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Basic Ecology for Resources

Management

Ani Mardiastuti

Department of Forest Resources Conservation

Faculty of Forestry IPB

Yayasan KEHATI

Why we need to understand ecology?

• Understanding our own environment

• Current problems something ‘wrong’ with the ecosystem

Solving the problems through natural way:

Maintain ecological processes

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Environment

Physical environment Biotic environment

Ecology:

Study of the interactions

between organisms and their environment

Framework of Ecology

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Scales of Ecology

1. Individuals

2. Populations

3. Communities

4. Ecosystem

Organization of Ecosystem

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Ecosystem: A discrete ecological unit

consisting of all of its constituents organisms

and its total environment

“unit ekologi yang terdiri dari lingkungan fisik dan biotik”

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Watershed

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Pyramid of Energy

“the 10% law”

The further along the food chain you go, the less food (and hence energy) remains available.

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“you are what you eat”:

where are you in the trophic level?

Pyramid of Biomass

Most food chains have no more than four or five links

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Pyramid of Numbers

A change in the size of one population in a food chain

will affect other populations

Who is at risk?

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Vulnerable to extinction

Species characteristics:

1. at the top trophic level

2. a very narrow geographical range

3. only one or a few populations

4. population size is small

5. low population density

6. need a large home range

7. have large body size

8. low rates of population increase

Vulnerable to extinction (continued):

9. not disperse effectively

10. Migration habit

11. little genetic variability

12. specialized niche requirements

13. found in stable environment

14. form permanent or temporary aggregations

15. hunted or harvested by people

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Five Fundamental Principles

1. Interdependency (keterkaitan)

2. Harmony (keseimbangan)

3. Diversity (keragaman)

4. Utility (manfaat)

5. Sustainability (kelestarian)

INTERDEPENDENCY everything depends on everything else“

Abiotic Elements

Human

Flora Fauna

Air

Soil Water

Biotic Elements

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Food web in the marine ecosystem

What happen if the wood web disturbed?

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DISRUPTION

OF FOOD WEB/FOOD CHAIN:

CASES

Schistosomiasis in Egypt

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Life Cycle of Schistosoma

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Birds in Hawaii

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Human : the intelligent creature

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Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring

Traditional Houses in Kalimantan

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Biomagnification

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Are wee free

from pesticides and other Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) ?

Species Introduction

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Alien sp.

Global Problem : Invasive Alien Species

• Indigenous Species decrease or extinct

Carp vs. trout in US rivers

• Cause problems to human

Water hyacinth (eceng gondok)

Keong emas

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Domesticated Plants & Animals

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Alien species around us