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Shoulder - BankartDislocation and Bankart lesions

 Robin Smithuis and Henk Jan van der Woude Radiology department of the Rijnland hospital, Leiderdorp and the Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, the

 Netherlands

  Introduction o  Clockwise approach to labral pathology 

  Dislocation o  Anterior dislocation 

o  Bankart fracture 

o 

Hill-Sachs o  Posterior dislocation 

  Bankart and variants o  Bankart lesion 

o  Osseus Bankart 

o  Reverse Bankart 

o  Perthes lesion 

o  ALPSA 

o  GLAD 

  HAGL 

Publicationdate May 21, 2012

A Bankart lesion is an injury of the anterior glenoid labrum due to anterior shoulder dislocation.

These labral tears make the shoulder unstable and susceptible to repeated dislocations.In this article we will focus on:

  Shouder 

dislocations

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  Bankart tears and

variants

Introduction

 Clockwise approach. Click on image to enlarge 

Clockwise approach to labral pathology

A Clockwise approach to the labrum is the easiest way to diagnose labral tears and todifferentiate them from normal labral variants.

There are two types of labral tears: SLAP tears and Bankart lesions.

SLAP is an acronym that stands for 'Superior Labral tear from Anterior to Posterior'.SLAP tears start at the 12 o'clock position where the biceps anchor is located, which tears the

labrum off the glenoid.

SLAP tears typically extend from the 10 to the 2 o'clock position, but can extend more posteriorly or anteriorly and even extend into the biceps tendon.

Bankart lesions are typically located in the 3-6 o'clock position because that's where the humeral

head dislocates.

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 There are many labral variants that may simulate a labral tear.They also have a typical location.

They are not in the 3-6 o'clock position, which makes it easy to differentiate them from a

Bankart tear.A Bankart tear can extend to the 1-3 o'clock position, but then there should also be a tear in the

3-6 o'clock position.

Labral variants however may mimick a SLAP tear.

Labral variants 

Dislocation

 Anterior dislocation

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The shoulder is a very mobile and therefore unstable joint.

It is the most dislocated joint in the body.

The humeral head is almost always displaced anteriorly, inferiorly and medially below thecoracoid process (95% of cases).

Motion to superior is limited by the acromion, coracoid process and rotator cuff (figure).

Motion in a posterior direction is limited by the posterior rim of the glenoid which is in ananteverted position.

 The dislocation of the humeral head to antero-inferior causes damage to the antero-inferior rim

of the glenoid in the 3 - 6 o'clock position (marked in red).

Especially in younger patients this results in a Bankart fracture or a Bankart lesion which is atear of the anteroinferior labrum.

This results in instability and recurrent dislocations.Dye to these recurrent dislocations significant bone loss and erosion of the anterior glenoid rimmay occur, which will further increase the instability.

  Anterior dislocation with Bankart fracture 

The images show a subtle Bankart fracture (arrows).

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 Bankart fracture

This is a post-reduction view.

 Notice the very large fracure of the glenoid rim with displacement.

 On the coronal-oblique and sagittal reconstruction the displaced fracment is seen in the 3-6

o'clock position.

There is also a large Hill-Sachs impression fracture.

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 3D-reconstruction of a large bony Bankart in the 2 - 6 o'clock position.

  LEFT: Hill-Sachs at level of coracoid. RIGHT: Normal groove seen at level below coracoid. 

Hill-Sachs

On MR a Hill-Sachs defect is seen at or above the level of the coracoid process.

Hill-Sachs is a posterolateral depression of the humeral head.

It is above or at the level of the coracoid in the first 18 mm of the proximal humeral head.

It is seen in 75-100% of patients with anterior instability.It is chondral or osteochondral.

MRI is 94% accurate.The physiologic groove in the humerus or cysts and erosions at the attachment site of theinfraspinatus tendon can simulate a Hill-Sachs, but usually this is not a diagnostic problem

(figure).

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 Posterior dislocation

Posterior dislocations are uncommon and easily missed, because there is less displacement

compared to the anterior dislocation.On the AP-view the head looks strange due to the internal rotation.

On the transscapular-Y view the humeral head is displaced posteriorly.

Sometimes the displacement is difficult to appreciate, especially when the transscapular-Y viewis slightly rotated.

Sometimes an axillary view can be of help, but when in doubt go to CT.

  Posterior dislocation 

Images of another patient with a posterior dislocation.On the transscapular-Y view the humeral head is displaced posteriorly. Notice the distance between the humeral head and the glenoid on the AP-view, which is

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abnormally wide.

Posterior dislocations are uncommon and not as obvious on the X-rays as an anterior 

dislocation.Approximately half of the posterior shoulder dislocations go undiagnosed on initial presentation,

 because of a low level of clinical suspicion and insufficient imaging.

  Posterior dislocation-fracture 

Posterior dislocations account for 2-4% of all shoulder dislocations.Posterior dislocations are associated with epileptic seizures, high energy trauma, electrocution

and electroconvulsive therapy.

This case is a posterior dislocation-fracture.

 The MR-images are of a patient who had undergone both an anterior aswell as a posterior 

dislocation.This resulted in both a Hill-Sachs impression fracture on the posterior aspect of the humeral head(blue arrow) and an impression fracture on the anterior aspect as a result of posterior dislocation

(red arrow).

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 Superior dislocation 

This was an incidental finding on a chest-film.There is a superior dislocation of the humeral head.This is probably the result of a very large long-standing rotator cuff tear with progressive

cranialisation of the humeral head and erosion of the acromion.

Bankart and

variants

  Axial images of Bankart lesions and variants 

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Bankart-lesions and variants like Perthes and ALPSA are injuries to the anteroinferior labrum.These injuries are always located in the 3-6 o'clock position because they are caused by an

anterior-inferior dislocation.The only exception to this rule is the reverse Bankart, which is the result of a posterior 

dislocation and injury to the inferoposterior labrum.

Bankart tears may extend to superior, but this is uncommon.

  Bankart

Detachment of the anteroinferior 

labrum (3-6

o'clock) with

complete tearingof the anterior 

scapular 

 periosteum with

or without anosseus fragment

of the glenoid.

  Reverse

BankartDetachment of 

the posteroinferior 

labrum (6-9

o'clock) with

tearing of the posterior scapular 

 periosteum with

or without an

osseus fragmentof the glenoid.

  Perthes Detachment of the anteroinferior 

labrum (3-6

o'clock) with

medially stripped but intact perioste

um.

  ALPSA =Anterior Labral

Periosteal Sleeve

Avulsion.Medially

displaced

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labroligamentous

complex with

absence of thelabrum on the

glenoid rim.

 GLAD =GlenoLabralArticular 

Disruption.

Represents a partial tear of 

anteroinferior 

labrum with

adjacent cartilagedamage.

  Bankart lesion 

Bankart lesion

Bankart lesions are labral tears without an osseus fragment.

MR arthrography or arthroscopy are optimal to diagnose Bankart or Bankart-like lesions.

There is a detachment of the anteroinferior labrum (3-6 o'clock) with complete tearing of the

anterior scapular periosteum.

The arrow points to the disrupted periosteum.

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 On MR-athrography the labrum is missing on the anterior glenoid and the labral fragment isdisplaced anteriorly (arrow).

 Osseus Bankart  

Osseus Bankart

Bankart lesions with an osseus fragment are common findings in patients with an anterior 

dislocation and are frequently seen on the x-rays or CT-scan.

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 CT and MR-arthrography in a patient with an osseus Bankart (arrow) 

On MR-arthrography it may be difficult to depict the osseus fragment.On CT it is easy to appreciate the osseus fragment of the anterior glenoid (arrow).

  Bankart lesion with superior extension 

Scroll through the images.There is an osseus Bankart lesion (curved red arrow).

The tear extends to superior (black arrows).

There is also a Hill-Sachs defect (red arrow).

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  Bankart lesion with superior extention 

Sagittal MR-arthrogram demonstrates the superior extension of the Bankart tear.

 Osseus Bankart on a MR arthrogram ABER-view 

Here another patient with an osseus Bankart seen on four consecutive images of a MR arthrogram in ABER-view.

 Notice the abnormal contour of the anterior glenoid and the avulsed anterior rim (arrow)

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 Reverse Bankart

CT-images in another patient show a reversed osseus Bankart in a patient with posterior 

dislocation.

 Axial MR-arthrogram of a reverse Bankart.

  Reverse Bankart  

Another example of a reverse Bankart.

 Notice the detatched labrum at the 6-9 o'clock position on the sagittal MR-arthrogram.

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  Perthes lesion: the labrum is thorn, but the periosteum is intact and only stripped (arrow) 

Perthes lesion

A Perthes lesion is a labroligamentous avulsion like a Bankart, but with a medially

stripped intact periosteum.On images of the shoulder with the arm in a neutral position, the torn labrum may be held in its

normal anatomic position by the intact scapular periosteum, which thereby prevents contrast

media from entering the tear.This means that MR-arthrography with the arm in the neutral position may fail to detect the

labral tear.

In the ABER position however there is tension on the antero-inferior labrum by the stretched

anterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament and you have more chance to detect the tear.

The arrow points to the intact periosteum.

  LEFT: normal ABER-view. RIGHT: Image rotated 90? anti-clockwise. 

The images in ABER-position demonstrate a detached anterior labrum.The image on the right is rotated 90? anti-clockwise.

Sometimes this makes it easier to understand the anatomy.

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 Images of a MR-arthrogram.The image on the left shows an absent anterosuperior labrum, which is called a Buford complex.

The image on the right shows a cartilage defect in the 4 o'clock position.

It is not clear whether the labrum is normal.

Continue with the images in ABER-position.

Buford complex 

Buford complex 

 In the ABER-position it is obvious that there is a Perthes lesion (black arrow).Due to the ABER-position the anterior band of the inferior GHL creates tension on theanteroinferior labrum and contrast fills the tear.

The red arrow points to the absent labrum - Buford complex.

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  ALPSA. 

ALPSA

An ALPSA-lesion is an Anterior Labral Periosteal SleeveAvulsion.The anterior labrum is absent on the glenoid rim.

The arrow points to the medially displaced labroligamentous complex.

  ALPSA 

Images of a patient with an ALPSA-lesion. Notice the medially displaced labrum.

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  ALPSA-lesion 

Images of another patient with an ALPSA-lesion.The ABER-view shows an absent antero-inferior labrum.

The coronal images shows the medially displaced labrum (red arrow).

  ALPSA-lesion 

This is a difficult case.First scroll through the images and try to find out what is going on.

Then continue reading.

First notice the Hill-Sachs defect indicating a prior anterior dislocation (blue arrow). Now you know that you have to look for a Bankart or variant.

 Next notice the high signal at 12 o' clock (red arrows).

On coronal images you want to make sure whether this is a variant like a labral recess or labral

foramen or whether this is a SLAP. Notice how this high signal continues posteriorly, which means that it is a SLAP-lesion.

The yellow arrow points to the anterior glenoid rim.

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The anterior labrum is absent at the 1-3 o 'clock position

This is a Buford complex, which is a normal variant.

The structure anterior to the glenoid is not a thorn labrum, but the middle glenohumeralligament.

 Notice extention of the SLAP-tear further to posterior (red arrow).

Finally there is a medially displaced inferoanterior labrum at the 3-6 o 'clock position, i.e. anALPSA-lesion (black arrow).

 GLAD-lesion 

GLAD

A GLAD-lesion is a GlenoLabral Articular Disruption.

It represents a patial tear of the anteroinferior labrum with adjacent cartilage damage.The arrow points to the cartilage defect.

 GLAD-lesion 

The images show a partial tear of the anteroinferior labrum with adjacent cartilage damage at the4-6 o 'clock position (arrows).

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 GLAD lesion 

Scroll through the images.There is a Bankart lesion with extension into the cartilage, i.e a GLAD-lesion (red arrows).

HAGL

  LEFT: Normal axillary recess (blue arrow). RIGHT: Abnormal axillary recess due to avulsion of the IGHL (red arrow) 

HAGL is a Humeral Avulsion of the inferior GlenohumeralLigament.There is discontinuity of the IGHL attachment on the humerus with leakage of contrast.

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 Another patient with an avulsion of the inferior glenohumeral ligament from the humeral

insertion.

1.  Usefulness of the Abduction and External Rotation Views in Shoulder MR Arthrography 

 by Asgar M. Saleem, Joong K. Lee, Leon M. Novak 

AJR 2008; 191:1024-1030

2.  MR Imaging and MR Arthrography of Paraglenoid Labral Cysts 

 by Glenn A. Tung et al

AJR June 2000 vol. 174 no. 6 1707-1715

3.  CT and MR Arthrography of the Normal and Pathologic Anterosuperior Labrum andLabral-Bicipital Complex 

 by Michel De Maeseneer et al

October 2000 RadioGraphics, 20, S67-S81.