bahan genetik
DESCRIPTION
BAHAN GENETIK. GENETIC MATERIALS. The genetic material is consisted of :. Chromosomes. called as NUCLEOPROTEIN. Genes. reside along the chromosome. Eukaryotic Chromosomes. Located in the nucleus Each chromosome consists of a single molecule of DNA and its associated proteins - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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BAHAN GENETIK
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GENETIC MATERIALSThe genetic material is consisted of :
Chromosomes
Genes
called as NUCLEOPROTEIN
reside along the chromosome
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Eukaryotic Chromosomes
• Located in the nucleus
• Each chromosome consists of a single molecule of DNA
and its associated proteins The DNA and protein complex found in eukaryotic
chromosomes is called chromatin 1/3 DNA and 2/3 protein
• Complex interactions between proteins and nucleic acids
in the chromosomes regulate gene and chromosomal function
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Double helix DNA
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Fungsi DNA
• Autokatalitis (replikasi sendiri)• Heterokatalitis (transkripsi menjadi RNA)
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Asam Ribonukleat (RNA)
• RNA merupakan benang tunggal• RNA mengandung gula ribosa• RNA mengandung pirimidin Urasil (U) sebagai
pengganti Timin• Molekul lebih pendek drpd molekul DNA• Fungsi dalam sintesis protein
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JUMLAH KROMOSOM
Jumlah kromosom• Jumlah kromosom dasar dari suatu spesies disebut
GENOM, merupakan satu set kromosom (x). • Contoh : jagung (diploid, 2n=2x=20; genom = x=10)
kentang (tetraploid, 2n=4x=48, genom = x = 12)
• Setiap sel somatik (2n) mengandung setengah jumlah kromosom yang diwariskan dari tetua betina (n) dan setengah jumlah kromosom dari tetua jantan (n)
• Contoh : jagung (diploid, 2n=2x=20; gamet : n = x = 10) kentang (tetraploid, 2n=4x=48; gamet : n = 2x = 24)
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KROMOSOM Trillium erectum
TERMASUK TANAMAN DIPLOID, TRIPLOID ATAU TETRAPLOID?
BERAPA GENOM TANAMAN TERSEBUT?
BERAPA JUMLAH KROMOSOM PADA GAMET TANAMAN TERSEBUT?
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Karyotype Tanaman Bawang Merah
TERMASUK TANAMAN DIPLOID, TRIPLOID ATAU TETRAPLOID?
BERAPA GENOM TANAMAN TERSEBUT?
BERAPA JUMLAH KROMOSOM PADA GAMET TANAMAN TERSEBUT?
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STRUKTUR KROMOSOM• The essential part of a chromosome is
a single very long strand of DNA. This DNA contains all the genetic information for creating and running the organism.
• The DNA is supported and neatly packaged by proteins bound to it. At different times, these proteins cause the DNA to be spread out like spaghetti in a bowl, or tightly condensed into the X-shaped chromosomes we can see in the microscope.
• Each chromosome has a central constricted region called a centromere that serves as an attachment point for the machinery of mitosis.
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Chromatin structure
From Miller & Therman (2001) Human Chromosomes, Springer
Compacts DNA ~ 10,000 X
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MORPHOLOGY OF CHROMOSOME
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MORPHOLOGY OF CHROMOSOME
• Individual chromsomes are recognized by arm lengths
p, short armq, long arm
• Individual chromsomes are recognized by centromere position
metacentricsub-metacentricacrocentrictelocentric
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• Individual chromsomes are recognized by arm lengthsp, short armq, long arm
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A model of centromere structure
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Individual chromsomes are recognized by centromere position
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Karyotype The representation of entire metaphase chromosomes in a cell, arranged in order of size and other characteristics
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From Miller & Therman (2001) Human Chromosomes, Springer
IDEOGRAM • Diagramatic representation of a karyotype
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Chromosome in general (size, shape and number)
- Diploid organisms = 2n- Two copies of autosomes with sex chromosomes- diploid organisms have two cell-types somatic cells = body’s cells germ cells = gametes
- human bodies ~= 1014 cells many cell divisions => mitosis
- sexual reproduction require haploid (n) cells => meiosis
Human chromosomes = 22 pairs of autosomes + sex chromosome (XX or XY)
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DNA
DNA Replication
RNA PROTEIN
Transcription
Translation
CENTRAL DOGMAFrancis Crick, 1958
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FUNGSI DNA dan RNA• DNA sebagai bahan keturunan, merupakan
“blue print” atau cetak biru • RNA :
• mRNA menerima kode-kode informasi dari DNA dan membawanya ke tempat sintesis protein
• tRNA mengenal dan menggerakkan nukleotida basa dari sekitar sel ke ribosom untuk sintesis protein pada mRNA
• rRNA membentuk bagian dari ribosom dan bertindak sebagai pengikat pada ribosom
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TRANSKRIPSI, TRANSLASI dan SINTESIS PROTEIN
• TRANSKRIPSI adalah sintesis RNA dengan cetakan DNA, hanya satu pita DNA yang disalin
• TRANSLASI adalah proses pembacaan susunan nukleotida pada mRNA dan sintesis rantai asam amino untuk membentuk molekul protein
• SINTESIS PROTEIN
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SINTESIS PROTEIN• mRNA adalah pita ribonukleotida tunggal, terdiri dari triplet-triplet
(codon=kodon) yang memberi kode untuk asam amino tertentu. Ribosom melekat pada mRNA. tRNA membawa asam amino tertentu ke ribosom.
• Ribosom bergerak sepanjang mRNA untuk memastikan bahwa antikodon tRNA berpasangan dengan kodon dari mRNA. Ketika antikodon melekat pada kodon, asam amino melekat pada rantai protein yang sedang dibentuk.
• Susunan asam amino dalam molekul protein ditentukan oleh susunan triplet (kodon) tadi pada mRNA. Pada saat ribosom bergerak sepanjang tRNA, asam amino terangkai dengan pola tertentu untuk membentuk molekul protein tertentu.
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TYPES OF RNA• mRNA contains codons which code for amino acids.
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DNA
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TRANSCRIPTION
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REMOVAL OF INTRONS
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GENE EXPRESSIONDNA
RNA
PROTEIN
CELL EFFECT TISSUE
ORGANISM
POPULATION
BIOSPHERIC PHENOTYPE