baltimore polytechnic institute december 14, 2015 a/a.p. u.s. history mr. green
TRANSCRIPT
Day 70: The Ordeal of Reconstruction 1865-1877Baltimore Polytechnic Institute
December 14, 2015A/A.P. U.S. History
Mr. Green
The students will be able to evaluate the extent to which freed slaves and rebel leaders would be admitted to the union by analyzing Presidential and Congressional Reconstruction plans.
Objective
Unit 5 Test-Multiple Choice section on FridayAPUSH-Writing is on Monday
Announcements
Objectives: Define the major problems facing the nation and the South after the
Civil War.Describe the responses of both whites and African Americans to the end
of slavery.Analyze the differences between the presidential and congressional
approaches to Reconstruction.Explain how the blunders of President Johnson and the resistance of the
white South opened the door to the Republicans’ radical ReconstructionAP Focus
The Union victory is significant in transforming and diversifying the South’s production. It also represents the defeat of the planter-slaveholder and the continued rise of the industrial capitalist.
In the aftermath of the war, especially in those southern states that reenter the Union under Johnson’s lenient plan, Black Codes again segregate and subordinate the South’s blacks. Organizations, such as the Ku Klux Klan and the Knights of the White Camellia, use violence and intimidation to deny blacks access to institutions, such as voting, that would improve their lives. Blacks are reduced to a form of slavery without chains, in that they are economically dependent and subservient to the owner of the land on which they are sharecroppers.
The Ordeal of Reconstruction 1865-1877
CHAPTER THEMESJohnson’s political blunders and Southern white
recalcitrance led to the imposition of congressional military Reconstruction on the South. Reconstruction did address difficult issues of reform and racial justice in the South and achieved some successes, but was ultimately abandoned, leaving a deep legacy of racial and sectional bitterness.
During Reconstruction, the Constitution was strengthened with the Fourteenth (citizenship and equal protection of the laws) and Fifteenth (black voting rights) Amendments, but it was also tested with the conflicts between the president and Congress that culminated in an impeachment process.
Chapter Focus
1. How would the South be rebuilt?2. How would liberated blacks fare as free men
and women?3. How would the Southern states be
reintegrated into the Union?4. Who would direct the process of
Reconstruction?5. What should happen to the Confederate
leaders?Slave-owners lost some $2 billion in slaves“damn yankees”, “your government”
Warm-up? The Problems of Peace
Rebel troops evacuating Charleston blew up military supplies to deny them to General William Tecumseh Sherman’s forces. The explosions ignited fires that all but destroyed the city.
Emancipation followed the Union Army.Slaves were freed then re-enslaved, then
freed, then re-enslavedSome displayed loyalty to plantation, others
pillagedAfrican-American churches doubled in size
after EmancipationWhole communities moved together-
ExodustersEducation key to freedom-Education societies
Freedmen Define Freedom
Created on March 3, 1865 to address the transition to freedom
Provide:1. food2. Clothing3. Medical care4. Education-blacks/white refugeesNot all good-some collaborated with planters
in removing blacks from towns or signing labor contracts with former masters
The Freedmen’s Bureau
Came from humble beginningsServed in the House and refused to secede
when Tennessee didSupporter of states’ rights
Johnson: The Tailor President
Lincoln’s 10% plana state could be re-admitted when 10% of its voters from the 1860 Presidential election took an oath of allegiance to the U.S.creation of a formal state government
Congress in 1865Wade-Davis Bill: 50% needed to take the oathLincoln pocket-vetoed the bill in 1864
Johnson’s plandisfranchised Confederates with taxable property more than $20,000-except for pardonsrepeal ordinances of secessionrepudiate Confederate debtratify 13th amendment
Presidential Reconstruction
Black codes-regulated the affairs of the emancipated blacks
Created the share-cropping class of emancipated blacks and landless whites
African-Americans not allowed to 1. Serve on a jury2. Rent/own land3. Punished for idlenessThe North looked down on the South for this
reaction
The Baleful Black Codes
Many ex-Confederates won state elections as senators and representatives
The North enjoyed free reign during the warMorrill Tariff, Pacific Railroad Act, Homestead Act
With newly freed slaves, the South population was about to explode and increase their power
Johnson claims southern states met readmission conditions on Dec 6, 1865
Congressional Reconstruction
1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
13th Amendment
You will have 7 minutes to identify 3 main points from the Civil Rights Act of 1866. You may refer to the Act itself but you will have 7 minutes to identify (bullet points are fine) 3 different points the Act addresses or attempts to change.
Civil Rights Act of 1866 Quiz
Johnson vetoed and Congress overrode the Civil Rights Bill of 1866 which granted citizenship to freed slaves
14th Amendment1. Civil Rights/Citizenship2. reduced representation if a state denied African-Americans the right to vote3. disqualified former Confederates as federal office-holders4. guaranteed federal debt/repudiated Confederate debt
Johnson clashes with Congress
Johnson’s lack of vote-getting in the mid-terms of 1866 resulted in a 2/3 majority for the Republicans in both houses of Congress
Swinging “round the circle with Johnson”
Charles Sumner-led radicals in the SenateThaddeus Stevens-led radicals in the HouseRadical Republicans
keep Southern states out as long as possibleuse federal power
Moderate Republicansrestrain states from denying citizens’ rightslimited federal authorityhad the upper hand
Republican Principles and Programs
Congressional Reconstruction Act-March 2, 18675 military districts in the Southdisfranchised former Confederates
Readmissionratify 14th amendmentstate guarantee of full suffrage to blacks15th amendment
Women Rights were not addressed at this timeElizabeth Cady Stanton/Susan B. Anthony not supportive of the 14th/15th amendment
Scalawags-former Unionists/Whigs that were corruptCarpetbaggers-northerners seeking power in the South
politically or economically or both
Reconstruction by the Sword
The Ku Klux Klan, Tennessee, 1868
This night-riding terrorist has even masked the identity of his horse.
“Invisible Empire of the South”Founded in Tennessee-1866First taste of water since he had been killed
at the Battle of ShilohFright then forceMost took the hint and stayed away from the
pollsCongress passed Force Act of 1870/1871South responded with disenfranchising blacks
with literacy tests
The Ku Klux Klan
Impeachment Drama
The impeachment proceedings against President Andrew Johnson, among the most severe constitutional crises in the Republic’s history, were high political theater, and tickets were in sharp demand.
Radicals accused Johnson of keeping a harem of “dissolute women”
Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act in 1867 to require the president to secure consent of the Senate before an appointee could be removed
Johnson removed Edwin Stanton, secretary of war in 1868
Johnson Walks the Impeachment Plank
Impeachment became biggest show of 1868Missed the guilty verdict by 1 voteThe next in line was not a better choice,
Benjamin Wade, President pro tempore of the Senate
Was not guilty of “high crimes and misdemeanors”
A Not-Guilty Verdict for Johnson
Russia wanted to sell off some of its empireDid not want to lose it to Britain in a warWilliam Seward paid $7.2 million
Seward’s FollyThe Tsars had been friendly to the North
during the Civil WarLater discoveries of natural gas and oil
proved the importance of Alaska
The Purchase of Alaska
Alaska and the Lower Forty-eight States (a size comparison)
The South resented Reconstruction for:1. Upending the social structure2. Destroying the racial system 3. Empowering former slaves4. Federal intervention in local issuesDifficult to develop the right policy
The Heritage of Reconstruction
Is This a Republican Form of Government? by Thomas Nast, Harper’s Weekly, 1876
The nation’s most prominent political cartoonist expressed his despair at the tragic way that Reconstruction had ended— with few real gains for the former slaves.
1. How would the South be rebuilt?2. How would liberated blacks fare as free
men and women?3. How would the Southern states be
reintegrated into the Union?4. Who would direct the process of
Reconstruction?5. What should happen to the Confederate
leaders?
Wrap-Up
Continue Reading Chapter 22
Homework