bar1 introduction to biotechnology

7/28/2019 Bar1 Introduction to Biotechnology

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Introduction toBiotechnology

Competencies7.00-8.00


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What is Biotechnology?

Biotechnology is the manipulation ofliving organisms and organic material toserve human needs.

Examples:Yeast in bread making and alcohol

production

Use of beneficial bacteria (penicillin) to killharmful organisms

Cloning of plants and animals

Artificial insemination


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Biotechnology Industry

Research is conducted by smallcompanies, large corporations, andpublic universities.


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Funding comes from a variety ofsources:

Public (government)

Private (companies and foundations)

California passed a $300 billionreferendum for research in stem cells in

2004.


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Focuses on a variety of research areasincluding:

Health/medicine

Food science

Environmental science

Agriscience


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Impact of Biotechnology

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)are consumed by millions of people(especially Americans) EVERY DAY.

Almost 56% of all soybean plantingsworldwide are genetically engineered (muchhigher in the US)


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Genetically modified crops wereproduced on more than 167 million acresin 18 countries in 2003, a 15% increase

from 2002 The US was the largest single producer with

more than 60% of the total acreage in

production.


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The NC Biotechnology Center predictsthat the biotechnology industry in thestate will contribute more than $25 billion

in annual income each year within thenext 25 years.


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Pioneers inBiotechnology


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Antony van Leeuwenhoek

1675

Discovers bacteria using a simplemicroscope


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Gregor Mendel

1863

Austrian monk whoconducted the first

genetics experimentsusing pea plants inthe mid 1800s.

Often considered thefounder of genetics.


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Louis Pasteur

1870s

Disproved the notion ofspontaneous generation,

describing the role ofbacteria in spoilage and thescientific basis forfermentation

Created the rabies vaccine


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Robert Hooke

1665

Invented the compound light microscope

First to observe cells in cork


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James Watson & Francis

Crick 1953 Englishmen

responsible for thediscovery of thedouble helixstructure of DNAusing X-rayphotographs


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Paul Berg

1972

Stanford Universityscientist who firstdeveloped recombinantDNA technology, a methodfor insertion of genetic

material from oneorganism into another.


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Historical

Developmentof

Biotechnolgoy


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1750 B.C.

Origins of biotechnology emerge in

methods of food production and plantand animal breeding

Use of bacteria to produce cheese (foodpreservation)

Use of natural enzymes in yogurt

Use of yeast to produce bread Use of fermentation for producing wine and

beer


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1869

DNA is discovered in trout sperm byGerman Miescher


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1919

The word biotechnology is first used

by a Hungarian agricultural engineer.


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1940s-1950s

Widespread work is undertaken toinvestigate the structure and function ofDNA


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1980

The U.S. SupremeCourt approvesthe patenting of

genetically alteredorganisms.


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1980s-1990s

A variety of GMOs and biotechnology

techniques are introduced in fields fromagriculture to medicine

Recombinant DNA technology-extracts DNAfrom one organism for use in another,allowing more rapid and specific

improvements in plants and animals Plant Tissue Culture-gains widespread

acceptance as a method to quickly andcheaply produce genetically identical plants


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1990s

First transgenic organisms (GMOs) are

introduced in widespread agriculturalproduction, particularly in the area of

crops. Bt corn and soybeans are introduced

offering natural insect resistance by the

introduction of a gene from the bacteriumBacci l lus thur ingensis


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1997

Dolly is the first animal cloned fromdiploid cells is produced in Scotland


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Late 1990s-Early 2000s

Human cloningis outlawed inthe U.S. and the

first concernsover the use ofhuman stem

cells in researchbegin to arise.


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Biotechnologyand

Agriscience


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Biotechnology andAgriscience

There has been increased activity andresearch between different agriculturalareas with common research techniques

and goals Plant Science

Animal Science

Environmental Science Health/Agri-Medicine


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Plant Science

Wide scaleproduction oftransgenic

plantsimpactinghorticulture


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Animal Science

Increased use of methods of in vitrofertilization and artificial inseminationimprove selected breed programs


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Environmental Science

Use of biotechnology techniques inenvironmental science for cleaningcontaminants and protecting endangered

species Bioremediation-use of natural organisms to

clean contaminants


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Environmental Science

Immunoassay tests are used to test forthe presence of contaminants in soil,water and even blood

Installation of biological barriers toprevent the transfer of harmfulmicroorganisms between production

facilities Example: Tire wash channels


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Health/Agri-medicine

Pharming-the creation of plants andanimals capable of producing medicalsubstances

The use of biological barriers to preventthe spread of harmful microorganismsthat could contaminate food sources


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Health/Agri-medicine

DNA analysis/paternity testing hasemerged as a technique to test thegenetic ancestry of animals


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Problems withBiotechnologyin Agriculture


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Problems with Biotechnology

Transfer of genes found in transgenicorganisms to natural populations.

Terminator genes have been used to

minimize this risk


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Unexpected impacts of geneticallymodified organisms and biotechnologyprocesses on other organisms and the

environment



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Expense of the utilization of manybiotechnology techniques

Cost of producing transgenic animals (There

are transgenic fish, but no livestock yet.)



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Concerns over the safetyand ethics ofincorporating GMOs into

food for humanconsumption Allergens

Example: The use of

Starlink corn in taco shellsnot approved for humanconsumption



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Lack of educationamong bothconsumers and

producersconcerningbiotechnology

processes andproducts



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Biotechnology

Terms


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Biotechnology Terms

Use your biotechnology books to definethe following terms: Cloning

Clonal Offspring Deoxyribonucleic acid

Genetics

Genetic Engineering

GMO

Ribonucleic Acid

Transgenic Organism

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