Determinative and SystemicBacteriology) and viruses (ICTV)
4. Applications of Microbiology : i. Significance of normal flora and probiotics in human
healthii. Microbes as Biofertilizers and Biocontrol Agents (e.g.
Nitrogen fixers, Phosphate Solubilizers and Bacillusthuringensis)
5. I. Covalent and non- covalent bonding in biomolecules II. Concepts of pH and redox potential Chemistry of
Biomolecules• Carbohydrates (Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose,Peptidoglycan) • Lipids (Triglycerides and phospholipids) • Structural and Functional Proteins (Hemoglobin,
Immunoglobulin; flagellin and cytoskeletal proteinsin bacterial cell)
• Nucleic acids ( DNA and RNA)
6. Bacterial Cytology Studies on structure, chemical composition and functions of the following components in bacterial cell: • Cell wall• Cell membrane• Endospore• Capsule• Flagella• Fimbriae and Pili• Ribosomes• Chromosomal & extra-chromosomal
material• Cell inclusions ( Gas vesicles, carboxysomes, PHB
granules, metachromatic granules and glycogenbodies)
F. Y. B.Sc.
BASIC TECHNIQUES IN MICROBIOLOGY
Unit
No.
1. a.Units of measurement. Modern SI units (Length, volume,
Weight)
b.Microscopy :
• Bright field microscopy: Structure, working of and ray diagram
of a compound light microscope; Concepts of magnification,
numerical aperture and resolving power.
• Types, ray diagram and functions of – condensers, eye-pieces
and objectives
• Aberrations in lenses - spherical, chromatic, comma and
astigmatism
• Principles, construction, working and applications of:
i. Dark field microscopy
ii. Fluorescence microscopy
• Confocal microscopy
2. Staining Techniques :
• Definitions of Stain; Types of stains (Basic and Acidic),
• Properties and role of Fixatives, Mordants, Decolorisers and
Accentuators
• Principles of staining techniques for following:
i. Monochrome staining and Negative (Relief) staining
ii. Differential staining - Gram staining and Acid fast
staining
Syllabus
Topic
3. Sterilization and Disinfection
1. Physical Agents - Heat, Radiation, Filtration 6
2. Chemical agents and their mode of action -Aldehydes,
Halogens, Quaternary ammonium compounds, Phenol and
phenolic compounds, Heavy metals, Alcohol, Dyes, Detergents
and Ethylene oxide.
3. Characteristics of an ideal disinfectant
4. Checking of Efficiency of Sterilization – Biological and
Chemical Indicators
5. Checking of Efficiency of Disinfection - Phenol Coefficient
4. Cultivation of Microorganisms
1. Nutritional requirements and nutritional classification 3
2. Design and preparation of media – Common ingredients of
media and types of media
3. Methods for cultivating photosynthetic, extremophilic and
chemolithotrophic bacteria.
4. Concept of Pure Culture, Enrichment, Isolation and
Preservation techniques. Maintenance of bacterial and fungal
cultures
5. Culture collection centers and their role. Requirements and
guidelines of National Biodiversity Board for Culture collection
centers
5. Bacterial Growth
Growth Kinetics and growth curve; definitions of Generation time, 4
Growth rate and specific growth rate
Methods of enumeration :
1. Microscopic methods (Direct Microscopic Count, Counting cells
using Neubauer, Petroff and Hausser’s chambers)
2. Plate counts (Total Viable Count)
3. Estimation of Biomass (Dry mass, Cell volume)
4. Chemical methods (Cell Carbon and Nitrogen estimation)
5. Turbidometric methods (Nephalometry)
Factors affecting bacterial growth ( pH, Temperature, Solute 4
Concentration (Salt and Sugar) and Heavy metals Diauxic growth
Synchronous culture
F. Y. B. Sc. Microbiology
Bacterial Systematics and Physiology
Unit
No.
1. Bacterial Systematics:
a. Concept of species
b. Chemotaxonomy
c. Numerical taxonomy
d. Genetic basis of taxonomy
i. G + C content
ii. DNA hybridization
iii. Base sequence similarity ( Use of 16s rRNA databanks)
2. Bacterial Physiology:
a. Radioisotopes in the study of metabolic pathways
i. Autoradiography
ii. Phospher imaging
iii. Pulse chase (tracer studies)
b. Definitions of Metabolism, catabolism, anabolism, respiration
and fermentation
c. Metabolic pathways (with structures) EMP, HMP, ED,
Phosphoketolase, Glyoxylate, TCA (with emphasis on
amphibolism), Homofermentative and heterofermentative
pathways
d. High Energy Compounds, Electron transport chain, Oxidative
phosphorylation and Substrate level phosphorylation ,
Chemiosmotic hypothesis of ATP formation, Concept of
Standard redox potential (Nernst equation)
Syllabus
Topic
4. Biocatalysts:
a. Introduction to Enzymes: Nature of active site, ribozymes,
coenzymes, apoenzymes, prosthetic group and cofactors.
b. Nomenclature & classification as per IUB (up to class level).
c. Structure of active site; common amino acids at active site
Models for catalysis –
i. Lock and key
ii. Induced fit
iii. Transition state.
d. Specific catalytic groups involved in enzyme catalyzed
reactions: Acid-base catalysis, metal ion catalysis, covalent
catalysis.
e. Effect of pH & temperature, substrate concentration & enzyme
concentration, activators and inhibitors of enzyme
F. Y. B. Sc. Microbiology
Industrial and Soil Microbiology
Unit
No.
1. Introduction to Industrial Microbiology:
a. Strains of industrially important microorganisms: i. Desirable
characteristics of industrial strain ii. Principles and methods of primary
and secondary screening iii. Master, working and seed culture;
development of inoculum
b. Equipment: Design of a Fermenter (typical CSTR Continuous stirred
Tank Reactor); different parts and their operation.
c. Process Control and Monitoring of different fermentation parameters
(temperature, pH, aeration, agitation, foam)
d. Types of fermentations: Batch, continuous, dual fermentations
e. Media for industrial fermentations: Constituents of media ( (Carbon
source, nitrogen source, amino acids and vitamins, minerals, water,
buffers, antifoam agents, precursors, inhibitors and inducers)
f. Contamination: Sources, precautions, and consequences
2. Soil Microbiology:
a. Soil microorganisms, composition and types of soil.
b. Rhizosphere microflora and its role in the rhizosphere
Syllabus
Topic
c. Role of microorganisms in composting and humus formation
d. Biofertilizers: Bacterial, Cyanobacterial, fungal and their large scale
production
e. Biocontrol agents: Bacterial, Viral, Fungal and their large scale
production
f. Role of microorganisms in following elemental cycles in nature
Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Phosphorous.
g. Degradation of cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin and pectin
h. Brief account of microbial interactions Symbiosis, Neutralism,
Commensalism, Competition, Ammensalism, Synergism, Parasitism and
Predation
SyllabusF. Y. B. Sc. Microbiology
Air and Water Microbiology
llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
UnitNo.
i. Transient nature of air flora
ii. Droplet, droplet nuclei, and aerosolsb. Air pollution:
Chemical pollutants, their sources in air and effects on humanhealth
c. Methods of Air sampling and types of air samplers
i. Impaction on solids
ii. Impingement in liquid
iii. Sedimentation
iv. Centrifugation
v. Precipitation
vi. Thermal Precipitationd. Air sanitation :
Physical and chemical methods
a. Types of water:
surface, ground, stored, distilled, mineral and de-mineralized water
b. Water purification methods, Bacteriological standardsof potable water
Maharashtra pollution control board (MPCB), Centralpollution control board (CPCB), Bureau of Indian standards(BIS) World health Organization (WHO)
Topic
I AIR MICROBIOLOGYa. Air flora
e. Air borne infectionsII WATER MICROBIOLOG
c. Indicators of faecal pollution;
i. Escherichia coli
ii. Bifidobacterium
iii. Streptococcus faecalis
iv. Clostridium perfringens
v. New indicators: Campylobacter and Pseudomonas
e. Bacteriological analysis of water for potability
i. Presumptive coliform count
ii. Confirmed test
iii. Completed test
iv. Eijkman test
v. Membrane filter technique
f. Sewage and Waste Water
1. Analysis of waste water
i. Physic chemical parameters: pH, temperature, total solids,
suspended solids, Chemical Oxygen Demand(C.O.D.)
ii. Biological parameters: B.O.D., Toxicity (Fish bioassay)
iii. Industrial water pollutants, their ecological effects and health
hazards (Biomagnification and eutrophication)
2. Methods of effluent treatment –
Primary, secondary, tertiary treatment methods
3. Recycling of waste water and sludge
4. Solid waste management
i. Raw materials
ii. Organisms involved and their activity
iii. Biochemical mechanisms of Biomethanation.
iv. Types of anaerobic digesters.
v. Applications of biogas (Methane)
d. Water borne Infections
SyllabusF. Y. B. Sc. Microbiology
Bacterial Genetics
Unit
a. RNA world and shift to DNA world with timeb. Discovery of transforming material (hereditary material):
Griffith’s experimentc. Evidence for nucleic acid as genetic material
i. Avery and MacLeod experimentii. Gierer and Schramm / Fraenkel-Conrat & Singer experiment
(TMV virus)iii. Hershay& Chase experiment
d. Prokaryotic genome organizatione. Concept of Gene, basic structure of B form of DNA, Properties
of nucleotides related with DNA stabilityf. Comparative account of different forms of DNA
II DNA REPLICATION AND EXPRESSIONa. DNA replication
i. Messelson and Stahl’s experiment (semiconservative)ii. Mechanisms of DNA replication:
Theta model (semi-discontinuous), J Cairn’s experiment, rolling circle model (plasmid DNA, λ phage DNA)
b. Gene organization and expressioni. Properties of genetic codeii. Basic mechanism of transcriptioniii. Basic mechanism of translation
TopicNo.
I UNDERSTANDING MOLECULES OF HEREDITY
III MUTATIONS AND REVERSIONSa. Spontaneous mutations
i. Occurrence and Mechanismsii. Fluctuation test
b. Mechanisms of induced mutationsi. iBase pair substitution (Transitions, Transversions),
Base analogues (2amino purine, 5bromo uracil), HNO2,Alkylating agents (ethyl methyl sulphonate)
ii. Frame shift mutations (Insertions and deletions),Intercalating agents (EtBr, acridine orange), Crosslinking agents (Psorolin, mitomycin), UV rays, X rays,Biological mutagens (bacteriophage µ, transposomes)
c. Types of mutations: Nonsense, Missense, Silent, Null,Conditional lethaltemperature sensitive, amber, leaky& nonleaky
d. Isolation of Mutants: Replica plate techniquee. Reversion:
i. True reversionii. Suppression (intragenic and intergenic)
IV PLASMID GENETICSa. Structure and Properties of plasmidsb. Types of plasmidsc. Plasmid replicationd. Plasmid incompatibilitye. Plasmid curingf. Plasmid amplification
S. Y. B. Sc. Microbiology Medical Microbiology-I
1 Introduction to infectious diseases of following human body systems: (Brief anatomy and physiology, Diseases, Pathogens and Symptoms)
a. Respiratory systemb. Gastrointestinal systemc. Kidney and Liverd. Genital systeme. Central nervous system
2 II Epidemiology: a. Definition, scope and applicationsb. Incidence and prevalence rates, mortality and morbidity ratesc. Disease distribution based on time, place and persond. Case control and cohort studies – study design and applicatione. Principle and methods – Clinical trials of drugs and vaccines
(Randomized control trials Concurrent parallel and cross-overtrials)
f. Epidemiology of infectious diseasesi. Sources and reservoirs of infectionii. Modes of transmission of infectionsiii. Disease prevention and control measures
3 III Study of following groups of bacterial pathogens : (with respect to - Classification and Biochemical characters, Antigenic structure, Viability characteristics, Pathogenicity, Pathogenesis, Symptoms, Laboratory diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prophylaxis and Chemotherapy): i. Enteric pathogens (E. coli, Shigella, Salmonella,
Campylobacter, Vibrio) ii. Pneumococci and Neiserriaiii. Pyogenic organisms – Staphylococcus, Streptococcus,
Pseudomonasiv. Spirochetes – Treponema, Leptospirav. Clostridium tetani and Clostridium perfringensvi. Bacillus anthracisvii. Acinetobacter spp.viii. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium lepraeix. Rickettsia
Syllabus
SECOND YEAR
Sr. No. Topic
S. Y. B. Sc. Microbiology
Genetics and Molecular Biology-I
Unit No.
1. Gene Linkage and crossing over : a. Mendelian laws,b. Recombination in eukaryotes Double Strand Break (DSB)
modelc. Gene linkage and cross overd. Chromosome mapping, Recombination frequency, Map unite. Mapping Chromosome by Tetrad analysisf. Mapping Chromosome by Para sexual cycle
II. DNA Replication : a. Single repliconb. Bidirectional movement of replication fork. Ori
C,c. Prepriming and Priming reaction.d. DNA polymerases, DNA synthesis of leading,
lagging strande. Okazaki fragments.f. Termination- Ter sequence, Tus proteing. Mismatched repair
3. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Transcription : a. Structure of Promotorsb. Structure and role of RNA polymerases.c. Initiation, elongation and terminationd. Post transcriptional modificatione. Regulation of transcriptionf. Introduction to RNA splicing
4. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Translation : a. Role of m-RNA, t-RNA and Ribosomes intranslation b. Synthesis of amino acyl tRNAc. Initiation, elongation, translocation andtermination of protein d. Regulation of translation
5. Guidelines for gene manipulation : a. History of recombinant DNA technology -
Potential uses and biohazardsb. Safety guidelines for recombinant DNA
technology laboratory set up
6. Techniques used in recombinant DNA technology : a. Isolation and purification of genomic DNAb. Agarose gel electrophoresisc. Blotting- Southern, Northern and Western
Syllabus
Topic
S. Y. B. Sc. Microbiology
Enzymology
a. Structure of Enzymes: Methods to determine amino
acid residues at active site (Physical and chemical
methods)
b. Role of Cofactors in Metabolism :
Occurrence, Structure and Biochemical functions of
the following:
i. Nicotinic Acid (Niacin) and the Pyrimidine
nucleotides.
ii. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) and the Flavin nucleotides
iii. Thiamine (Vitamin B1) and Thiamine
Pyrophosphate
iv. Pantothenic acid and coenzyme A
v. Pyridoxal phosphate (Vitamin B6)
vi. Metal ions
a. Principles of enzyme assays: Sampling methods and
continuous assay
b. Enzymes assays with examples by:
i. Spectrophotometric methods
ii. Spectroflurometric methods
iii. Radioisotope assay
a. Methods of cell fractionation
b. Principles and Methods of Enzyme Purification:
i. Based on molecular size
ii. Based on charge
iii. Based on solubility differences
Syllabus
Unit Topic
1 Enzymes :
2 Enzyme Assays:
3 Principles and Methods of Enzyme Purification:
iv. Based on specific binding property and selective
adsorption
c. Criteria for Purity: SDS-PAGE, ultracentrifugation,
and construction of purification chart
d. Characterization of Enzymes :
i. Determination of Molecular weight based on:
Ultracentrifugation, SDS-PAGE, gel filtration
a. Concept and use of initial velocity
b. Michaelis Menton equation for the initial velocity of
single substrate enzyme catalyzed reaction. Brigg’s
Haldane modification of Michaelis Menton equation.
Michaelis Menton plot. Definition with significance of
Km, Ks, Vmax
c. Different Plots for Plotting Kinetic Data :
i. Lineweaver and Burk plot
ii. Hanes plot
iii. Eadie Hofstee plot
iv. Eisanthal, Cornish-Bowden plot
i. Enzyme compartmentalization at cellular level
ii. Allosteric enzymes
iii. Feedback mechanisms
iv. Covalently modified regulatory enzymes (e.g.
Glycogen phosphorylase)
v. Proteolytic activation of zymogens
vi. Isozymes - concept and examples
vii. Multienzyme complex e.g. Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Concept, methods of immobilization and applications
ii. Stability of enzyme activity at pH and temperature
4 Enzyme Kinetics :
d. Concepts and types of Enzyme Inhibitions
5 Metabolic Regulations :
complex(PDH)
6 Immobilization of Enzymes :
S. Y. B. Sc. Microbiology
Immunology-I
I Immunity:
Definition and Classification
II Formation of blood cells:
Erythrocytic, myelocytic, monocytic and lymphocytic
lineages and differentiation process, lymphocyte types and
subsets
III Organs of immune system:
a. Primary lymphoid organs (Thymus and Bursa):
Thymus – structure, thymic education (positive and negative
selection)
b. Secondary lymphoid organs – structure and function of
spleen and lymph node, mucous associated lymphoid
tissue; response of secondary lymphoid organs to antigen,
lymphatic system and lymph circulation.
IV Innate immunity: Non specific mechanisms of defense
a. First line of defense
– Physical, chemical and biological barriers
b. Second line of defense :
i. Humoral components: Defensins, pattern recognition
proteins (PRP) and pathogen associated molecular patterns
(PAMPs), complement, kinins, acute phase reactants.
Syllabus
Topic
ii. Cellular components: Phagocytic cells – PMNL,
macrophages (reticulo-endothelial cell system) and
dendritic cells
iii. Functions: Phagocytosis (oxygen dependent and
independent systems), Complement activation (Classical,
Alternative and lectin pathway), Coagulation system,
Inflammation (cardinal signs, mediators, vascular and
cellular changes, role of Toll-like receptors)
V Antigen:
a. Concepts and factors affecting immunogenicity
b. Antigenic determinants, haptens and cross-reactivity,
Carriers, Adjuvants
c. Types of antigens: Thymus-dependent and thymus-
independent antigens, Synthetic antigens, Soluble and
particulate antigens, Autoantigens, Isoantigens
VI Immunoglobulins:
a. Structure of basic unit, chemical and biological properties
b. Characteristic of domain structure, functions of light and
heavy chain domains
c. Antigenic nature of immunoglobulin molecules
d. Molecular basis of antibody diversity (kappa chain, lambda
chain and heavy chain diversity)
VII Adaptive / Acquired Immunity (Third line of defense):
1. Humoral Immune Response
a. Primary and secondary response kinetics, significance in
vaccination programs
b. Antigen processing and presentation (MHC class I and class
II restriction pathways), cell-cell interactions and adhesion
molecules, response to super-antigens, role of cytokines in
activation and differentiation of B-cells.
2. Cell Mediated Immune Response
a. Activation and differentiation of T cells
b. Mechanism of CTL mediated cytotoxicity, ADCC
c. Significance of CMI
VIII Transplantation and Immunity
a. Types of Grafts,
b. Allograft rejection mechanisms
c. Prevention of allograft rejection
S. Y. B. Sc. Microbiology
Fermentation Technology-I
1 Strain Improvement:
a. Objective of strain improvement
b. Methods for strain improvement:
i. selection of different types of mutants
ii. application of rDNA technology
2 Media optimization:
a. Classical approach – One factor at a time, Full factorial
design 4
b. Placket & Burman design
c. Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
3 Sterilization of Media:
a. Methods of sterilization
b. Batch sterilization and Continuous sterilization
c. Concept and derivation of Del factor
4 Scale-up and Scale-down:
a. Objective of scale-up
b. Levels of fermentation (laboratory, pilot-plant and production
levels)
c. Criteria of scale-up for critical parameters (aeration and
agitation, broth rheology and sterilization)
d. Scale-down
Syllabus
Sr. No. Topic
5 Principles and methods of downstream processing:
a. Cell disruption
b. Filtration
c. Centrifugation
d. Liquid-liquid extraction
e. Distillation
f. Ion exchange chromatography
g. Drying
6 Quality assurance (QA) of fermentation product :
a. Detection and Quantification of the product by physicochemical,
biological and enzymatic methods
b. Sterility testing
c. Pyrogen testing – Endotoxin detection
d. Ames test and modified Ames test
e. Toxicity testing
f. Shelf life determination
7 Fermentation economics :
Contribution of various expense heads to a process (Recurring
and non recurring expenditures) citing any suitable example.
Introduction to Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) - Types of IPR.
S. Y. B. Sc. Microbiology
Food and Dairy Microbiology
Unit No.
I. DAIRY MICROBIOLOGY 3. Dairy Development in India:
Role of National Dairy Development Board (NDDB), NationalDairy Research Institute (NDRI), Military dairy farm, IndianDairy Corporation (IDC), Dairy Co-operatives, Milk Grid,Operation Flood.
4. Milk Chemistry and Constituents:a. Definition and Composition of milkb. Types of Milk (skimmed, toned and
homogenized). c. Concept of clean milkd. Factors affecting quality and quantity of milk.e. Nutritive value of milkf. Physico-Chemical properties of milk.
5. Microbiology of milk:a. Common micro-organisms found in milkb. Fermentation and spoilage of milkc. Milk borne diseases
6. Preservation of Milk by Pasteurization & its storage:a. Methods of Pasteurization – LTH, HTST,
UHT b. Storage specifications after pasteurizationc. Phosphatase test and its significance
7. Microbial analysis of milk:a. Dye reduction test (using methylene blue and resazurin)b. Total bacterial count.c. Brucella ring test and tests for mastitis.d. Somatic cell count
II. FOOD MICROBIOLOGY 1. Classification of Foods based on stability:
Perishable, Semi-perishable & stable2. Food spoilage:
a. Chemical and physical properties of foodaffecting microbial growth
b. Sources of food spoilage micro-organisms
Syllabus
Topic
c. Spoilage of i. Meat and Poultry productsii. Breadiii. Fruits and Vegetablesiv. Eggsv. Sea foodsvi. Canned foods
3. Food preservation:a. Principles of food preservationb. Thermal destruction of bacteria - use of low temperatureand high temperature. c. Determination of TDP, TDT, D, F, and Z
values d. Use of chemicals and antibiotics in food preservatione. Canningf. Dehydrationg. Use of radiationsh. Principles of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points(HACCP)-
i. Introduction to Tetrapack technology4. Microbial food poisoning and food infection:
a. Food poisoning by:i. Staphylococcus aureusii. Campylobacteriii. Clostridium botulinumiv. Aspergillus flavus
b. Food infection by :i. Salmonella typhimuriumii. Vibrio parahemolyticus
5. Fermented foods: 4a. Definition and Typesb. Significance of fermented foods (probiotic characteristicsof lactic acid bacteria) c. Fermentation of Idli batter, butter
6. Applications of genetically modified microorganisms:a. Starter culturesb. Genetically modified foods
i. Food grade Bio-preservativesii. Recombinant Dairy enzymes / Proteins
7. Food Sanitation and regulation
T. Y. B. Sc. Microbiology
Medical Microbiology-II Unit
No.
Chemotherapy:
1. Introduction to chemotherapy
2. Desirable parameters of chemotherapeutic agent (Selective
toxicity, Bioavailability of Drug, MIC, MBC, LD-50 value, routes
of drug administration)
3. Mode of action of antimicrobial agents on:
a. Bacteria:
i. Cell wall (Beta lactams [1st to 6th Generation- e.g.
Meropenem, Imipenem Piperacillin], Tazobactam,
Cycloserine, Bacitracin)
ii. Cell membrane (Polymyxin, Monensin)
iii. Protein synthesis (Streptomycin, Tetracycline)
iv. Nucleic acids (Nalidixic acid, Rifamycin, Quinolones)
v. Enzyme inhibitors (Trimethoprim)
b. Fungi:
(Griseofulvin, Nystatin, Amphotericin B, Anidulafungin,
Voriconazole)
c. Viruses:
(Acyclovir, Zidovudine, Oseltamivir)
d. Protozoa:
(Metronidazole, Mepacrine)
4. Resistance to antibiotics:
i. Development of antibiotic resistance (e.g. ESBL, VRE,
MRSA)
ii. Reasons and Mechanisms of drug resistance
iii. Antibiotics misuse
Syllabus
THIRD YEAR
1.
2. a. Introduction to cultivation of viruses:
b. Study of following groups of viral pathogens (with respect to
a. – Virion characteristics, Viability characteristics,
Pathogenicity, Pathogenesis, Symptoms, Laboratory
diagnosis including serological diagnosis, Epidemiology,
Prophylaxis and Chemotherapy):
i. HIV
ii. Polio virus
iii. Hemorrhagic viruses (Dengue, Ebola)
iv. Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B viruses
v. Influenza virus (human, swine and bird)
vi. FMD virus and Rinderpest virus
vii. Japanese encephalitis virus
viii. Rota virus
ix. Rhabdoviruses (Rabies)
x. Herpes Virus (simplex, zoster)
xi. Oncogenic viruses (DNA, RNA)
3. Study of following groups of parasites (with respect to – 5
Classification, Life cycle, Morphological characteristics, Viability
characteristics, Pathogenicity, Pathogenesis, Symptoms, Laboratory
diagnosis (Serological diagnosis wherever applicable),
Epidemiology, Prophylaxis and Chemotherapy):
a. Plasmodium
b. Entamoeba
c. Giardia
4. Study of following groups of Candida and Non-Candida fungal
pathogens
(with respect to – Morphological and cultural characteristics,
Classification, Pathogenicity, Pathogenesis, Symptoms, Laboratory
diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prophylaxis and Chemotherapy)
T. Y. B. Sc. Microbiology
Genetics and Molecular Biology -II
Unit
No.
a. Development of competence in Gram positive and
Gram negative bacteria.
b. Process of transformation in Gram positive and
Gram negative bacteria.
c. Factors affecting transformation.
d. Mapping of chromosome by co-transformation.
2. Gene transfer by transduction :
a. Process of generalized transduction.
b. Process of specialized transduction.
c. Mapping by Co-transduction.
3. Gene transfer by conjugation :
a. Properties of F plasmid,
b. F+, F-, Hfr and F' strains
c. Process of conjugation between F+ and F- and Hfr and F-.
d. Mapping of conjugant's by interruptedmating experiment.
4. DNA damage and repair :
a. DNA damage by hydrolysis, deamination,
alkylation oxidation and radiation
b. Base excision repair and nucleotide excision
repair
c. Recombinational repair
d. Photoreactivation
e. Translesion DNA synthesis
Syllabus
Topic
1. Gene transfer by transformation :
5. Recombination and Mutants in Bacteriophages :
a. Bacteriophage mutants
i) Plaque morphology
ii) Conditional lethal (Ts and Am) mutants
iii) Deletion Mutants
b. Deletion Mapping using bacteriophage deletion mutants
c. Benzer`s spot tests
d. Genetic Complementation
i) Cis-trans test of genetic function
ii) Intercistronic (rII locus of T4 phage)
iii) Intracistronic (ß galactosidase)
6. Tools of Recombinant DNA technology :
a. Vectors used: Plasmids, Viral DNA, cosmids, phagemids, PACs,
BACs, YACs, Expression vectors
b. Restriction Enzymes
c. Insertion of foreign DNA in hosts
d. Genomic and c DNA library
e. Concept of a clone and probe
7. Generation of recombinant DNA molecule :
a. Cutting and joining the DNA molecules.
b. Methods to transfer recombinant DNA into host cells.
c. Methods of screening the cells containing the recombinant DNA.
d. Identification of clones using probes
T. Y. B. Sc. Microbiology
Metabolism Unit
No.
i) Passive transport - Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated transport
ii) Active transport - Active transport systems in bacteria
iii) Group translocation of sugars in bacteria
iv) Ionophores: Mechanism and examples
II. Bioenergetics:
i) Laws of thermodynamics
ii) Concepts of free energy, entropy, high energy compounds:
Pyrophosphate, enolic phosphates, acyl phosphates, thioester
compounds, and guanidinium compounds
iii) Mitochondrial electron transport chain: components,
arrangement of different components in the inner membrane,
structure and function of ATP synthatase, inhibitors and
uncouplers of ETC and oxidative phosphorylation, energetics of
mitochondrial electron transfer chain
III. Biosynthesis and Degradation:
i) Chemistry, concept of polymerization of macromolecules:
ii) Polysaccharides. (Starch, glycogen and peptidoglycan) and
Lipids
iii) (Fatty acids, triglycerides and phospholipids)
iv) Degradation of macromolecules – Polysaccharides (starch,
v) glycogenand cellulose), Lipids (fatty acids oxidation) and
Proteins (urea cycle)
Syllabus
Topic
I. Membrane transport mechanisms:
IV. Bacterial Photosynthesis:
i) Habitat and examples of photosynthetic bacteria
ii) Photosynthetic apparatus
iii) Oxygenic and Anoxygenic mechanisms
iv) Calvin cycle and its regulation
T. Y. B. Sc. Microbiology
Immunology -II
Unit
No.
Major Histocompatibility Complex:
a. Structure of MHC in man and mouse
b. Structure and functions of MHC class–I and class–II molecules
c. Polymorphism of MHC molecules
d. MHC antigen typing (microcytoxicity and mixed lymphocyte
reaction)
2. Cytokines:
Types, General characters and role in immune activation -
Interferons, a. Interleukins and TNFs
3. Antigen- Antibody Interactions :
Principles : of interactions: Antibody affinity and avidity, ratio of
antigen antibody, lattice hypothesis and two stage theory, antigen-
antibody reaction kinetics (dialysis equilibrium experiment)
Visualization of antigen antibody complexes
a. Precipitation reactions: in fluid and in gel, immunoel
ectrophoresis
b. Agglutination reactions: hemagglutination, bacterial
agglutination, passive agglutination and agglutination-inhibition
c. Immunofluorescence techniques: direct and indirect, FACS
d. ELISA, biotin-avidin system,
e. RIA
f. Jerne’s hemolytic plaque assay, ELISpot assay
Syllabus
Topic
1.
4. Immunohematology :
a. Systems of blood group antigens
b. ABO system - Biochemistry of blood group substances,
Bombay blood group, Inheritance of ABH antigens
c. Rh system
d. Laboratory methods of blood group typing, Coomb’s test
e. Medico-legal applications of blood groups
f. Blood banking practices, transfusion reactions
5. Public health immunology :
a. Types of vaccines and antisera
b. Immunization schedules: principles, schedules in developing
andi) developed countries
6. Hypersensitivity :
a. Immediate and delayed type hypersensitivity
b. Gell and Coomb’s classification of hypersensitivity –
mechanism with examples for type I, II, III and IV
c. Autoimmunity – Types, Immunopathological mechanisms,a. Theories of origin of autoimmunity, Pathophysiology
(mechanism of symptom generation) of Myasthenia gravis and
Rheumatoid arthritis, Therapeutic immunosuppression for
autoimmunity.
7. Hybridoma Technology and Monoclonal Antibodies :
a. Preparation, HAT selection and propagation of hybridomas
secreting monoclonal antibodies
b. Applications of monoclonal antibodies
T. Y. B. Sc. Microbiology
Fermentation Technology-II
Unit
No.
1. Introduction to Solid State Fermentation and Submerged
Fermentation :
II. Large scale production of:
a. Primary Metabolites:
i. Vitamins (B12
and Riboflavin)
ii. Amino acid - Glutamic acid, Lysine
iii. Organic acids (Citric acid, Vinegar and Lactic acid)
b. Secondary metabolites:
i. Ethanol and alcoholic Beverages (Beer and Wine)
ii. Antibiotics (Penicillin and Streptomycin)
c. Enzymes (Amylase, Esterases and Proteases)
d. Microbial transformation of steroids
e. Biomass based products:
i. Yeast: Baker’s and Distiller’s yeast
Syllabus
Topic
ii. Mushroom production
f. Milk products: Cheese and Yogurt
g. Vaccines (Polio, Tetanus and Rabies)
h. Immune sera
SyllabusT. Y. B. Sc. Microbiology
Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology
Unit no.
Agriculture Technology:1 1. Plant growth improvement with respect to:
a. Disease resistanceb. Environmental tolerance
2. Methods of plant disease controla. Chemical controlb. Eradicationc. Biological control (employing bacterial and fungal cultures)d. Integrated pest managemente. Development of insect resistant plants (BT crops)f. Application of viral proteins in controlling plant viral diseasesg. Antisense RNA technology in plant disease controlh. RNA interference (RNAi) in controlling plant pathogensi. Mycoviruses acting against fungal plant pathogens
2 Biochemistry and production of bio-fertilizers with respect to: a. Nitrogen Fixation
i. Nonsymbiotic Nitrogen fixation : Diazotrophy, role ofnitrogenase and hydrogenase, mechanism of nitrogenfixation
ii. Symbiotic Nitrogen fixation : Establishment of symbiosis,Nodule development, mechanism of nitrogen fixation in rootnodules
iii. Nod genes, Nif genes, Nif gene cloning,b. Phosphate solubilizationc. Potassium mobilizationd. Iron chelation
Contents
Bioremediation and Waste Water Treatment: 1. Bioremediation: Definition, Role of plants & Microbes inBioremediation of:
a. Hydrocarbonsb. Industrial Wastes: (Dyes, Paper & Pulp, Heavy metals, Dairy,
Distillery , Tanneryc. Xenobiotics
2. Bioaugmentation:a. Definitionb. Use of microbial cultures and enzymes for bioaugmentationc. Applications
3. Genetically Modified Microorganisms in Bioremediation4. Biosorption
Bioleaching: a. Microorganisms usedb. Bioleaching processc. Bioleaching of - Copper, Iron, Manganese, Gold, Silverd. Advantages of Bioleaching
Introduction to Nanobiotechnology: Synthesis of Nanoparticles using microorganisms and its’ a pplications
Microbial Biosensors and Biochips in Environmental Monitoring: a. Definition, components, types, advantages & limitationsb. Application of Biosensors and Biochips
Biofuel cells and Biodegradable plastic:
Bioterrorism