bacteria fungi
TRANSCRIPT
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Kingdom Eubacteria
and Cyanobacteria
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CELL WALL Depending on their cells reaction to the
Grams stain
1. Gram positive thick layer of peptidoglycan
N-acetylglucosamine
N-acetylmuramic acid
2. Gram negative thin peptidoglycan
- thick LPS
(lipopolysaccharide)
toxic to animals e.g. Salmonella & Shigella
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Bacterial forms
Pleomorphic various
shape, no cell wall
Bacilli rod shaped
Cocci spherical
Spirilla long coils
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Cocci
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Staphylococci
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Bacilli- rod shaped
Bacilus in
single
Diplobacilli
Streptobacilli
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Spirilla- long coils
Treponema pallidum
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Genetic material
Nucleoid -DNA in the
form of closed circles
- Without histones
Ribosomes 70s
ribosomes
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FLAGELLAR CHARACTERISTICS
Monotrichous flagellumon one pole
Lopotrichous tuffs of
flagella on one pole
Amphitrichous- tuffs offlagella on both
poles Peritrichous flagella over
the entire surface.
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Cell DIVISION
BINARY FISSION - cell pinches in two.
FRAGMENTATION separation of a
filament into several fragments
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EXCHANGE OF GENETIC MATERIAL
Transformationforeign genes are usuallydigested and accidentally
inserted into the cells DNA circle.
Transduction- a bacterium incorporates
DNA carried in by a virus.
Conjugation DNA is passed through a
tube (pilus) that joins two
adjacent cell.
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CLASSIFICATION
Division Eubacteria1. Gliding Bacterianon-flagellated
inhabit areas rich in H2S such as
sewage, deep mud layers of lake.
e.g. Beggiatoa
Cytophaga
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2. Nitrogen fixing Bacteria
Absorb N2 and fix it into organic compounds.
1. free livingAzotobacter
2. symbioticAgrobacterium, Rhizobium
3. Nitrifying
1. oxidize ammonium to nitriteNitrosomonas2. oxidize nitrite to nitrate - Nitrobacter
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4. Denitrifying
Conversion of nitrogen
compounds to Nitrogen
gas (N2).
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Cyanobacteria blue green bacteria
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SECTION CYANOBACTERIA
Formerly known as blue green algae Phycobilins present:
1. phycocyanin blue green pigment
2. phycoerythrin red pigment
Biliproteins in association with protein
Phycobilisomes aggregation of phycobilins in
small nodules.
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Thalli organization
1. UnicellularChroococcus
2. Colonies with
mucilaginous matrix
- Microcystis
3. Unbranched filaments
Oscillatoria
4. Branched filaments-
Hapalosiphon
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Nostoc
heterocyst
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Microcyctis shake
Two groups of cyanobacteria
1.Homocystous
2. Heterocystous
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Oscillatoria
Micrococcus Spirulina
Trichome
Separation disc
hormogone
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ARCHAEBACTERIAANCIENT BACTERIA, LIVING FOSSILS
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GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI
Eukaryote
Achlorophyllous
Heterotrophs1. biotrophs draw nutrients from the
host without killing
it.
2. necrotrophs draw nutrients from
the host and eventually kill it.
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Body- Cellular Construction
Hyphae filamentous construction of fungi
1. septated with partition wall or cross
walls
2. aseptate or coenocytic without cross
wall, mutinucleated
Mycelium- mass of hyphae
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Fruiting Body Organization
Morel, truffles, mushroom, bracket, or puffball
Three types of hyphae
1. generativethin-walled with spores2. skeletal- thick walled, unbranched
3. binding- thick walled, highly and
irregularly branched.
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Spores
Sporangiospores (sporangium) in
Subdivision Mastigomycotina and
Zygomycotina.
Conidia - (not inside a sporangium)
Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina,
Deuteromycotina
Sclerotia - compact aggregate of
mycelium, more resistant
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Heterokaryosis and parasexuality
Do not involve gametes
Involve two different mating types
(+ and - hyphae)
Plasmogamy - fusion of two hyphae
Heterokaryosis - (mixture of + and - nuclei)
Homokaryosis - (nuclei are identical)
Parasexuality - premature fusion of compatiblenuclei)
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Metabolism
Aerobic and anaerobic respiration
(brewing, vinting, dough making)
Rusts and smuts - plant diseasesAthletes foot, ring worm, candidiasis
Thermophiles - 50C
Psychrophilous - -10C to -15CXerophilous - grow on dry substrates
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Mycelium mass of hyphae
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Fungi
Chitinous cell wall
Absorptive phagotrophs
Extracellular digestion Toxins alternaric acid, giberellins,
Phytoalexinsplants defense mechanism
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Essential nutrients carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous,
magnesium, and sulfur
Agents of decay, rot, spoilage, and
decomposition,
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Division Myxomycota
Are commonly called Slime Molds
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Subdivision Zygomycotina -
Rhizopus stolonifer, Black Bread Molds)
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Columella Zygospore
suspensorZygote
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Subdivision Basidiomycotina - Club Fungi
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Cub Fungi
Mushrooms ear fungi
Puffballs rust and smut
Bracket fungi earth stars
Birds nest
Stinkhorns
Jelly fungi Bracket fungi
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mushroom
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Bracket fungi
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Stinkhorn Earth star
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Bracket fungi Stinkhorn -
Dictyophora
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Auricularia
tengang daga
Edible fungi
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Ascomycota commonly called sac fungi
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Peziza
Cookeina
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Ascus with 8
ascospores
Apothecium of Cookeina
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XylariaDeadmans finger
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Bakers yeast
Fermentation carbon
dioxide and ethyl alcohol
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Truffles most
expensive fungi
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PHYLUM DEUTEROMYCOTAimperferct fungiwithout known sexual stage
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Aspergillus green mold
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Penicillium red mold
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Ross D. Vasquez