base oils for lubricants manufacture & classification
DESCRIPTION
lubricants ------ manufacture & classificationTRANSCRIPT
Base Oil for Lubricants
- Manufacture & classificationHussam Adeni
What are Lubricants
• Lubricants• Special materials to
•Reduce friction•Reduce wear• In machine elements
What are lubricants
• Lubricants come in a variety of forms• Liquids – fluids• Semi solids - grease• Even solid, at times - graphite
What are Lubricants
• Lubricant comprise of• Base oil or carrier fluid• Specially formulated additives
What are lubricants
Finished lubricants - a careful blend of• Base Oils• And additives
Base Oil manufacture
Overview of the process• A series of steps• To improve desirable lube properties
• Viscosity Index• Oxidation• Heat resistance• Low temperature fluidity
Base oil manufacture
Starting with crude oil, typical process of making lube oil consists of
•Separation•Removal•Distillation•Dewaxing•Finishing
Base oil manufacture
• Crude oil distillation - First the lighter ends removed
Motor spirit Kerosene Solvents
- Middle distillates separated Lube base stocks
Base oil manufacturing process
• Middle distillates refined further•Vacuum distillation•Propane de asphalting•Solvent refining•Solvent dewaxing•Treating•Clay filtering
Base oil manufacturing process
• Lubes base stocks - Vacuum distillation
Single stage Multi stage
required for removal of “balance” - lighter ends
Base oil manufacturing
• Lubes base stocks - Dewaxing
- MEK – Toulene - For Pour Point reduction
Base oil manufacturing
• Hydrofinishing - Reduction with hydrogen
- For removal ofSulphur
Nitrogen Oxygen
Improves heat & oxidation stability
Base oil manufacturing
• De asphalting - Reduction with propane
- For removal ofAsphaltic compounds
Crude Oil composition
• Composition (weight %)• Carbon 84%• Hydrogen 14%• Sulphur 1.5%• Others (nitrogen, Oxygen, Metals, salts) < 2%
Yield – Base Oil manufacturing process
• Yield in percentages• Gasoline 44%• Diesel 21%• Kerosene /Jet Fuel 9%• Others ( Coke , asphalt, residual
fuel oil) 25%• Lube Oil base stock 1%
Base Oil classification
• Pale Oils• Lighter ends
• Neutrals• Middle ends
• Bright stock• Heavy ends
Typical base oils
• Solvent neutrals• SN 70• SN 100• SN 150• SN 300• SN 350• SN 500 • SN 650• SN 900
API classifications – Base Oils
• American Petroleum Institute (API)• Group I, II, II+
• Mineral Oils
• Group III, IV, V• Synthetic Oils
API classifications – Base Oils
• American Petroleum Institute (API)• Group I,
• Solvent Refined base stocks• Mineral Oils
• Group II, II+,III• Solvent refined and Hydro treated
• Group IV, V• Synthetics• Polymerized olefins from petrochemical source
API Base Oil – Interchange Guidelines
Base Oil category
Sulphur (%) Saturates (%)
Viscosity Index (VI)
Group I > 0.03 < 90 80 to 120
Group II < 0.03 > 90 80 to 120
Group III < 0.03 > 90 > 120
Group IV All polyalphaolefins (PAO)
Group V All others not included in Group I, II, III or IV
Typical cost of base oils
• From crude oils - Yield of Lube stocks is 1%
• If crude price is “X”• Lube base oil price = “2X”• In short base oil costs can be upto
“twice” price of crude oil
What is a lubricant
• Finished lubricants - Careful blend of
• Base Oils• additives
What are additives
Lubricant additives - classified on their functional capability1.Enhance existing property2.Suppress undesirable property3.Impart new property
What are additives
1. Enhance existing property• Anti oxidant• Corrosion inhibitor• Anti foam agent• Demulsifying agent
What are additives
2. Suppress undesirable base oil property
• Pour Point depressant• VI improver
What are additives
3. Impart new property• E P additive• Anti wear agents• Detergents• Dispersants• Metal deactivators• Tackiness agents
