balai bahasa provinsi jawa tengah - core · continuation of the previous international seminar with...

Balai Bahasa Provinsi Jawa TengahJalan Imam Bardjo, S.H. No.5 Semarang

Telp/Fax +62-24-8448717

Email: [email protected]

Website: www.mli.undip.ac.id/lamas

ProceedingsInternational Seminar

Language Maintenance and Shift IV

November 18, 2014

xviii+488 hlm. 21 x 29,7 cm

ISSN: 2088-6799

Editors:Zane Goebel

J. Herudjati PurwokoSuharno

M. SuryadiYusuf Al Arief

International Seminar “Language Maintenance and Shift” IV November 18, 2014

~ iii ~

EDITORS’ NOTE

This international seminar on Language Maintenance and Shift IV (LAMAS IV for short) is a

continuation of the previous international seminar with the same theme conducted by the

Master Program in Linguistics, Diponegoro University on 18 November 2014.

We would like to extend our deepest gratitude to the seminar committee for putting together

the seminar that gave rise to this collection of papers. Thanks also go to the Head and the

Secretary of the Master Program in Linguistics Diponegoro University, without whom the

seminar would not have been possible.

The table of contents lists all the papers presented at the seminar: The first four papers are

those presented by invited keynote speakers. They are Dr. Sugiyono (Badan Pengembangan

dan Pembinaan Bahasa, Jakarta, Indonesia), Dr. Zane Goebel (La Trobe University,

Melbourne, Australia), Prof. Yudha Thianto, Ph.D. (Trinity Christian College, Illinois, USA),

Dr. Deli Nirmala, M.Hum (Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia).

In terms of the topic areas, there are 21 papers in applied linguistics, 20 papers in

sociolinguistics, 14 papers in theoretical linguistics, 18 papers in discourse/pragmatics, and 13

papers (miscellaneous).

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278-

282

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Con

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E

476-

481


~ xi ~

TABLE OF CONTENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR

LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE AND SHIFT IV

PRONOUNS IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY MALAY: A HISTORICAL

LINGUISTICS STUDY OF EDUCATIONAL TEXTS PUBLISHED BY THE VOC FOR

CHILDREN IN THE EAST INDIES

Dr. Deli Nirmala, M.Hum. 1

REPRESENTATION OF JAVANESE LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE IN LOCAL

NEWSPAPERS IN CENTRAL JAVA

Prof. Yudha Thianto, Ph. D. 18

UNDERSTANDING SHIFTING LANGUAGES ON INDONESIAN TELEVISION:

UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL VALUE IN LATE CAPITALISM

Zane Goebel 29

TEACHERS’ COMPETENCES IN TEACHING ENGLISH TO YOUNG LEARNERS

IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Hepy Sri Rahayu Pujiastuti & Nia Kurniawati 43

THE ACQUISITION OF UNIVERSAL QUANTIFIERS IN INDONESIAN (ISO 639-3:

IND): A PRELIMINARY REPORT

I Nyoman Aryawibawa 50

LEXICAL ERRORS IN THE ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAYS WRITTEN BY ENGLISH

DEPARTMENT STUDENTS OF AIRLANGGA UNIVERSITY

Jurianto 56

DEVELOPING AN ENGLISH INSTRUCTIONAL MODEL OF READING

COMPREHENSION USING QTM FOR JHS

Koeswandi 62

MULTICULTURAL FOLKTALES IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING:

PROMOTING COMMONALITY IN DIVERSITY

Nyoman Karina Wedhanti 68

KARAKTERISTIK BAHASA ANAK-ANAK DOWN SYNDROME DI KAMPUNG

DOWN SYNDROME KABUPATEN PONOROGO (SUATU TINJAUAN

PSIKOLINGUISTIK)

Sumarlam & Sri Pamungkas 72

KONSTRUKSI NAMA DIRI JAWA DAN JERMAN: KAJIAN CROSS CULTURE

UNDERSTANDING

Wening Sahayu 78

FOREIGNERS’PERCEPTIONS TOWARDS INDONESIAN CULTURE: A PIECE OF

STUDY ON CCU

Yenny Hartanto 83

ANALISIS METODE PENERJEMAHAN DALAM MENERJEMAHKAN NOVEL THE

HUNGER GAMES

Maulana Teguh Perdana 88


~ xii ~

FROM LITERACY TO IDEOLOGY: SEMANTIC SHIFT ON THE

REPRESENTATION OF “TUHAN” MEANING

Moh. Aniq Kh.B. 93

SHAPING COMPUTER MEDIATED COMMUNICATION (CMC) ON YOUTUBE

VIDEO COMMENTS TOWARD JAVANESE BOSSANOVA AS THE MEDIA TO

PRESERVE JAVANESE COLLOQUIAL LANGUAGE

Nafisa Ghanima Shanty 97

STRATEGI PENERJEMAHAN ISTILAH BUDAYA DALAM KOMIK ‘KISAH

PETUALANGAN TINTIN: CERUTU SANG FARAOH’

Nurvita Anjarsari 103

UTILIZING EXPERIENTIAL MEANING FOR ANALYZING TEACHERS’ LESSON

PLANS: A METAFUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR

Resti Wahyuni & F.X. Paula Eralina Hadomi 109

WAYS TO TRANSLATE ADDRESS TERMS FROM INDONESIAN INTO ENGLISH:

A CASE STUDY IN KETIKA CINTA BERTASBIH II MOVIE

Retno Wulandari 114

INTEGRATING CULTURE, SONG LYRICS AND TECHNOLOGY IN

TRANSLATION CLASS

Rica S. Wuryaningrum 118

PENANAMAN NILAI-NILAI PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER MELALUI MEDIA

GAMBAR SEBAGAI UPAYA UNTUK MENUMBUHKAN MINAT MENULIS SISWA

Rukni Setyawati 125

SOAL CERITA MATEMATIKA UNTUK SISWA KELAS RENDAH SEKOLAH

DASAR DI KAWASAN PEDESAAN: ANALISIS STRUKTUR SEMANTIK

Sumarwati 130

PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA BIDANG POLITIK DI MEDIA MASSA

Sutarsih 136

RESEARCHING THE USE OF DICTIONARY BY STUDENTS OF ENGLISH

LITERATURE DEPARTMENT AT JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY

Syaifur Rochman 140

COMMODITY FETISHISMS IN COSMETIC ADVERTISEMENTS IN INDONESIA

Titin Lestari 145

KONSEP BERKEHIDUPAN DALAM PAPADAH BANJAR

Ahmad Mubarok 150

THE LANGUAGE USED IN THE LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE FOUND IN THE

WESTERN PART OF SURABAYA

Erlita Rusnaningtias 156

MENGUNGKAP NILAI KEARIFAN LOKAL DAN EKSISTENSI NAMA-NAMA

MAKANAN TRADISIONAL SUNDA BERBAHAN DASAR SINGKONG: KAJIAN

ANTROPOLINGUISTIK DI KOTA BANDUNG

Febrina Nadelia 162


~ xiii ~

MAINTAINING BALINESE LANGUAGE THROUGH WRITING SHORT STORIES

IN BALI ORTI

I Nengah Sudipa 167

MAINTAINING BALINESE LANGUAGE THROUGH SCHOOL PROGRAMS IN

BALI

I Nyoman Muliana 170

PETA SOSIODIALEKTOLOGIS MADURA

Iqbal Nurul Azhar 174

BENTUK DAN FUNGSI PISUHAN BAHASA JAWA: SUATU KAJIAN

SOSIOPRAGMATIK

Kenfitria Diah Wijayanti 180

BAHASA SIMBOL DALAM KOMUNIKASI BUDAYA (SUATU KAJIAN MAKNA

BUDAYA DALAM PERKAWINAN ADAT BUGIS MAKASAR)

Misnah Mannahali 184

MAINTAINING FIRST LANGUAGE: BILINGUALS’ VOICES

Mukhlash Abrar 189

VARIASI BAHASA LAMPUNG BERDASARKAN PERBEDAAN ETIMON DI

PROVINSI LAMPUNG

Wati Kurniawati 195

PENGARUH INTERFERENSI KOSA KATA ASING DALAM LIRIK LAGU

INDONESIA

Yetty Morelent & Syofiani 200

HUBUNGAN SIMBOL-SIMBOL “KESUCIAN” DALAM PENAMAAN TEMPAT DI

KABUPATEN LUMAJANG: STUDI ETNOGRAFIS TERHADAP LEGENDA

PENAMAAN WILAYAH KABUPATEN LUMAJANG

Cicik Tri Jayanti 204

ALIH AKSARA ‘C’ DALAM NAMA INDONESIA KE BAHASA ARAB

Erfan Gazali 210

CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING IN MULTILANGUAGE COMMUNITY

CASE STUDY IN BALAI LPPU-UNDIP SEMARANG

Erna Sunarti 214

TEGALNESE YOUTH ATTITUDE TOWARDS BAHASA JAWA NGOKO

REFLECTED IN SOCIAL MEDIA USAGE AND CLOTHING INDUSTRY AS AN

EFFORT OF LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE

Ihda Rosdiana & Ekfindar Diliana 220

KEKERABATAN BAHASA WAWONII, MORONENE, DAN KULISUSU (KAJIAN

LINGUSTIK HISTORIS KOMPARATIF)

La Ino 225

KEHEBATAN DAN KEUNIKAN BASA SEMARANGAN

M. Suryadi 231


~ xiv ~

ALIH DAN CAMPUR KODE MAHASISWA PEMBELAJAR BAHASA INGGRIS DI

MEDIA SOSIAL FACEBOOK: TREN ATAU KEBUTUHAN? (STUDI KASUS

KAJIAN SOSIOLINGUISTIK PADA GROUP MAHASISWA SASTRA INGGRIS

UNIVERSITAS KOMPUTER INDONESIA (UNIKOM) BANDUNG DI FACEBOOK)

Muhammad Rayhan Bustam 237

CHOICE OF LANGUAGE IN JOB TITLES AT VACANCY ADVERTISEMENTS

Saidatun Nafisah 243

GROUNDING IN FACE-TO-FACE CONVERSATION: AN ETHNOGRAPHY STUDY

Udin Kamiluddin 247

REEXAMINING LEXICAL VARIATION IN DATAR VILLAGE: THE CASE OF

VERB

Ageng Sutrisno & Cindy Intan Audya Putri 253

LEKSIKON PERTANIAN DALAM BAHASA JAWA DI KABUPATEN KUDUS:

KAJIAN ETNOLINGUISTIK

Ahdi Riyono 258

THE KNOWLEDGE OF PROSODY IN HELPING STUDENTS RESPONSE

UTTERANCES APPROPRIATELY

Emilia Ninik Aydawati 263

VISUALISATION OF DIACHRONIC CONSTRUCTIONAL CHANGE USING

MOTION CHART

Gede Primahadi-Wijaya-R. 267

INCHOATIVE VERBS IN INDONESIAN

I Nyoman Udayana 271

LANGUAGE DOCUMENTATION ON JAVANESE: A SHIFT TOWARDS

RECOGNIZING AND CELEBRATING COLLOQUIAL VARIETIES

Tom Conners & Jozina Vander Klok 276

NETRALISASI VOKAL PADA REDUPLIKASI BAHASA MELAYU LANGKAT

Wisman Hadi 282

MBOK: ITS DISTRIBUTION, MEANING, AND FUNCTION

Ajar Pradika Ananta Tur 287

LEKSIKON BUSANA MUSLIMAH INDONESIA (KAJAN LINGUISTIK

ANTROPOLOGIS)

Asri Wijayanti 293

PENYUSUNAN KAMUS HOMONIM UNTUK PELAJAR

Ida Bagus Putrayasa 299

KALIMAT BAHASA SAMAWA-MATEMEGA: CATATAN PENELITIAN DAERAH

TERPENCIL SEBAGAI UPAYA PEMERTAHANAN BAHASA IBU

Lalu Erwan Husnan & Damhujin 303

GOROAWASE DALAM BAHASA JEPANG

Ningrum Tresnasari 308


~ xv ~

KORESPONDENSI PERUBAHAN LINGKUNGAN DAN CAREGIVER TERHADAP

KOMPETENSI LINGUISTIK DAN KOMUNIKASI ANAK (STUDI KASUS PADA AP)

Prihantoro 314

SUBSTANTIVWÖRTER IN GERMAN

Sulis Triyono 319

WACANA DEMOKRASI DALAM PERSFEKTIF TABLOID MEDIA UMAT

Agus Suryana 324

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ENGLISH ADVERTISEMENTS CREATED BY

STUDENTS OF BUSINESS ENGLISH CLASS AT PGRI UNIVERSITY SEMARANG.

LEMBAGA PENELITIAN DAN PENGABDIAN PADA MASYARAKAT,

UNIVERSITAS PGRI SEMARANG

Akmal & Maria Yosephin WL & Sri Wahyuni 329

DICTION IN A DRAMA ENTITLED ‘ROMEO AND JULIET’ BY WILLIAM

SHAKESPEARE

Ch. Evy Tri Widyahening 334

METROLOGI DALAM PERIBAHASA SUKU KAUM SEMAI: SATU KAJIAN

SEMANTIK

Mohd. Rasdi Saamah & Abu Hassan Abdul 338

METAFORA ‘KEPALA’ DALAM PEMIKIRAN MELAYU: ANALISIS TEORI

BLENDING

Nor Asiah Ismail & Norliza Jamaluddin & Anida Sarudin 343

PEMAHAMAN DAN PENGGUNAAN CANGKRIMAN OLEH MASYARAKAT JAWA

SEKARANG

P. Ari Subagyo 349

"CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON IDEOLOGY OF NEGARA ISLAM

INDONESIA (NII) GROUP, INDONESIAN GOVERNMENT, AND THE JAKARTA

POST REPRESENTED THROUGH EDITORIALS AND HEADLINES OF THE

JAKARTA POST"

Sugeng Irianto 355

BAHASA, WACANA, DAN KEKUASAAN DALAM KONSTRUKSI G30S

Yoseph Yapi Taum 360

FUNGSI TINDAK TUTUR WACANA RUBRIK KONSULTASI SEKS PADA MEDIA

ONLINE KOMPAS.COM

Achmad Dicky Romadhan 364

BRIDGING SEBAGAI ALAT PAGAR KESANTUNAN BERBAHASA DALAM

MEDIA SMS

Asih Prihandini dan Juanda 368

ANALYSIS OF THE SCHEMATIC STRUCTURES OF THE STUDENTS’ WRITTEN

REPORT TEXTS

Farikah 373

FENOMENA SENYAPAN: STUDI KONTRASTIF TERHADAP TUTURAN

TERENCANA DAN TUTURAN SPONTAN

Fida Pangesti 377


~ xvi ~

THE EXISTENCE OF CINEMA TERMS IN TARAKAN TEENAGERS’ DAILY

COMMUNICATION

Lisdiana Anita 383

METAFORA DALAM KOMUNIKASI BUDAYA MASYARAKAT DAYAK KAYAN

GA’AI

Martvernad & Adha Ritnasih Griyani 388

A STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE POEMS OF WIJI THUKUL

Nugraheni Eko Wardani 394

ANALISIS WACANA PELANGGARAN PRINSIP KERJA SAMA DALAM ACARA

DISKUSI INDONESIA LAWAK KLUB (ILK) EPISODE 4 JUNI 2014 DI STASIUN

TELEVISI TRANS7

Nuken Tadzkiroh Lekso 400

NEGATIVE POLITENESS EMPLOYED BY NAJWA SHIHAB IN MATA NAJWA

‘HABIBIE HARI INI’

Sabila Rosdiana 406

PENERAPAN PRINSIP KERJASAMA DAN PEMENUHAN PRINSIP KESANTUNAN

DALAM TINDAK TUTUR GURU-GURU TAMAN KANAK-KANAK

Surono 412

THE IMPORTANCE OF INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION OF

LANGUAGE

Ivan Chabibilah 419

USING VARIOUS WRITING RESOURCES TO PROMOTE COLLABORATIVE

ATMOSPHERE IN LEARNING WRITING SKILLS

Jurianto & Salimah 422

KOMPARASI PENAFSIRAN KEPRIBADIAN BUDAYA JAWA BERDASARKAN

KELOMPOK USIA DALAM TUTURAN PENGHUNI LAPAS II B LAMONGAN

KAJIAN ETNOGRAFI KOMUNIKASI

Mahabbatul Camalia 428

PENGARUH BUDAYA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA (ASING)

Dyah Tjaturrini 434

REGISTERS AND ACRONYMS IN BOARDING SCHOOL

Laksananing Mukti 438

PEMERTAHANAN BAHASA ‘DIALEK MANDARIN’ PADA MASYARAKAT TIONG

HUA DI PURWOKERTO

Nunung Supriadi 442

TEACHER’S ROLE OF JAVANESE LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE AMONG

INDERGARTEN STUDENTS IN RA AL-MUNA SEMARANG

Sartika Hijriati & Anisa Arifiyani 446

METAFORA SIMBOLIS DAN VERBAL TUTURAN PRANATA CARA DALAM

UPACARA PANGGIH PENGANTIN CARA JAWA-SURABAYA

Wuri Sayekti 450


~ xvii ~

RETRIEVING THE SOCIO-POLITICAL HISTORY OF INDONESIAN

Herudjati Purwoko 456

CONTESTING REGIONAL, NATIONAL, AND GLOBAL IDENTITIES THROUGH

THE ATTITUDE OF INDONESIAN LANGUAGE STUDENTS

Nurhayati 461

IMPROVING THE LANGUAGE ACCURACY IN WRITING SKILL THROUGH

GROUP DISCUSSION AND ERROR ANALYSIS

Suharno 466

DETERMINER PHRASES IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY MALAY

Agus Subiyanto 471

COMPLIMENT-RESPONDING IN JAVANESE LANGUAGE

Oktiva Herry Chandra 476


~ 471 ~

DETERMINER PHRASES IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY MALAY

Agus Subiyanto

Diponegoro University, Semarang

[email protected]

Abstract

Nineteenth-century Malay has nominal structures with a variety of constituent order. This

paper aims to discuss the forms of nominal structures and their basic patterns. In

addition, this paper is going to answer the question of whether nominal structures should

be analyzed as determiner phrases or noun phrases. In this study, the X-bar theory is

applied to discuss the constituent structure of nominal constructions. This study used the

data of an Indonesian short story written in 1873 published in the book “Nona Koelit

Koetjing” (Damono et.al., 2005). The result of the study shows that nominal

constructions with a demonstrative occurring in the initial position is the basic

constituent order. The nominal constructions in this language should be analyzed as

determiner phrases since a determiner has a category different from any other elements

of nominal constructions

Key words : Nineteenth-century Malay, determiner phrase, X-bar theory

Introduction

Nineteenth-century Malay has nominal structures with a variety of constituent orders. This can be seen

from the position of a demonstrative that can occur after or before a quantifier. In addition, this

language also has two ways of forming possessive constructions, as seen from the following examples.

(1) Duwa-duwa ini orang anaknya dipukul

both this person child-POSS PASS-hit

‘Both of his children were hit’

(2) Ai tobat! bersorak ini kadua prampuwan Telosin

PART expression of surprise scream this both girl Telosin

‘Oh my God! Both of Telosin’s girls said loudly’

(3) Kalo begini saya dengar Nyonya Telosin punya cerita…

if this way 1SG listen Mrs. Telosin has story

‘If I listen to Mrs. Telosin’s story this way…

The examples above show two things. First, the demonstrative ini ‘this’ can occur between a

quantifier and a noun, as in (1), or in the initial position before a quantifier, as in (2). Second, a

possessive construction can be composed by placing the possessor directly after the possessed noun, as

in (2), or placing the possessor before the possessed noun followed with the verb punya ‘have’, as in

(3).

The phenomena above raise a question of whether nominal structures in this language have the

basic patterns and whether these nominal constructions should be analyzed as determiner phrases

(DPs) or noun phrases (NPs). To discuss the constituent structure, I adopt the X-bar theory as used in a

lexical functional grammar.

Determiner Phrase in the X-bar Theory

The principle of X-bar theory is that every phrase structure is endocentric or has a head. This principle

applies not only to lexical categories such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs but also to

functional categories like complementisers, finite auxiliaries, and determiners (see Bresnan, 2001;

mailto:[email protected]


~ 472 ~

Dalrymple, 2001; Falk, 2001). With this principle, a determiner (D) is projected to a determiner phrase

(DP), or DP has D as the head and an NP as its complement.

There are three levels of projection in the X-bar theory, which are a minimal projection (X),

an intermediate projection (X’ or X-bar), and a maximal projection (X” or X phrase). These levels of

projection are placed can be seen in the following tree diagram.

The tree diagram above shows that Specifier, Adjunct, and Complement are placed at different

levels as shown from the category or the projection of the mother node and the sister node.

Complement should come before or after the minimal projection or the head under the X’ node,

Adjunct should be placed before or after the X’ node under the X’ node, and Specifier is placed before

or after the X’ node under the XP node or the maximal projection.

Research Method

This study used the data from the book Nona Koelit Koetjing (Damono et.al, 2005), a compilation of

Indonesian short stories in the period of 1870s to 1910s. This book contains short stories written

between 1873 to 1914. Of these short stories, I took the one entitled Hikajat Amal-Beramal written in

1873. This anonymous short story was published in Bintang Johar Magazine of the 18th January 1873

edition.

To get the data, I used the observation method with a note-taking technique. In this case, I

noted down all nominal constructions found in the data to see the forms of nominal constructions and

their constituents. The data were then classified based on their similarity in order to find the general

pattern.

Forms of Nominal Constructions in Nineteenth-Century Malay

Nominal constructions in Nineteenth-century Malay have the following characteristics. First, a

demonstrative commonly occurs in the initial position followed by a noun, as in (4), a noun with the

definite or possessive suffix –nya, as in (5), a numeral and a noun, as in (6), a numeral, a noun, and a

noun as a possessor, as in (7), and a noun and a quantifier, as in (8).

(4) Disimpan dan dikumpul itu harta

PASS-save and PASS-collect that property

‘That property was collected and saved’

(5) Dia sendiri tiada suka jikalo anaknya turut itu perbuatannya

3SG self NEG like if child-POSS follow that behavior-POSS

‘He himself does not like his son doing what he did’

(6) Ini dua laki kluwar ruma.

this two man go out home

‘These two men left home’

(7) Ai Tobat! bersorak ini kaduwa prampuwan Telosin…

PART expression of surprise scream this both girl Telosin

‘Oh my God! Both of Telosin’s girls said loudly’


~ 473 ~

(8) Apa kita colong itu uwang banyak-banyak

what we steal that money very much

‘Shall we steal that very much money?’

The examples above show that the demonstratives itu ‘that’ and ini ‘this’ occur in the initial

position of a nominal construction, and this is the canonical position of demonstratives in a nominal

construction. However, a demonstrative may also come after a noun, as in (9), or between a quantifier

and a noun, as in (10). These nominal structures are, however, only found once in the data. Therefore,

they can be treated as a minor pattern.

(9) Guwa ini serain warung guwa.

1SG this give stall 1SG

‘I gave my stall (to him).

(10) Dua-dua ini orang anaknya dipukul

Both this person child-POSS PASS-hit

Both of his children were hit’

Another characteristic of nominal constructions in nineteenth-century Malay is the use of the

verb punya ‘have’ occurring between the possessor and the possessed noun, as in (11), in addition to

the pattern of the possessed noun followed by the possessor, as in (12).

(11) Sembahyang Tapekong bikin habis kita punya rejeki

Pray Tapekong make finished we have wealth

‘Praying at Tapekong caused our wealth to get finished’

(12) Apa kiranya anak kita boleh membalas....

what think child we may revenge

‘Can our son revenge …?

The data show that the possessive construction as in (11) frequently occurs. However, the

construction as in (12) is more common than that in (11), and therefore, (12) is the basic pattern. In

this pattern, the possessor is expressed with suffix –nya, especially for the third person, as in (5) and

(10).

Nominal Structures as Determiner Phrases

Nominal structures can be treated as NPs or DPs depending on the characteristics of the data (see

Arka, 2003). As for nineteenth-century Malay, the nominal structures should be treated as DPs, and

not as NPs for the following reasons. First, D can stand alone to fill the slot for a nominal construction,

as in (13). In this construction, the determiner itu ‘that’ is a nominal head, which has the grammatical

relation as the subject. This shows that D should be treated as a different category, and not as the head

of an NP. Note that in the X-bar theory, only the N category that can be projected to an NP.

(13) Bagus la itu, nanti guwa ajar sama mbok Sorban

good PART that later I give lesson with madam Sorban

‘That’s good. Mrs. Sorban and I will give a lesson (to him)’

The second reason for adopting a DP analysis is that D can show definiteness to the nominal

constructions that have got the definite markers such as the possessive or definite suffix –nya, as in

(5), repeated in (14) below. In this construction, the nya- suffix can co-occur with D, showing that D

and the –nya suffix should have be treated as different categories

(14) Dia sendiri tiada suka jikalo anaknya turut itu perbuatannya.

‘He himself does not like his son doing what he did’


~ 474 ~

Based on the reasons above, nominal constructions in nineteenth-century Malay should be

analyzed as DPs, and therefore, the nominal construction itu perbuatannya ‘his deed’ can be described

as in the following phrase structure tree.

(15)

The constituent structure above shows that the construction itu perbuatannya ‘his deed’ is a

DP, which has itu as the head and perbuatannya as the complement. The suffix –nya in the structure

above has an adjunct function, and not as a specifier. In this language the specifier of an NP is filled

with a quantifier, as in (7), in which the quantifier kadua ‘both’ is a specifier of the N’. The

construction ini kadua prampuwan Telosin ‘both of Telosin’s girls’ can be described in the following

tree diagram.

(16)

The tree diagram above shows that the position of a specifier is filled with the quantifier

kadua, whereas the possessor fill the adjunct position. This constituent structure is different from the

DP in (1), in which the quantifier dua-dua ‘both’ fills the specifier position of the D’, as in the

following diagram.

(17)


~ 475 ~

The constituent structure in (17) is different from that in (16) in terms of the position of the

quantifier (Q). In (17), the quantifier fills the specifier of a D’, whereas in (16), the qualifier is the

specifier of an N’.These two types of structures should be treated differenty in a lexical functional

grammar since this theory does not believe in transformation (see Bresnan, 2001, Arka, 2003).

Conclusion

Nineteenth-century Malay has nominal constructions with the constituent order of a demonstrative

commonly followed with a quantifier and a noun. A variation of constituent order is possible in this

language, such as by placing a quantifier before a demonstrative or placing a demonstrative after a

noun. These constituent orders, however, are rarely used, and so they can be categorized as a minor

pattern. Nominal constructions in this language should be analyzed as determiner phrases as a

demonstrative behaves differently from any other elements of nominal constructions. In this case a DP

has a determiner as the head and an NP as its complement.

References

Arka, I Wayan. 2003. Balinese Morphosyntax: A Lexical Functional Approach. Canberra: Pacific

Linguistics RSPAS ANU

Bresnan, Joan. 2001. Lexical Functional Syntax. Oxford : Blackwell Publishers

Dalrymple, Mary. 2001. Lexical Functional Grammar: Syntax and Semantics. New York: Academic

Press

Damono, Sapardi Djoko dkk. 2005. Nona Koelit Koetjing: Antologi Cerita Pendek Indonesia Periode

Awal (1870-an - 1910-an). Jakarta : Pusat Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional

Falk, Yehuda. 2001. Lexical-Functional Grammar. Stanford,: CSLI

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