Day 145: America in World War IIBaltimore Polytechnic Institute

April 8, 2014A/A.P. U.S. History

Mr. Green

1. This is the largest land, air and sea invasion in the history of mankind.

2. General Douglas MacArthur employed this battle strategy in the Pacific.

3. Admiral Nimitiz led this pivotal battle in the Pacific in early June 1942.

4. This government office attempted to curb the impact of inflation during WWII.

5. He became the running mate for FDR in the 1944 Presidential election.

Reading Check

Objectives: Indicate how America reacted to Pearl Harbor and prepared to

wage war against both Germany and Japan.Describe the mobilization of the American economy for war and

the mobilization of manpower and womanpower for both the military and wartime production.

Describe the war’s effects on American society, including regional migration, race relations, and women’s roles.

Explain the early Japanese successes in East Asia and the Pacific, and the American strategy for countering them.

AP FocusEarly in the war, Germany, Japan, and Italy have considerable

military success. The Allies, except for France, which had surrendered in 1940, are fortunate not to be overwhelmed completely.

Fearing that they will be disloyal, President Roosevelt orders the detention of Japanese Americans, a serious violation of basic American civil rights.

America in World War II

CHAPTER THEMESUnified by Pearl Harbor, America effectively

carried out a war mobilization effort that produced vast social and economic changes within American society.

Following its “get Hitler first” strategy, the United States and its Allies invaded and liberated conquered Europe from Fascist rule. The slower strategy of island-hopping against Japan also proceeded successfully until the atomic bomb brought a sudden end to World War II.

Chapter Focus

May/August 1943 Kiska and Attu recapturedNovember 1943 Tarawa and Makin-Gilbert IslandsJanuary/Feb. 1944 Marshall Islands capturedJune 19, 1944 Assault on Marianas (Guam) with B-29 superbomberJuly/August 1944 Marianna Islands securedOctober 20, 1944-MacArthur returns to the PhilippinesBattle of Leyte Gulf (Oct. 23-26, 1944) U.S. victoryBattle of Luzon (main Philippine Island)-January 1945

Philippines not secured until July 1945 with a cost of 60,000 American casualties

Iwo Jima captured in March 1945-Firebombing of Tokoyo4,000 Americans killed for this island

Okinawa-April to June 194550,000 American casualtiesJapan suffered more

Kamikazessank 30 ships and damaged many more

Japan Dies Hard

Japan sent feelers to Moscow to negotiate a peaceThe goal was unconditional surrender, not a negotiation Germany began research on such a weapon as well as JapanGermany fell first and the U.S. bomb was not readyAugust 6, 1945-Hiroshima

70,000 died instantly110,000 shortly after

August 8, 1945-Russia entered war against Japan in Korea and Manchuria

August 9, 1945-NagasakiAugust 10, 1945 Japan sued for peace

kept Emperor Hirohito on the throneSeptember 2, 1945 is V-J Day

The Decision

1 million American casualties with a 1/3 deadMore civilians killed than soldiersSoviets lost 25 million people6 American civilians died in Oregon

Outcomes

Objectives: Indicate how America reacted to Pearl Harbor and prepared to

wage war against both Germany and Japan.Describe the mobilization of the American economy for war and

the mobilization of manpower and womanpower for both the military and wartime production.

Describe the war’s effects on American society, including regional migration, race relations, and women’s roles.

Explain the early Japanese successes in East Asia and the Pacific, and the American strategy for countering them.

AP FocusEarly in the war, Germany, Japan, and Italy have considerable

military success. The Allies, except for France, which had surrendered in 1940, are fortunate not to be overwhelmed completely.

Fearing that they will be disloyal, President Roosevelt orders the detention of Japanese Americans, a serious violation of basic American civil rights.

The Cold War Begins

CHAPTER THEMESUnified by Pearl Harbor, America effectively

carried out a war mobilization effort that produced vast social and economic changes within American society.

Following its “get Hitler first” strategy, the United States and its Allies invaded and liberated conquered Europe from Fascist rule. The slower strategy of island-hopping against Japan also proceeded successfully until the atomic bomb brought a sudden end to World War II.

Chapter Focus

DemobilizationWhat should we do with all of these returning vets?

GI BillInflation

Real GNP decreased in 1946 and 194733% in 46 and 47price controls removedEmployment act of 1946

created council of economic advisorspromote maximum employment, production

and purchasing power

Postwar Economic Problems

Laborincrease in strikesTaft-Hartley

banned the closed shopunions liableloyalty oaths

Operation Dixie-attempt to unionize the South

Baby Boom50 million babies by the end of the 1950’s

YaltaFebruary 1945Japan lost land-Sakhalin Island, Kurile IslandRussia gained land-Port Arthur, Dairen, RR control in Manchuriaundermined ChiangRussia agreed to attack Japan

U.N.April 25, 1945 in San FranSecurity Council can veto

Bretton Woods, 1944World BankInternational Monetary Fund

Nuremberg TrialsEuropean occupation-Berlin Airlift May 1948-May 1949Truman Doctrine-1947NATO-April 1949-an attack on 1 is an attack on all

Foreign Policy

Democrats nominate Harry TrumanRepublicans nominate Thomas Dewey, againDixiecrats nominate Strom Thurmond of SCProgressive Party-Henry WallaceTruman-303 electoral votesDewey-189Thurmond-39Popular Vote24,179,345 for Truman, 21,991,291 for Dewey,

1,176,125 for Thurmond and 1,157,326 for WallaceDems took Congress

1948 Election

The Cold War4 and ½ decadesmolded societies/economiesovershadowed entire postwar international order

Containment in EuropeGeorge Kennan-Russia relentlessly expansionary

could be stopped by “firm and vigilant containment” Truman Doctrine-$400 million to Greece/TurkeyPro-America/Pro-Russia sidesAny dictator could get support to fight communism

Marshall Plan-July 1947political reforms/certain outside controlsUSSR walked out12,5 billion over 4 yearsAppropriated April 1948 after Czechoslovakia communist

coup

Foreign Policy

The Middle EastStalin broke an agreement to remove troops from Iran

aided a rebel movementTruman recognized Israel on May 14, 1948

National Security Act of 1947Department of DefenseJoint Chiefs of Staff replaced the uniformed heads of each service branchNational Security CouncilCIASelective Service Act brought back in 1948

U.S. joined NATO on April 4, 1949

Containment in Asia7 top Japanese officials hanged and 18 to prison termsMacArthur Constitution, 1946China

Mao Zedong forced Chiang to Taiwan (Formosa)

¼ of world’s population now CommunistSoviets exploded 1st nuke in September 1949Moved Truman to initiate the H-Bomb

HUACAlger Hiss Case

accused of being a communist agentcaught on lies/convicted of perjury

McCarran Internal Security Actauthorized the President to arrest and detain suspicious people during an “internal security emergency”-vetoed by Truman and overridden

Rosenberg Case-convicted in 1951 of espionage and executed in 1953

McCarthy Witch-Hunt

Red Scare at Home

McCarran-Walter Immigration ActExpanded the definition of the United States to include territoriesAllowed the U.S. to deport people that were “subversives” (i.e. Communists)

Immigration

Korea peninsula a Japanese colony since 191038th parallel decided after WWIIJune 25, 1950-North Korea crossed the 38th

Truman said it proved the “containment doctrine”NSC-68:U.S. quadruple its defense spending

3.5 million men ready$50 billion/year or 13% of GNP

U.S.S.R. absent from the U.N. on June 25Truman did not consult CongressSent MacArthur and American air and naval forces

Police action

Korean Conflict

MacArthur attacked at Inchon-behind enemy lines

Attack pushed North Koreans back behind the 38th

South Koreans kept going north and the U.N. authorized a crossing

“have the boys home by Christmas”not so fast

MacArthur wanted to:1. Blockade the Chinese coast2. Bomb bases in Manchuria3. Tactical nuclear weapons on Southern

Chinese coastMacArthur then relieved of his duties when he

spoke out publicly against Truman

1. Continue1940’s decade chart

Class Discussion

Read Chapter 37Prepare for 5 question reading check on

Thursday

Homework