bacteria
DESCRIPTION
Bacteria. History of Microbiology. 1664: Robert Hooke - microscope 1684: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek - microorganisms 1798: Edward Jenner - smallpox vaccination 1864: Louis Pasteur - spontaneous generation 1884: Robert Koch - Koch’s postulates 1889: Martinus Beijerink - concept of virus - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
BACTERIA
Kingdom Monera
Archaebacteria
Methanogens
Swamps, Intestines
Thermophiles
Hydrothermal Vents
Halophiles
Salt Lake, Utah
Eubacteria(peptidoglycan)
Autotrophs orHeterotrophs
History of Microbiology• 1664: Robert Hooke - microscope• 1684: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek - microorganisms• 1798: Edward Jenner - smallpox vaccination• 1864: Louis Pasteur - spontaneous generation• 1884: Robert Koch - Koch’s postulates• 1889: Martinus Beijerink - concept of virus• 1929: Alexander Fleming - discovery of penicillin• 1977: Carl Woese - discovery of Archaea• 1981: First reports of AIDS• 1983: Luc Montagnier - discovery of HIV• 1995: Craig Venter - complete genome sequence
CHARACTERISTICS Prokaryotes
Microscopic (Eukaryotic cells are at least 10x bigger)
Unicellular
DNA is a single circular piece of DNA
Asexual Reproduction Binary Fission
Metabolism Aerobic Anaerobic
Genetic Exchange Conjugation –transfer DNA through contact Transformation – acquire DNA from dead bacteria Transduction – DNA is transferred from one
bacteria to another using a virus (genetic engineering)
HTTP://HIGHERED.MCGRAW-HILL.COM/SITES/0072556781/STUDENT_VIEW0/CHAPTER13/ANIMATION_QUIZ_3.HTML
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072556781/student_view0/chapter13/animation_quiz_2.html
ENDOSPORESallow them to withstand drought, high temps., lack of food, etc.
GRAM STAINING
Gram + simple walls, large amount of peptidoglycan
Gram - less peptidoglycan, outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharides which are often toxic and provides additional protection more resistant to antibiotics
Many antibiotics (penicillens)
inhibit synthesis of cross links in peptidoglycan and prevent formation of a functional wall
Gram positiveGram negative
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/007337525x/student_view0/exercise9/gram_stain.html
Gram Positive Organisms Aerobic, Gram-positive cocci Staphylococcus aureus (fig 1, 2, 3, 4) Staphylococcus epidermidis (fig 1) Staphylococcus sp. (Coagulase-negative)(fig 1) Streptococcus pneumoniae (Viridans group)(fig 1
, 2, 3) Streptococcus agalactiae (group B)(fig 1) Streptococcus pyogenes (group A)(fig 1, 2) Enterococcus sp.(fig 1, 2, 3 ) Aerobic, Gram-positive rods Bacillus anthracis (fig 1, 2 ) Bacillus cereus (fig 1, 2) Bifidobacterium bifidum (fig 1) Lactobacillus sp. (fig 1, 2) Listeria monocytogenes (fig 1, 2) Nocardia sp.(fig 1, 2) Rhodococcus equi (coccobacillus)(fig 1) Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (fig 1) Corynebacterium diptheriae (fig 1, 2) Propionibacterium acnes (fig 1) Anaerobic, Gram-positive rods Actinomyces sp. (fig 1, 2) Clostridium botulinum (fig 1) Clostridium difficile (fig 1) Clostridium perfringens (fig 1, 2, 3) Clostridium tetani (fig 1, 2) Anaerobic, Gram-positive cocci Peptostreptococcus sp. (fig 1)
Gram Negative Organisms Aerobic, Gram-negative cocci Neisseria gonorrhoeae (fig 1, 2, 3, 4) Neisseria meningitidis (fig 1; false color of the bacterium., 2) Moraxella catarrhalis (fig 1) Anaerobic, Gram-negative cocci Veillonella sp. (fig 1) Aerobic, Gram-negative rods Fastidious, Gram-negative rods
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (fig 1) Acinetobacter baumannii(fig 1 really A. calcoaceticus) Bordetella pertussis (fig 1, 2) Brucella sp. (fig 1) Campylobacter sp.(fig 1) Capnocytophaga sp.(fig 1, 2) Cardiobacterium hominis (fig 1) Eikenella corrodens (fig 1) Francisella tularensis (fig 1,) Haemophilus ducreyi (fig 1, 2) Haemophilus influenzae (fig 1, 2) Helicobacter pylori (fig 1, 2, 3, 4) Kingella kingae (fig ) Legionella pneumophila (fig 1, 2, 3) Pasteurella multocida (fig 1)
Enterobacteriaceae (glucose-fermenting Gram-negative rods) Citrobacter sp. (fig 1) Enterobacter sp. (fig 1) Escherichia coli (fig 1, 2) Klebsiella pneumoniae (fig 1, 2) Proteus sp. (fig 1) Salmonella enteriditis (fig 1) Salmonella typhi (fig 1) Serratia marcescens (fig 1, 2) Shigella sp. (fig 1) Yersinia enterocolitica (fig 1) Yersinia pestis (fig 1, 2)
Oxidase-positive, glucose-fermenting Gram-negative rods Aeromonas sp. (fig 1) Plesiomonas shigelloides (fig 1) Vibrio cholerae (fig 1, 2) Vibrio parahaemolyticus (fig 1) Vibrio vulnificus (fig 1)
Glucose-nonfermenting, Gram-negative rods Acinetobacter sp. (fig 1) Flavobacterium sp. (fig 1) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (fig 1, 2) Burkholderia cepacia (fig 1) Burkholderia pseudomallei (fig 1) Xanthomonas maltophilia or Stenotrophomonas maltophila(fig 1)
Anaerobic, Gram-negative rods Bacteroides fragilis (fig 1) Bacteroides sp. (fig 1) Prevotella sp. (fig 1) Fusobacterium sp. (fig 1, 2) Gram-negative spiral Spirillum minus (minor)- (fig 1)
NUTRITION Autotrophic
Photosynthetic Chemoautotrophic
(nitrogen fixers)
Heterotrophic Decomposer Parasitic
(Treponema pallidum)
SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST!!!Bacteria have been around for 3.5 billion years!!
How????
Cell Walls Capsules (surrounds cell wall) Asexual Reproduction, but can still acquire
other genes Inhabit every place on Earth
SUPER FAST REPRODUCTION
BACTERIA ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO SHAPE AND ARRANGEMENT OF CELLS
Shapes Coccus : Spheres Bacillus : Rods Spirillum : Spirals
Arrangements Strept : Chains Staph : Clusters Diplo : Pairs
BACTERIA ARE USED TO PRODUCE MEDICINESINSULIN
FIRST COMMERICAL USE OF GENETIC ENGINEERING: INSULIN
Important Recyclers in environment Nitrogen cycle
Bacteria can produce chemicals Acetone, Butanol
Bacteria are used to make food Pickles, buttermilk, cheese, sauerkraut, olives, vinegar,
sourdough bread, beer, wine
BACTERIAL DISEAES Bacteria cause disease
1. Produce toxins : example (Clostridium botulinum)
Endotoxins : part of cell wall of gram –
bacteria (lipids) Dead bacteria release
toxins Exotoxins
Gram + Very toxic Easily transported
throughout body2. Metabolize their host (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
STREPTOCOCCUS BACTERIA Natural reservoir:
humans Scarlet fever Pharyngitis Pneumonia Cause more illness
than any other bacteria group
Gram + chains
VIBRIO CHOLERAE Natural reservoir:
humans Cholera Caused by poor
sanitation Common in Asia and
Africa Gram -
SALMONELLA BACTERIA Gut of mammals Cause of
gastrointestinal diseases
Typhoid Fever Gram -
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS Natural reservoir:
humans Normally inhabits nose,
skin and growing in cured meats (ham)
Most common cause of food poisoning
Produces toxins Problematic in hospitals Antibiotic resistance Gram + spheres
ENTEROBACTER CLOACAE Natural reservoir:
mammals Urinary tract infections
and respiratory infections Normal gut flora Common in water
sewage and soil Used to control plant
diseases Gram - rods
HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE
DOES NOT cause flu Inhabits mucous
membranes of Upper respiratory tract and mouth
Causes meningitis ear aches, bronchitis and pneumonia (mainly affects 5 yrs and under)
Opportunistic pathogen Gram -
YERSINIA PESTIS Black Death or
Plague of medieval Europe Claimed 1/3 of
European population in 1300’s
Fleas from rats and squirrels transmit
Gram – rod CDC id as biological
warfare agent
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kScxc9DPrnY
CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM Soil Causes Botulism Secretes neurotoxins
which can destroy, paralyze or damage nerve cells
Initial symptoms: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Death results from respiratory distress
HOW CAN BOTULISM BE CONTRACTED?For example, if a low-acid food, such as
green beans, is canned improperly (not canned under pressure or improperly canned using a pressure canner), C. botulinum bacteria and other bacteria present will be destroyed by the boiling of water and food, but the C. botulinum spores will not be destroyed. The canning process will remove the oxygen from the jar, creating a low-oxygen environment that is will allow the spores to grow into active bacteria. When the jars are stored at room temperature, the spores can germinate and produce the toxin. However, the toxin is sensitive to heat and can be destroyed if the food in question is boiled for 10 minutes (longer at high altitudes).
TREPONEMA PALLIDUM Helical bacterium
moves in corkscrew manner
Causes syphilis: STD
http://www.microbiologybytes.com/video/Tpallidum.html
NEISSERIA GONORRHAEAE Gram – spherical
pairs Causes gonorrhea Fimbriae enable the
organism to attach to mucous membranes of vagina and urethra of penis