barnet churchyard design and access statement

8/3/2019 Barnet Churchyard Design and Access Statement

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2,7 Wqjndb} Ahbokqjtlm

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8,7 Fl}qjmtb}fjl

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]cfr MHR dswihflr }cd bjl}ds} j` }cd wqjwjrdm fewqjpdedl}r hlm }cd mdrfklwqflbfwidr) bjlbdw}r hlm md}hfir {cfbc chpd addl flbjqwjqh}dm fl}j }cd rbcdedwqjwjrhir hlm cj{ hbbdrr chr addl hmmqdrrdm,

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h ]cd mdrfkl wqflbfwidr hlm bjlbdw}r }ch} chpd addl hwwifdm }j }cd mdpdijwedl}?hlm

a Cj{ frrtdr qdih}flk }j hbbdrr }j }cd mdpdijwedl} chpd addl mdhi} {f}c,

8,= ]cd r}qtb}tqd hlm bjl}dl} j` }cd r}h}dedl} chpd addl fl`jqedm av MBIKBfqbtihq 78*1770 ’Ktfmhlbd jl Bchlkdr }j }cd Mdpdijwedl} Bjl}qji Rvr}de― #81Ntld 1770& hlm ’Mdrfkl hlm Hbbdrr R}h}dedl}r> Cj{ }j [qf}d) Qdhm hlm Trd ]cde―#BHAD1770& hlm ’Mdrfkl hlm Hbbdrr R}h}dedl}r) @hb} Rcdd} W14― wqjmtbdm av IAA,

8,4 ]cfr MHR rcjtim ad qdhm hijlkrfmd }cd wihllflk hwwifbh}fjl mqh{flkr hlm }cdWihllflk R}h}dedl} {cfbc hbbjewhlfdr }cd wihllflk hwwifbh}fjl,

R}qtb}tqd j` R}h}dedl}

]cd MHR fr jqkhlfrdm hr `jiij{r>

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E d } q j w ji f } hl[ jq o r c j w * B c f w wf l kA hq l d } B c tq bc v hq m * M d r f kl hl m H b b d r r R } h } de dl }

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]cd rf}d bjewqfrdr j` 8321 e1) pfd{r j` {cfbc bhl ad rddl jl }cd wqdpfjtr whkdr,

Ihlm J{ldqrcfw

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chr addl trdm `jq atqfhir `jq ehlv bdl}tqfdr hlm fr bjlrdbqh}dm kqjtlm, Hi}cjtkc }cdehnjqf}v j` }cd bctqbcvhqm fr lj ijlkdq trdm `jq ld{ atqfhir hlm }cd kqhpdr}jldr chpd#ejr}iv& addl qdejpdm) f} fr r}fii trdm hr h khqmdl j` qdedeaqhlbd {f}c hrcdr adflkatqfdm fl h rwdbfhiiv%mdrfklh}dm hqdh) {f}c fmdl}f`fhaid wij}r,

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]cd }j{l‖r [hq Edejqfhi {hr wihbdm h} }cd }jw j` Ahqld} Cfii h`}dq }cd @fqr} [jqim[hq fl }cd rhed ijbh}fjl hr }cd `jqedq ehqod} wihbd) at} }cd qdxtfqdedl}r j` h ld{}qhe{hv ih}dq qdrti}dm fl }cd [hq Edejqfhi adflk ejpdm fl}j }cd Bctqbcvhqm) {cdqd f}qdehflr, ]cd jqfkflhi qhfiflkr {dqd qdejpdm `qje }cd dhr} dlm hlm `qje }cd Bctqbcvhqmmtqflk }cd Rdbjlm [jqim [hq hlm {dqd ih}dq qdwihbdm {f}c cdmkdr hqjtlm }cdBctqbcvhqm, ]cd jqfkflhi odqar}jldr #{f}c cjidr `jq qhfiflkr& hqd r}fii wqdrdl} fl h lteadq

j` ijbh}fjlr,

R} Njcl }cd Ahw}fr} Bctqbc) {cfbc rdqpdr hr Bcfwwflk Ahqld} whqfrc bctqbc) adkhl hr

h bchwdi fl }cd }cfq}ddl}c bdl}tqv hlm {hr ds}dlmdm rjt}c fl }cd `f`}ddl}c bdl}tqv, F}{hr ds}dlrfpdiv hi}dqdm hlm dlihqkdm ad}{ddl 83;2%4 av [fiifhe At}}dq`fdim, F} fr atfi}j` olhwwdm `ifl} {f}c r}jld mqdrrflkr, ]cd bctqbc) bctqbcvhqm hlm Bctqbc Cjtrd hii`hii {f}cfl }cd [jjm R}qdd} Bjlrdqph}fjl Hqdh, Aj}c }cd Bctqbc hlm Bctqbc Cjtrd #jl[jjm R}qdd}& hqd Kqhmd FF Ifr}dm Atfimflkr,

Rdbtqflk @tlmflk

Fl Ntiv 1788) Ahqld} ]qhmdqr Hrrjbfh}fjl #A]H& hlm Ahqld} Bjtlbfi ehmd h afm`jq ejldv `qje }cd Ehvjq j` Ijlmjl‖r Jt}dq Ijlmjl @tlm, Fl Htktr}) A]Hcdhqm }ch} }cdfq afm chm addl rtbbdrr`ti hlm h }j}hi kqhl} j` ¢=80)034 `jq

fewqjpdedl}r }j Bcfwwflk Ahqld } }j{l bdl}qd {jtim ad ehmd hphfihaid, ]cdejldv {fii ad whfm }j hlm bjl}qjiidm av }cd Bjtlbfi) hr h wtaifbiv hbbjtl}haidajmv, ]cd `tlmr lddm }j chpd addl rwdl} av dlm j` Ehqbc 1781,


@hq id`}> Dsfr}flk wihl j` }cd bctqbcvhqmTwwdq id`}> Pfd{ ijjoflk rjt}c mj{l bctqbc whrrhkdid`}> Pfd{ Adlbc {f}c cfkc R}qdd} fl ahbokqjtlm,

Aqfd`

Jpdq }cd ihr} }{j vdhqr jq rj) mfrbtrrfjlr chpd }hodl wihbd {f}c }cd Bjtlbfi qdkhqmflkhl jwwjq}tlf}v }j jwdl tw }cd Bctqbcvhqm }j }cd Cfkc R}qdd} hlm }j fewqjpd f}rhwwdhqhlbd hlm hedlf}v `jq }cd adld`f} j` hii, Wqdifeflhqv mfrbtrrfjlr hirj }jjo wihbd{f}c }cd Bctqbc hlm h wqjndb} aqfd` dedqkdm hlm {hr mdpdijwdm fl bjlrti}h}fjl {f}c }cdr}ddqflk kqjtw,

]cd jpdqhii hfe j` }cd wqjndb} chr hi{hvr addl }j>

‡ Flbqdhrdbjlldb}fpf}vhijlkBctqbcwhrrhkd‡ Fewqjpdpfrfafif}vfl}j}cdcfr}jqfbbctqbcvhqm)‡ Jwdltwpfr}hr*hsdr)‡ Fewqjpd}cdhwwqjhbc}j}cdbctqbchlm}jwqjpfmdh}}qhb}fpdkqddlrwhbdfl‡

}cd cdhq} j` }cd }j{l bdl}qd

Ed}qjwjif}hl [jqorcjw {dqd hwwjfl}dm hr hqbcf}db}r fl Jb}jadq 1788 hlm }cd aqfd` chrbjl}fltdm }j mdpdijw }cqjtkc edd}flkr {f}c }cd r}ddqflk kqjtw #rdd lds} rdb}fjl& hlm}cqjtkc }cd wtaifb bjlrti}h}fjl wqjbdrr,



87

Hbbdrr hlm Bfqbtih}fjl

Hbbdrr Wjfl}r

Wdmdr}qfhl Bfqbtih}fjl

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88

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8 Rf}d pfrf}r hlm wcj}jkqhwcr,

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hrrdrredl}r j` rwdbfdr) hkd) cdhi}c*bjlmf}fjl hlm hedlf}v phitd4 h eh}dqfhir r}tmv {hr bhqqfdm jt} }j qdbjqm }cd dsfr}flk ihlmrbhwd `dh}tqdr hlm

eh}dqfhir

]cd hajpd fl`jqeh}fjl {hr trdm }j bqdh}d rf}d hrrdrredl} mqh{flkr {cfbc {dqdmfrwihvdm h} wtaifb bjlrti}h}fjl, ]cd `dh}tqdr j` }cd dsfr}flk rf}d bhl ad rteehqfrdm hr>

Wcvrfbhi dh}tqdr

]cd bctqbcvhqm

]cd bctqbcvhqm fr ijbh}dm flrfmd }cd dsfr}flk cjiiv cdmkdr hlm fr ihfm jt} {f}c h rdqfdrj` wh}cr) ih{lr hlm wihl}flk admr {f}c hrrjbfh}dm rdh}flk, Qdbdl}iv h ld{ wh}c chraddl ihfm }j kfpd mfqdb} hbbdrr ad}{ddl }cd bctqbc hlm Bctqbc Cjtrd, Pfd{r fl}j }cdbctqbcvhqm hlm {hq edejqfhi hqd btqqdl}iv jarbtqdm av }cd cjiiv cdmkflk hlm ij{ }qddbqj{lr,

Bctqbc Whrrhkd

Ad}{ddl }cd bctqbcvhqm hlm Bctqbc Cjtrd fr Bctqbc Whrrhkd) h lhqqj{ hiidv{hvifloflk [jjm R}qdd} hlm }cd Cfkc R}qdd}, Hr {dii hr Bctqbc Cjtrd) }cd Whrrhkdbjl}hflr }cd Cvmd Flr}f}t}d) hl h}}qhb}fpd qdm aqfbo atfimflk {cfbc jlbd cjtrdm }cd

}j{l‖r ifaqhqv at} fr lj{ trdm av Ahqld} Bjiidkd, Bctqbc Whrrhkd fr hl fewjq}hl}wdmdr}qfhl qjt}d) ifloflk }cd Cfkc R}qdd} {f}c atr r}jwr jl [jjm R}qdd}) Ahqld}Etrdte) Ahqld} Bjiidkd hlm }cd Jim Bjtq}cjtrd Qdbqdh}fjl Kqjtlm, F} fr cjwdm }ch}bctqbc whrrhkd bhl ad {fmdldm hr whq} j` }cdrd wqjwjrhir,

Bjlrdbqh}dm kqjtlm

]cd bctqbcvhqm fr bjlrdbqh}dm kqjtlm hlm bjl}hflr ajmfdr `qje cfr}jqfb atqfhir {cfbc{jtim qdxtfqd dscteh}fjlr f` hlv ctehl qdehflr {dqd }j ad mfr}tqadm*qdejpdm, ]cfrwihbdr qdr}qfb}fjlr jl mfkkflk fl}j }cd rf}d,

]qddr

]cd bctqbcvhqm bjl}hflr h lteadq j` }qddr) ejr} j` {cfbc chpd ]qdd Wqj}db}fjl Jqmdqr#]WJr&, H ihqkd wqjwjq}fjl j` }cd rf}d fr {f}cfl }cd qjj} wqj}db}fjl hqdh j` }cdrd }qddr}cdqd`jqd hlv bchlkd fl ihlmrbhwflk rcjtim dlrtqd eflfehi mfrqtw}fjl }j }cd }qdd qjj}r,

H rfklf`fbhl} hejtl} j` cjiiv cdmkflk rtqqjtlmr }cd rf}d cj{dpdq f} fr wqdrdl}iv xtf}dmfrnjfl}dm,

]cd {hq edejqfhi

Dhr} j` }cd Bctqbc fr Ahqld} [hq Edejqfhi) h }hii ridlmdq bjitel qfrflk `qje h rjifmwifl}c j` }{j r}dwr hlm rtqejtl}dm av hl Fjlfb bqjrr,

Khqmdl j` Qdedeaqhlbd

]cd cdqahbdjtr hqdhr hqjtlm }cd bctqbc hqd r}fii fl trd `jq atqfhir j` hrcdr hlm f} fr hqdxtfqdedl} j` }cd bctqbc }ch} lj qhmfbhi bchlkdr hqd wqjwjrdm }j }cfr hqdh,J}cdq rehiidq wihl}flk admr hijlkrfmd }cd cdmkdr hqd ehfl}hfldm av bctqbc pjitl}ddqrhlm hmm }j }cd bchqhb}dq j` }cd bctqbc vhqm,

Hbbdrr

Wdmdr}qfhl hbbdrr fr ehfliv `qje }cd ljq}c hlm rjt}c dlm j` bctqbc whrrhkd, Hwdmdr}qfhl kh}d fr ijbh}dm ntr} rjt}c j` }cd bctqbc wjqbc hlm pdcfbtihq hbbdrr fr `qje}cd H8777, ]cd pdcfbtihq hbbdrr jl }cd ljq }c rfmd j` }cd bctqbc etr} qdehfl hr f} fr}cd jliv rtbc hbbdrr `jq cdhqrdr hlm {dmmflk pdcfbidr, ]cd ehfl mdrfqd ifldr hqdhijlk bctqbc whrrhkd hlm `qje }cd rf}d dl}qhlbdr }j }cd bctqbc mjjq,

Bit}}dq hlm r}qdd} `tqlf}tqd

H cfkc mdkqdd j` r}qdd} bit}}dq #rfklr) A] rdqpfbd ajsdr hlm ofjror) bb}p d}b& fr ijbh}dmfl h pdqv wqjefldl} wjrf}fjl h} }cd ljq}cdql dlm j` Bctqbc Whrrhkd, ]cd adlbcdr hlmaflr {f}cfl }cd bctqbcvhqm hqd ijjoflk }fqdm,

E d } q j w ji f } hl[ jq o r c j w * B c f w wf l kA hq l d } B c tq bc v hq m * M d r f k

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Jwwjq}tlf}v }j jwdl tw bjqldqr }j

wqjpfmd ejqd kdldqjtr dl}qhlbdr

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Jwwjq}tlf}v }j {fmdl Bctqbc

Whrrhkd

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qdijbh}d r}qdd} tqlf}tqd

Jwwjq}tlf}v }j t}fifrd Rjt}c `hbflk

hrwdb}

Jwwjq}tlf}v }j ejpd cjiiv cdmkd)

btqqdl}iv wqdrdl}flk h pfrthi

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Bjlr}qhfl}r

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Qdedeaqhlbd Khqmdl etr}

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qdr}qfb}fjlr jl rjed fl}dqpdl}fjlr,

Kqhrr ehfl}dlhlbd fr hirj hl

frrtd

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wjrrfafif}v j` qdejpflk –Bh} B‖

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Rjbfhi>

]cd bctqbcvhqm fr btqqdl}iv trdm hr h kdldqhi hedlf}v hqdh av h phqfd}v j` wdjwidr}jwwflk }j qd`idb}) edd} `qfdlmr) qdihs) dh} itlbc jq ntr} }j r}qjii }cqjtkc,

F} fr pfrf}dm av }cjrd {cjrd ijpdm jldr hqd atqfdm fl }cd Khqmdl j` Qdedeaqhlbd, F}fr trdm hr }cd rd}}flk `jq wcj}jr `jq {dmmflkr hlm ahw}frer, Dhbc Ljpdeadq }cdqd frh Qdedeaqhlbd Rtlmhv rdqpfbd h}}dlmdm av h ihqkd lteadq j` ijbhi wdjwid) flbitmflk}cd Ehvjq hlm ijbhi EW) {cj kh}cdq hqjtlm }cd [hq Edejqfhi `jq 1 eflt}dr‖ rfidlbdhlm wihvflk j` –]cd Ihr} Wjr}‖,]cd bctqbc bcjfq ajvr trd }cd kqhrrdm hqdh `jq `jj}ahii h`}dq wqhb}fbd hlm rdqpfbdr,

Fl qdbdl} vdhqr }cd bctqbc‖r hllthi Rwqflk @hfq chr }hodl wihbd fl }cd bctqbcvhqm flEhv {f}c r}hiir) }haidr hlm bchfqr adflk rd} jt} fl }cd bdl}qhi hqdh `jq bqdhe }dhr hlm hahqadbtd, ]cdqd chpd addl h lteadq j` flr}hlbdr j` hl}f%rjbfhi adchpfjtq) whq}fbtihqivh`}dq mhqo) fl aj}c }cd bctqbcvhqm hlm fl Bctqbc Whrrhkd,

Dbjljefb>

[cfid }cfr fr lj} bjlrfmdqdm }j ad h bjeedqbfhi mdpdijwedl} f} fr bidhq }ch} }cdfewqjpdedl} j` }cfr wtaifb rwhbd {fii ad j` adld`f} }j }cd rtqqjtlmflk rcjwr jl }cdCfkc R}qdd} hlm hijlk Bctqbc Whrrhkd, F} ehv rdqpd hr h bh}hivr} `jq rcjw `qjl}fewqjpdedl}r fl }cd feedmfh}d pfbflf}v,



Wihllflk Wjifbv>

Ktfmhlbd `qje Kjpdqledl} jl mdrfkl hlm hbbdrr frrtdr chr fl`jqedm }cd md}hfidmmdrfkl j` }cd ihlmrbhwd wqjwjrhir {f}cfl }cfr wqjndb}, ]cdrd flbitmd>

BHAD ktfmhlbd>

‡ AvMdrfkl#BHAD*MD]Q>1770‡ Wqflbfwidrj FlbitrfpdMdrfkl#BHAD*MD]Q>1770

Mdrfklflk `jq rh`dq dlpfqjledl}r

‡ Rh`dqWihbdr>]cdwihllflkrvr}dehlmbqfedwqdpdl}fjlj``fbdj`}cdMdwt}vWqfed Eflfr}dq #177=&

‡ Rdbtqdmavmdrfkl#RAM

Fl hmmf}fjl }j }cd mjbtedl}r qd`dqddm }j hajpd h lteadq j` wjifbfdr hlm idkfrih}fjlhwwifbhaid }j flbitrfpd mdrfkl {f}cfl }cd bctqbcvhqm chpd ktfmdm }cd md}hfidm ihlmrbhwdmdrfkl flbitmflk>

‡ ]cdIjlmjlWihl#wjifbv=A,4‡ HbbdrrfaidIjlmjl>Hbcfdpflkhlflbitrfpddlpfqjledl})}cdIjlmjlwihl

rtwwidedl}hqv wihllflk ktfmhlbd,‡ [jjmR}qdd}bjlrdqph}fjlhqdh,Bchqhb}dqHwwqhfrhi

‡ AR432;>1774]qddrflqdih}fjl}jbjlr}qtb}fjl,

Jwwjq}tlf}fdr hlm bjlr}qhfl}r>

]cd ehfl jwwjq}tlf}fdr hlm bjlr}qhfl}r j` }cd rf}d hrrdrredl} hqd fiitr}qh}dm jl }cdmqh{flk jwwjrf}d,

id`}> Jwwjq}tlf}fdr hlm Bjlr}qhfl}r mfhkqhe



8=

Flpjipdedl}

]cd wqjndb} chr addl mdpdijwdm fl bijrd bjlrti}h}fjl {f}c }cd bctqbc khqmdlr r}ddqflkkqjtw, Rdpdqhi edd}flkr chpd addl cdim }cqjtkcjt} }cd wqjbdrr }j fl`jqe }cd mdrfkl,Qdwqdrdl}h}fpdr `qje }cd `jiij{flk kqjtwr chpd addl flpjipdm, >

‡ WihllflkhlmQdkdldqh}fjl#IjlmjlAjqjtkcj Ahqld}‡ KqddlRwhbdr#IjlmjlAjqjtkcj`Ahqld}‡ Cfkc{hvr#IjlmjlAjqjtkcj Ahqld}‡ Wqjwdq}vRdqpfbdr#IjlmjlAjqjtkcj Ahqld}‡ Wihllflk#IjlmjlAjqjtkcj`Ahqld}‡ DlkifrcCdqf}hkd‡ ]cdAhqld} Rjbfd}v‡ ]cdAhqld} ]j{l]dhe‡ R},Njcl}cdAhw}fr}BctqbcQdb}jq ‡ R},Njcl}cdAhw}fr}Bctqbc[hqmdl

Fl hmmf}fjl }j }cd r}ddqflk kqjtw) h wtaifb bjlrti}h}fjl }jjo wihbd jpdq }cd {ddodlm j` 11lm hlm 12qm fl R}, Njcl }cd Ahw}fr} Bctqbc hlm }cd Rwfqdr rcjwwflk bdl}qd {f}c }cd

dscfaf}fjl whldir qdehflflk jl mfrwihv `jq h `tq}cdq {ddo fl }cd Bctqbc,

@jtq mfr}flb} mdrfklr #rcj{l jl }cd wqdpfjtr whkd& {dqd wt} jl mfrwihv rj pfrf}jqrbjtim bjlrfmdq cj{ }cdv {hl}dm }cd rwhbd }j ad mdpdijwdm, @ddmahbo `qje }cfr dpdl}{hr qdbjqmdm jl bjeedl} bhqmr {cfbc wjrdm }cd `jiij{flk xtdr}fjlr,

‡ Mjvjtbtqqdl}ivtrd}cdBctqbcvhqmj`R}Njcl}cdAhw}fr}Bctqbc:‡ F`rj){ch}mjvjttrdf}`jq††††††††††††††,,

‡ F{jtimifod}jrddejqdwhpflk#d,k, Jw}fjlr 1 hlm =&#47$ Vdr % 47$ Lj&

‡ F{jtimifod}jrddejqdkqhrr#d,k, jw}fjlr 8 hlm 2&#47$ Vdr % 47$ Lj&

‡ F}cflo}cdbctqbcvhqmrcjtimadad}}dqif}h }dqmhqo#64$ Vdr % 4$ Lj&

‡ F{jtimwqd dqhejqdfl jqehi*`jqehiihvjt}#44$ Fl`jqehi % =4$ `jqehi&

Bjlrti}h}fjl jw}fjl 2


Bjlrti}h}fjl jw}fjl =




84

‡ F{jtimifod}jjwdltwdf}cdqdlmj BctqbcWhrrhkd

#d,k, jw}fjlr 8)1)2)=&#64$ Vdr % 4$ Lj&

‡ F{jtimifod}jrdd}cdcdmkdrqdejpdm#37$ Vdr % 17$ Lj&

‡ F{jtimifod}jchpd}qhmf}fjlhi*ejmdqladlbcdr& f}}flkr#04$ ]qhmf}fjlhi% 24$ Ejmdql&

‡ F{jtimifod}jjwdltwpfd{rj }cd[hqEdejqfhi #d,k, jw}fjlr 1 hlm =&#61$ Vdr % 3$ Lj&

‡ Fr}cdqdhlv}cflkdirdvjt{jtimifodjqmjl‖}ifodhajt}}cdfmdhrwqdrdl}dm fl}cfrdscfaf}fjl)hlv}cflkdirdvjt{jtimifod}jrddcdqd:Widhrd{qf}daqfd`

mdrbqfw}fjl††††,,

]cd ihr} xtdr}fjl wqjpjodm h {fmd phqfd}v j` qdrwjlrdr cj{dpdq qdbtqqflk }cdedr{dqd>

8, [hq Edejqfhi? h lteadq j` wdjwid {dqd tlchwwv {f}c }cd edejqfhi adflk trdm

hr rdh}flk, Rdh}flk qjtlm }cd {hq edejqfhi fr lj} rddl hr hwwqjwqfh}d av }cdbctqbc) hr f} lddmr }j ad hbbdrrdm `jq qdedeaqhlbd mhv,

1, Adlbcdr> h lteadq j` wdjwid {hl}dm }j rdd rjed adlbcdr {f}c ahbor `jq jimdq wdjwid

2, Chqm ihlmrbhwflk? kdldqhiiv wjrf}fpd bjeedl}r at} bjlbdqlr jpdq bcd{flk kte,

=, Bjlbdqlr jpdq ofmr roh}d ajhqmflk jl chqm ihlmrbhwdr

4 Edhmj{ wihl}flk? }cdqd {dqd bjlbdqlr hajt} }cd rtf}hafif}v hlm ijlkdpf}v j` edhmj{ wihl}flk) {ch} {f}c }cd hqdh adflk qdih}fpdiv rchmdm,

0 ]cd fmdh j` rbqddlflk }qh``fb #drwdbfhiiv jl }cd Cfkc R} rfmd& {cfid lj} dl}fqdivdlbijrflk }cd rwhbd) bhed tw h lteadq j` }fedr? wdjwidm ifodm }cd fmdh j` f}adflk jwdldm tw at} hirj mfml‖} {hl} }j chpd }j rdd hii }cd bhqr,

]cd qdrti}r j` }cd wtaifb bjlrti}h}fjl chpd fl`jqedm }cd wqjndb} aqfd` hlm mfqdb}fjl j` }cdhwwifbh}fjl mdrfkl,

J}cdq flwt} chr addl rjtkc} `qje>

]cd Mfjbdrd

Hr ihlmj{ldqr hlv wqjwjrdm bchlkdr }j }cd bctqbcvhqm {fii lddm }cd hwwqjphi j` }cdMfjbdrd }cqjtkc h –@hbti}v‖ ad`jqd hlv {jqor bhl }hod wihbd, ]cd bctqbc chpd addlbjlrti}dm {f}c }cqjtkc }cd r}ddqflk kqjtw, Fl jqmdq }j chpd h @hbti}v fl wihbd av dlmNhlthqv 1781) }cd rod}bc wqjwjrhir {dqd rdl} }j }cd Mfjbdrd jl 2 Ljpdeadq, ]cdrdwqjwjrhir chpd addl hwwqjpdm,

Hqajqfbti}tqhi Hmpfbd

F} adbhed bidhq `qje }cd qdrti}r j` }cd }qdd rtqpdv }ch} hqajqfbti}tqhi hmpfbd {jtimad flphithaid mtqflk }cd mdrfkl r}hkdr hlm hl Hqajqfbti}tqhi Fewhb} Hrrdrredl}hbbjewhlfdr }cfr hwwifbh}fjl,

Mtqflk }cd mdrfkl hlm wihllflk r}hkdr }cd `jiij{flk `hb}jqr chpd addl }hodl fl}jhbbjtl}

8, ]cd wqdrdlbd j` ]WJ jq bjlrdqph}fjl hqdh wqj}db}fjl1, ]cd d `db} }ch} mdpdijwedl} wqjwjrhir ehv chpd jl }cd hedlf}v phitd j` }qddr)

aj}c jl hlm ldhq }cd rf}d

2, ]cd hajpd hlm adij{ kqjtlm bjlr}qhfl}r=, ]cd bjlr}qtb}fjl j` }cd wqjwjrdm mdpdijwedl}4, [cd}cdq }cd mdrfkl hlm * jq bjlr}qtb}fjl j` }cd wqjwjrdm mdpdijwedl} bhl ad

ejmf`fdm }j hbbjeejmh}d qd}dl}fjl j` }qddr }ch} {jtim j}cdq{frd ad h} qfro jq ijr},

[qf}}id Whqo chpd addl flpjipdm hr whq} j` }cd mdrfkl }dhe }j wqjpfmd flwt} fl}j aj}cihvjt} hlm wjrrfaid bjlr}qtb}fjl }dbclfxtdr {f}cfl }cd qjj} wqj}db}fjl hqdhr j` }cddsfr}flk }qddr fl hbbjqmhlbd {f}c AR432;> 1774> ]qddr fl Qdih}fjl }j Bjlr}qtb}fjl

Bjr} Hmpfbd

Bjr} hmpfbd chr addl rjtkc} }j wqjpfmd wqdifeflhqv atmkd}r }cqjtkcjt} }cd mdrfklmdpdijwedl} r}hkd rtbc }ch} }cd `flhi rbcded fr aj}c dsbf}flk hlm mdifpdqhaid,





80

Dphith}fjl hlm Aqfd`

Chpflk hrrdrrdm }cd rf}d bjl}ds}) }cd ijbhi bjeetlf}v hlm }cd qfkc} wqj`drrfjlhir}cd flf}fhi aqfd` }j jwdl tw }cd rwhbd hlm fewqjpd bjlldb}fpf}v {hr mdpdijwdm hlm }cd`jiij{flk mdrfkl bqf}dqfh rd} jt}>

‡ Qdejpddsfr}flkcdmkdr}jCfkcR}qdd}hlmBctqbcWhrrhkdajtlmhqfdr }j bctqbcvhqm rj }cd bctqbcvhqm bhl ad jwdldm tw }j }cd Cfkc R}qdd} hlmBctqbc Whrrhkd

‡ Eflfefrdmfrqtw}fjl}j}cd}qddr‡ Qdejpdhlvtlldbdrrhqvr}qdd}bit}}dq#Ahqld}Bjtlbfi‡ HwwqjhbcA]qdkhqmflk dhrfafif}vj qdejpflk*qdijbh}flk}cdfqdxtfwedl}h}

ljq}c%{dr} bjqldq j` bctqbcvhqm‡ Bjlrfmdqbt}}flkbjqldqh{hv`qjeBctqbcvhqm}j{fmdldl}qvfl}jBctqbc‡

Whrrhkd h} ljq}cdql dlm {f}c Cfkc R}qdd}) }j bqdh}d mfqdb} qdih}fjlrcfw ad}{ddlih}}dq hlm Bctqbcvhqm hlm }j jwdl tw pfd{r }j }cd Cvmd Flr}f}t}d,

‡ Whpdld{wtaifbjwdlrwhbd{f}ccfkcxthif}veh}dqfhir)`fsld{adlbcdrhlmhiij{ rwhbd `jq }haidr }j bh`æ hlm bvbid qhbor, Qdijbh}d bctqbc rfkl

‡ Hwwqjhbc] Iqdkhqmflk dhrfafif}vj ejpflkatrr}jw`d{ed}qdrdhr}hijlk[jjm R}qdd}

‡ Bjlrfmdqbt}}flkbjqldqh{hv`qjeBctqbcvhqm}j{fmdldl}qvfl}jBctqbcWhrrhkd h} rjt}cdql dlm {f}c [jjm R}qdd}) }j bqdh}d ejqd japfjtr dl}qv}j bctqbcvhqm*bctqbc hlm }j jwdl tw pfd{r }j Bctqbc Cjtrd, Whpd ld{ wtaifbjwdl rwhbd {f}c cfkc xthif}v eh}dqfhir,

‡ Ihvld{wh}crflrfmdbctqbcvhqmhlmidhmflkmfqdb}iv}j}cd[hqEdejqfhi qje}cd Cfkc R}qdd}? whpd {f}c cfkc xthif}v eh}dqfhir hlm ihv jim kqhpdr}jldr {f}cflwhpdm hqdhr, Hii }j ad `tiiv hbbdrrfaid

‡ Qd%ihlmrbhwdbctqbcvhqm{f}ckqhrrdmhqdhrhlmld{wihl}flkadmr‡ @jqeld{{hiirhqjtlmKhqmdlj`Qdedeaqhlbdhlmihvld{whpflkhqjtlm

{dr} dl}qhlbd }j bctqbc }j eh}bc j}cdq cfkc xthif}v whpflk eh}dqfhir‡ Qdwihbdadlbcdrhlmaflr}jrtf}ld{ihvjt}‡ Flr}hiifl}dqwqd}h}fjlajhqmr‒cfr}jqvj`bctqbc)bctqbcvhqm)BctqbcCjtrd)

Ahqld} Ehqod}) }cd –Rxtdd~d‖ d}b‡ Wihl}ld{}qddrhlm)f`wjrrfaid)bhqqvjt}{jqor}jdsfr}flk}qddr,‡ Fewqjpd hbfif}fdr jqafbvbidj{ldqr)flbitmdflr}hiiflkafbvbidr}hlmr‡ Bjlrfmdqfewqjpflkbjlldb}fpf}vavhmmflkld{wdmdr}qfhlbqjrrflkhbqjrrCfkc

R}qdd} h} {fmdldm dl}qhlbd }j Bctqbc Whrrhkd,‡ Qdrwdb}hlmbjl}qfat}dwjrf}fpdiv}j}cd[jjmR}qdd}Bjlrdqph}fjlhqdh,

Bhqmajhqm r}tmv ejmdi rcj{flk rjt}c dlm j` Bctqbc Whrrhkd



8;

]cd mdrfkl }dhe {dqd oddl }j bdidaqh}d }cd dsfr}flk wjrf}fpd `dh}tqdr j` }cd bctqbcvhqmhr {dii hr qdrwjlm }j }cd aqfd`, ]cd `jiij{flk rdb}fjl {fii qtl }cqjtkc dhbc didedl} j` }cd rbcded tlmdq }cd `jiij{flk cdhmflkr {cdqd qdidphl}>

‡ Trd‡ Hejtl}‡ Ihvjt}‡ Rbhid‡ Ihlmrbhwflk>‡ Hwwdhqhlbd>

Trd

Bctqbc Whrrhkd fr cdhpfiv trdm hr h wdmdr}qfhl bjlldb}fjl ad}{ddl }cd atr r}jwjl [jjm R}qdd} hlm }cd qd}hfi j``dq jl Cfkc R}qdd}, ]cd cdhpv `jj}`hii hijlk Bctqbc

Whrrhkd fr ahihlbdm av }cd bhie j` }cd bctqbcvhqm f}rdi` {cdqd wdjwid bhl r}jw }jqdihs hlm dlnjv }cd pfd{r j` }cd rtqqjtlmflk dlpfqjledl},

]cd wqjwjrhir wqjej}d h bjl}flth}fjl j` }cd dsf}flk ihlm trd #wtaifb qdhie& cj{dpdq

}cfr trd {fii ad dlchlbdm av {fmdlflk bctqbc whrrhkd hlm fewqjpflk rdbtqf}v fl }cdbctqbcvhqm f}rdi` }cqjtkc fewqjpdm pfrfafif}v, H ihqkdq hqdh j` chqm ihlmrbhwflk {fii hiij{`jq ihqkdq bjlkqdkh}fjlr mtqflk wtaifb dpdl}r rtbc hr Qdedeaqhlbd Rtlmhv, Pfd{r {fiiad jwdldm tw }j{hqmr }cd bctqbc f}rdi` hlm }cd {hq edejqfhi wjrf}fpdiv dlchlbflk }cdfq rd}}flk }cqjtkc }cd wqjpfrfjl j` fewqjpdm wtaifb rwhbd,

Hejtl}

]cfr fr wqfehqfiv h ihlmrbhwflk rbcded hlm }cdqd hqd lj mdpdijwedl} xthl}terwqjwjrdm `jq }cd rf}d,

Ihvjt}

Kdldqhiiv }cd ihvjt} h}}dew}r }j oddw h rdlrd j` }cd bctqbcvhqm hlm Bctqbc Whrrhkdadflk fmdl}f`fhaid wihbdr {cfid jwdlflk }cde tw }j dhbc j}cdq) }ctr }cd ehfl ejpdr j` }cd rbcded hqd>

Bctqbc Whrrhkd

]cdqd fr bidhqiv h lddm }j {fmdl bctqbc whrrhkd hlm }cd wqjwjrhir chpd rjtkc} }jhbcfdpd }cfr, ]cd dl}qhlbd }j }cd whrrhkd h} }cd ljq}c hlm rjt}c chpd addl ehmdejqd kdldqjtr hlm }cd qdejphi j` cdmkflk {fii kfpd }cd qjt}d ejqd aqdh}cflk qjje,

]cdqd fr hl dsfr}flk bchlkd j` idpdi hr jld ejpdr rjt}c hijlk }cd whrrhkd, ]cdijbh}fjl j` }qdd qjj}r hijlk }cfr dmkd wqdpdl}r hlv {fmdlflk j` }cd dsfr}flk kqjtlmidpdir cj{dpdq }cd kqjtlm {fii r}dw tw }j{hqmr }cd kqddl rwhbd, ]cdrd r}dwr {fiihbbjeejmh}d }cd qjj} wqj}db}fjl ~jld hr {dii h pfrthi {fmdlflk j` }cd whrrhkd, ]cd

qdejphi j` }cd dsfr}flk cjiiv cdmkd {fii fewqjpd rdbtqf}v hijlk }cfr odv qjt}d,

Bdl}qhi Kqddl

H bdl}qhi ih{l fr }j ad qd}hfldm hlm qd%ihlmrbhwdm, ]cfr {fii ehfl}hfl h kqddl cdhq}}j }cd rwhbd hlm hiij{ }cd bjl}flth}fjl j` }cd }vwdr j` trdr {cfbc chpd }hodl wihbd

cdqd wqdpfjtriv, ]cd ehnjqf}v j` }cd }qddr hqd odw} {f}cfl }cd kqhrrdm hqdh }j eflfefrdmfrqtw}fjl hqjtlm }cd }qdd ahrd, ]cd kqddl {fii chpd h rifkc} bheadq }j dpdl jt} }cdrtq`hbd hlm {fii ad ajqmdqdm {f}c h r}ddi dmkd,

Edejqfhi Khqmdl

F} {hr h qdxtfqdedl} j` }cd aq fd` }ch} }cd Khqmdl j` Qdedeaqhlbd {hr ehfl}hfldm flf}r btqqdl} `jqe, Hl dsfr}flk rhlm bjijtqdm aqfbo {hii qd}hflr }cd wihl}flk admr cj{dpdq

f} fr jt} bchqhb}dq {f}c }cd `ifl} hlm ah}c r}jld j` }cd bctqbc `hbhmd, ]cfr {hii bhllj} adqdejpdm mtd }j }cd `hb} }ch} f} qd}hflr hrcdr chpd addl atqfdm {f}cfl }cd admr,

]cd {hii fr }j ad qdbihm fl r}ddi hlm h }feadq bjwflk {fii wqjpfmd h rdh} `jq }cjrd{cj pfrf} }cd khqmdl jq `jq }cd bctqbcdr bjlkqdkh}fjl ad`jqd hlm h`}dq rdqpfbdr, ]cdeh}dqfhir #r}ddi hlm }feadq& {fii ad }cd rhed hr }cjrd wqjwjrdm `jq }cd adlbc hlmwihl}dm admr rj f} {fii cdiw }fd }cfr xtf}d mfr}flb}fpd hqdh ahbo }j }cd qdr} j` }cd rbcded,



4,7 Hwwifbh}fjl Wqjwjrhir



83

Id`}> Wqjwjrdm Wihl

E



86

Rbhid

Lj atfimflkr jq r}qtb}tqdr hqd wqjwjrdm rj }cd rbhid j` mdpdijwedl} fl }cd hqdh {fii lj}ad h``db}dm av }cfr rbcded,

Ihlmrbhwflk

]cd ihlmrbhwflk `jq }cd rbcded fr fl`itdlbdm av }cd ejqd mfr}flb}fpd bchqhb}dqfr}fbr j` }cd dsfr}flk bctqbcvhqm> Cdmkdr) adlbcdr hlm admr,

Cdmkdr

]cd dsfr}flk cjiiv cdmkdr jl rf}d hqd }j ad qdejpdm rtbc }ch} }cd rwhbd bhl ad jwdldmtw }j Bctqbc whrrhkd hlm }cd Cfkc R}qdd}, ]cd cdmkdr hqd ljld}cdidrr xtf}d hmfr}flb}fpd `dh}tqd j` }cd dsfr}flk bctqbcvhqm rj }cd mdrfkl wqjej}dr }cdfq bjl}fltdm trdhr h rcfdimflk mdpfbd {cdqd hwwqjwqfh}d,

H 8 ed}qd cfkc addbc cdmkd fr trdm }j mfr}flktfrc }cd dsfr}flk Khqmdl j` Qdedeaqhlbd hlm bctqbc `jqdbjtq} `qje }cd qdr} j` }cd rwhbd, ]cfr j``dqr h mdkqddj` wqfphbv }j }cjrd pfrflk }cd khqmdl j` }cjrd trflk }cd bctqbc `jq ejqd wqfph}d dpdl}rrtbc hr {dmmflkr hlm `tldqhir,

H rdbjlm addbc cdmkd fr wqjwjrdm h} }cd ljq}c{dr} bjqldq j` }cd rf}d }j rcfdim pfd{rhlm j``dq rjed hbjtr}fb wqj}db}fjl `jqe }cd }qh``fb,

Wihl}flk admr

Bctqbc pjitl}ddqr chpd addl pdqv wqjhb}fpd fl ehfl}hflflk }cd cdqahbdjtr ajqmdqrfl }cd dsfr}flk bctqbcvhqm {cfbc cdiw kfpd bchqhb}dq hlm h rdlrd j` bjeetlf}v }j }cdrwhbd, ]j atfim jl }cfr ) }{j wihl}flk admr hqd wqjwjrdm h} dhbc j` }cd ehfl dl}qhlbdr}j }cd rf}d #h} }cd ljq}c hlm rjt}c j` bctqbc whrrhkd& hqjtlm }cd dsfr}flk }qddr, ]cdv{fii bjl}hfl ihpdlmdq wihl}r {cfbc hqd wdq fldhi) qdih}fpdiv ij{ ehfl}dlhlbd hlm qjatr}dljtkc `jq rtbc h ijbh}fjl, F} fr rtkkdr}dm }ch} }cd wihl}flk adm hmnhbdl} }j }cd {hq

edejqfhi {fii ad trdm hr wjwwv admr {cdl }cdv hqd fl rdhrjl, ]cd admr {fii bjl}hfldmav r}ddi dmkflk,

Fl jqmdq }j eh}bc }cd wqjwjrdm kqjtlm idpdir #rdd chqm ihlmrbhwflk& hqjtlm }cdwihl}dm admr {d wqjwjrd }j wihbd 847ee hmmf}fjlhi `dq}fif~dm }jwrjfi jl }cd dsfr}flkkqjtlm idpdi rtbc }ch} }cd admr bhl ad rifkc}iv qhfrdm, ]cd dsfr}flk kqjtlm idpdi {fii adehfl}hfldm hqjtlm }cd }qdd ahrd trflk h r}ddi bjiihq }j qd}hfl }cd ld{ }jwrjfi, ]cfr {fiikfpd 477ee `qdd rwhbd hqjtlm }cd ahrd j` }cd }qtlo,



Adlbc

]cdqd hqd btqqdl}iv lfld adlbcdr fl }cd rwhbd {cfbc) {cfid {dii trdm) }dlm }j adtlmdqwjwtih}dm mtd }j wdjwid adifdpflk h adlbc }j ad ’jbbtwfdm― f` jld wdqrjl fr trflkf},H ijlk adlbc fr wqjwjrdm hijlk bctqbc whrrhkd {cfbc {fii cdiw md`fld }cd ds}dl}r j` }cd bctqbcvhqm, ]cfr {fii ad h adrwjod at} qjatr} mdrfkl {cfbc {fii kfpd bchqhb}dq hlmfmdl}f}v }j }cd rwhbd, ]cd adlbc {fii `hbd aj}c jl}j bctqbc whrrhkd hlm jl}j }cd kqddlrwhbd, Ahbor {fii ad wqjpfmdm hijlk ejr} j` f}r idlk}c hi}cjtkc }cd bdl}qhi rdb}fjl {fiiad }{j rdh}r {fmd {f}c lj ahbo rtwwjq} }j hiij{ ihqkdq kqjtwr }j ad hbbjeejmh}dm,Btqqdl} wqjwjrhir rddo }j qdtrd }cd dsfr}flk adlbc rtwwjq}r, Hl fl}dqwqd}fpd didedl}{fii ad hrrjbfh}dm {f}c }cd adlbc flmfbh}flk }cd wqdrdlbd j` bjlrdbqh}dm kqjtlmtlmdq`jj},

Wqdifeflhqv mdrfklr hlm eh}dqfhir hqd rcj{l adij{,



17



18

Whpflk

]cd ehnjqf}v j` }cd chqm ihlmrbhwflk {fii trd wdqedhaid bjlbqd}d rd}}r, H ihqkd rdb}fjlj` }cd rf}d {cfbc fr }j ad whpdm ifdr hajpd }cd qjj} wqj}db}fjl ~jld) rj h lj%mfk rjit}fjltrflk h bdiitihq bjl`fldedl} rvr}de fr wqjwjrdm fl }cdrd hqdhr, ]cd whpflk fr }j adwdqedhaid rj hfq hlm {h}dq bhl qdhbc }cd }qdd qjj}r tlmdqkqjtlm, ]cd whpflk rjit}fjl{fii hirj cdiw ehlhkd rtq`hbd mqhflhkd,H lj mfk rjit}fjl {fii edhl qhfrflk }cd dsfr}flk kqjtlm idpdir fl }cd bctqbcvhqm, ]cdrdld{ idpdir {fii lddm }j ad }fdm ahbo }cd `jj}wh}c idpdir hqjtlm }cd wdqfed}dq j` }cd rf}d,]cd md}hfidm mdrfkl j` }cd whpflk chr addl fl`itdlbdm av }cfr qdxtfqdedl} hlm }cd`jiij{flk rjit}fjlr hqd wqjwjrdm,

Bctqbc whrrhkd>F} fr wqjwjrdm }j qdwhpd Bctqbc Whrrhkd trflk bjlbqd}d rd}}r cj{dpdq }cd`flfrcdm idpdir {fii qdehfl hr dsfr}flk,

Ajqmdq j` bctqbc whrrhkd>]cd dhr} rfmd j` bctqbc whrrhkd chr h cjiiv cdmkd hlm qhfiflk odqar}jldr{cfbc hqd aj}c }j ad qdejpdm, ]cfr {fii idhpd h rehii hqdh j` mfr}tqadmkqjtlm #{f}cfl }cd QWH& fl f}r {hod, [d wqjwjrd }j trd }cfr ~jld }j bqdh}dr}dwr ifloflk }cd dsfr}flk hlm wqjwjrdm kqjtlm idpdir, Hr }cd }qdlbc {fii adid`} jpdq jlbd }cd cdmkd fr qdejpdm h rehii hejtl} j` bjlbqd}d chtlbflk `jq odqar}jldr fr wqjwjrdm adij{ }cd dsfr}flk kqjtlm idpdi,

Hqdhr adij{ }cd dsfr}flk wh}c{hv {f}cfl }cd bctqbcvhqm>]cd dsfr}flk }hqehb wh}c fr }j ad aqjodl jt} hlm qdejpdm, ]cfr {fii idhpd hqdehflflk dswjrdm kqjtlm idpdi {cfbc fr hwwqjsfeh}div 877ee adij{ dsfr}flk,

Fl }cdrd hqdhr f} fr wqjwjrdm }j atfim tw `qje }cd ld{ dswjrdm kqjtlm idpdi,

]cd kqhpdi wh}c qtl ad}{ddl }cd kqddl rwhbd hlm }cd edejqfhi khqmdlr,

Ifkc}flk

]cdqd fr dsfr}flk r}qdd} ifkc}flk hijlk Cfkc R}qdd} hlm [jjm r}qdd} {cfbc}cqj{r ifkc} jl}j }cd ljq}c hlm rjt}c j` }cd rf}d, ]cdqd hqd hirj }{j dsfr}flk

r}qdd}ifkc}r hijlk bctqbc whrrhkd, ]cd bctqbc }j{dq fr `ijjmif} hlm chr adbjedh mfr}flb}fpd `dh}tqd j` }cd lfkc} rov fl }cd }j{l bdl}qd,]cd rbcded hfer }j flbqdhrd rdbtqf}v at} lj} md}qhb} `qje }cd rtbbdrr`ti`dh}tqd ifkc}flk j` }cd }j{dq, Hmmdm }j }cfr fr }cd lddm }j eflfefrd tlmdqkqjtlmmtb}flk jq bhadiiflk mtd }j }cd qjj} hlm bjlrdbqh}dm kqjtlm frrtdr hiqdhmvmfrbtrrdm,F} fr wqjwjrdm }j tlmdqifkc} }cd ijlk adlbc hiij{flk ifkc} }j rwfii jl}j bctqbcwhrrhkd {f}cjt} md}qhb}flk `qje hlv `dh}tqd ifkc}flk h} }cd j}cdq rfmd j` }cd

rf}d,

Hwwdhqhlbd

]cd dshb} rwdbf`fbh}fjl `jq }cd eh}dqfhir chr lj} vd} addl `flhifrdm cj{dpdq }cd wqflbfwid eh}dqfhi‖r #bjlbqd}d rd}}r& }jlhi xthif}fdr {fii eh}bc }cjrd j` }cdbctqbc hr fiitr}qh}dm }j }cd id`}, [d mj lj} fl}dl} }j efefb }cd bcdxtdq ajhqmwh}}dql j` }cd bctqbc‖r r}jld{jqo) qh}cdq rd} f} hkhflr} h bjewidedl}hqvahbomqjw,

Id`}> Wqjwjrdm rdb}fjlrHajpd> Md}hfi j` R}, Njcl }cd Ahw}fr} Bctqbc @hbhmd

E



11



Id`}> Dsfr}flk hlm wqjwjrdm pfd{r `qje [jjm R}qdd}Hajpd> Dsfr}flk hlm wqjwjrdm pfd{r qje Cfkc R}qdd}



12

Wtaifb }qhlrwjq} hbbdrr

Hi}cjtkc }cdqd fr h }tad r}h}fjl ijbh}dm 077 ed}dqr h{hv `qje }cd rf}d }cd ehfl wtaifb}qhlrwjq} fl`itdlbd jl }cd rf}d fr }cd atr ld}{jqo, H atr r}jw h} }cd [jjm R}qdd} dlmj` Bctqbc Whrrhkd kdldqh}dr h kjjm mdhi j` `jj}`hii ad}{ddl f} hlm Cfkc R}qdd}, ]cdijbh}fjl j` }cd atr rcdi}dq edhlr }ch} }cdqd fr j`}dl h ij} j` bjlkdr}fjl h} }cd rjt}cdlm j` Bctqbc Whrrhkd, Hi}cjtkc f} fr lj} rwdbf`fbhiiv flbitmdm `jq fl }cfr wihllflkhwwifbh}fjl f} fr cjwdm }ch} ldkj}fh}fjlr bhl }hod wihbd {f}c ]@I }j ejpd }cd rcdi}dq `tq}cdq dhr} hijlk }cd `jj}wh}c jlbd }cd bctqbc whrrhkd chr addl jwdldm tw h} f}rrjt}cdql dlm hlm ejqd whrrflk rwhbd adbjedr hphfihaid,

[hioflk

Bctqbc Whrrhkd fr h cdhpfiv trdm wdmdr}qfhl qjt}d ifloflk }cd Cfkc R}qdd} hlm [jjmR}qdd}, Fl hmmf}fjl) ehlv wdjwid {hio }cqjtkc }cd bctqbc vhqm }j hbbdrr }cd bctqbcf}rdi` qh}cdq }chl r}hvflk jl }cd `jj}wh}cr hqjtlm }cd wdqfed}dq j` }cd rf}d, ]cd dsfr}flkwdmdr}qfhl kh}d }j }cd rjt}c j` }cd wjqbc fr hirj trdm av wdjwid bjeflk `qje }cd rjt}c{dr} }j{hqmr }cd Cfkc r}qdd} hlm pfbd pdqrh,

]cd mdrfkl qdrwjlrd }j }cfr chr addl }j>

‡ Wqjpfmdr}qjlkdqpfrthiiflorhijlk}cdrdmdrfqdifldravqdejpflkejr}j`}cdcdmkflk) r}qdd} bit}}dq hlm qhfrflk rjed }qdd bqj{lr,

‡ [fmdlflkbctqbcwhrrhkdh}aj}cdlmr{f}cfl}cdifef}h}fjlrj`}cdqjj} wqj}db}fjl hqdh,

‡ Wqjpfmdihqkdqhqdhrj`chqmwhpflk{f}cfl}cdrf}d#drwdbfhiivhqjtlm}cd{hqedejqfhi& {cfbc chpd }cd d``db} j` {fmdlflk }cd bfqbtih}fjl qjt}dr }cqjtkc }cdbctqbc vhqm,

Bvbiflk

Bvbid whqoflk fr hiqdhmv wqjpfmdm }j }cd rjt}c j` }cd bctqbc wjqbc, F} fr fl}dlmdm }joddw }cdrd qhbor) hi}cjtkc }cdv hqd }j ad }tqldm 67 mdkqddr rj }cdfq bhwhbf}v bhl admjtaidm, Fl hmmf}fjl }j }cfr) 4 ld{ bvbid qhbor hqd }j ad wqjpfmdm h} }cd ljq}cdql dlm j` Bctqbc Whrrhkd adrfmd }cd A] rdqpfbd ajs,

Whqoflk hlm mqjw%j``

]cd pdcfbtihq hbbdrr jl }cd ljq}c rfmd j` }cd bctqbc etr} qdehfl hr f} fr }cd jliv rtbchbbdrr `jq cdhqrdr hlm {dmmflk pdcfbidr, ]cdqd fr whqoflk `jq 0 bhqr fl }cfr ijbh}fjl,

Flbitrfpd mdrfkl

Ijbhi Ht}cjqf}fdr chpd h r}h}t}jqv mt}v }j bjewiv {f}c MMH idkfrih}fjl, ]cd hb} r}h}dr}cd jiij{flk>

‡ Qdhrjlhaidr}dwrrcjtimad}hodl}j}hboidwcvrfbhi`dh}tqdr}ch}hb}hrhahqqfdq }j mfrhaidm wdjwid {hl}flk }j hbbdrr }cdfq rdqpfbdr

‡ Wtaifbajmfdrhqdqdxtfqdm}jwqjej}ddxthif}vj jwwjq}tlf}v jqmfrhaidmwdjwid,

Trflk }cdrd bqf}dqfh) }cd bctqbcvhqm mdrfkl chpd addl mdpdijwdm }j dlrtqd }ch} }cdrwhbd fr hbbdrrfaid hr wjrrfaid }j mfrhaidm wdjwid flbitmflk>

‡ [cddibchfqtrdqr‡ Whq}fhi ivrfkc}dmwdjwid‡ Wdjwid{f}cej}jqfewhfqedl}r‡ Wdjwidrt` dqflkedl}hifewhfqedl}

Rwdbf`fbhiiv) }cfr chr flpjipdm flbitmflk }cd `jiij{flk {f}cfl }cd mdrfkl j` }cd wqjwjrhir,

‡ Rchiij{kqhmfdl}r#8>17/}j}cdrf}dh}}cdljq}chlmrjt}cdlmj bctqbc whrrhkd

‡ Rejj}cldrr)dpdlldrrhlmbjlrfr}dlbvj wh}crtq`hbdr‡ Rchiij{kqhmfdl}r}j}cd jj}wh}cr{cdqdf}frlj}wjrrfaid}jad`ih}‡ Rchiij{kqhmfdl}hbbdrr}jbctqbc}cqjtkcrf}d‡ IjlkadlbchijlkBctqbcWhrrhkd‡ Adlbcdrmdrfkldm{f}cahborhlm{f}crwhbd jq{cddibchfqbjewhlfjlr}jrf}

hijlkrfmd,‡ Pfrthifl jqeh}fjlh}hwwqjwqfh}dcdfkc} jq{cddibchfqtrdqr‡ Wh}cr{f}cbidhq{hioflk}tlldir#fdljjandb}rwqj}qtmflkfl}j}cdwh}cr

0,7 Hbbdrr

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