basic energy sciences the center for emergent superconductivity george crabtree materials science...

Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy Sciences

The Center for Emergent

Superconductivity

George CrabtreeMaterials Science Division

Argonne National Laboratory

Outline • the BES Workshops and Energy Frontier Research Centers• electricity as a sustainable energy carrier• the Center for Emergent Superconductivity

• materials • mechanisms• vortex matter and critical current

OE Peer ReviewAugust 5-6, 2008


The Energy and Science Grand Challenges

http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/reports/list.html

BESAC and BES Reports

Secure Energy Future, 2002

Hydrogen Economy, 2003

Solar Energy Utilization, 2005

Superconductivity, 2006

Solid-state Lighting, 2006

Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems, 2006

Clean and Efficient Combustion of Fuels, 2006

Electrical Energy Storage, 2007

Catalysis for Energy, 2007

Geosciences: Facilitating 21st Century Energy Systems, 2007

Materials Under Extreme Environments, 2007

Directing Matter and Energy: Five Grand Challenges for Science and the Imagination, 2007

New Science for a Secure and Sustainable Energy Future, 2008


BES Workshop on Superconductivity, May 8-11, 2006

Participants~ 100 researchers, representing

7 countries, 9 national labs, 28 universities, spanning basic and applied research

Panel ChairsMaterials: I. Bozovic (BNL)Phenomena: J.C. Davis (Cornell) L. Civale (LANL) Theory: I. Mazin (NRL) Applications: D. Christen (ORNL)

Workshop Co-chair: John Sarrao, LANL Co-chair: Wai-Kwong Kwok, ANL

Plenary SpeakersPaul Chu, Alex Malozemoff, George Crabtree,

Mike Norman, Z.X. Shen

Workshop Charge“identify basic research needs and opportunities in superconductivity with a focus on new, emerging and scientifically challenging areas that have the potential to have significant impact in science and energy relevant technologies”

Pat Dehmer, DOE-Basic Energy SciencesJim Daley, DOE-Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability


• To engage the talents of the nation’s researchers for the broad energy sciences

• To accelerate the scientific breakthroughs needed to create advanced energy technologies for the 21st century

• To pursue the fundamental understanding necessary to meet the global need for abundant, clean, and economical energy

Be Bold, Imaginative, and Impactful!

EFRC Key Characteristics

EFRC Director’s MeetingJuly 8 2009


Energy Frontier Research Centers

EFRC Director’s MeetingJuly 8 2009

http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/EFRC.html


Electricity as a Sustainable Energy Carrier

coalgas mechanical

motion electricity

communication

digital electronics

lightingheating

refrigeration

power grid

transportation

industrynuclearfission

35% of primary energy

34% of CO2 emissions34% efficient

clean, efficient does no harm

leaves no change

e-

e-

load

hydrowind

fuel cells

solarsun

heat


An Exciting Promise: Electrify Transportation

+

+

+

+

++

+

+

e-

H2

H2O

O2 tesla motors

sustainable electricity production

sustainablehydrogen production

breakthroughs needed

x2-5 higher energy density in batteriescatalysts, membranes and electrodes in fuel cells

production and transmission of electricity for transportation

electric motorreplaces

gasoline engine

battery

fuel cellhydrogen

storage

Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy Sciences8

The Grid: A Triumph of 20th Century Engineering

Clean, versatile power at the flip of a switch

Wind


The 21st Century: A Different Set of Challenges

electric power concentrated in cities and suburbs

33% of power used in top 22 metro areas

urban power bottleneck

reliabilitypower quality

renewable generation

2030 50% demand growth (US)

100% demand growth (world)

averagepower loss/customer

(min/yr)

US 214 France 53 Japan 6

LaCommare & Eto, Energy 31, 1845 (2006)

$52.3 B

$26.3 B

SustainedInterruptions

33%

MomentaryInterruptions

67%

$79 B economic loss (US)

long distance electricity

transmission

storing electrical energy

capacity


Superconductivity: Moving Electricity Sustainably

High temperature superconductivity

carries electricity without loss


Breaking the Urban Power Bottleneck

Superconducting GridDemonstrations

Copenhagen, Denmark 2001

Columbus, OH 2006Albany, NY 2007

Long Island NY 2007

Complex materials

architectures

LaMnO3 bufferYBa2Cu3O7

superconductor

Ag cap layer

Ni alloy substrate

Al2O3 / Y2O3 Ni barrier

MgO template

Cu shunt layer


Limiting Faults with Superconductivity

Research Challenges

Vortex de-pinning dynamics: onset mechanism and speed

High drive vortex dynamics: what limits ultimate dissipation?

Reset vortex dynamics: return to equilibrium in zero current

Fast limiting of fault currents• avoid damage to grid and equipment• avoid power interruptions

Superconductors: smart, self-healing control

Resi

stan

ce

fast,, smart, self-healing

switch

Current

0

Ic


Coal52% of electricity

34% of CO2 emissionsHg, SOx, NOx

Adding Renewable Electricity Generation


Matthews, Physics Today 62(4), 25 (April 2009)

Superconducting Wind Generation

Conventional Gearbox

5 MW~ 410 tons

Conventional Gearless

6 MW~ 500 tons

HTS Gearless

8 MW~ 480 tons

Wind turbine output

limited by weight

supported on the tower

Superconducting generators: half

the size and weight

double the output

for same land area

Generator Gearbox Shaft


Making the Grid Ready for Renewables

breakthroughs neededlong distance reliable, efficient delivery of electricity

Wind

Dem

and

Sun


Long Distance DC Superconducting Pipelines

a White PaperMay 2009

Wind Resources Potential DC Superconductor

Pipeline Network lower voltage: 200 kV vs 765 kV

multi-terminal topology

reduced right of way:

25 ft vs 600 ft

no AC losses: reduced cooling

http://www.amsc.com/products/applications/utilities/superconductorpipeline.html

Superconductor Electricity PipelineAC/DC Converter Stations

MarginalFairGoodExcellentOutstandingSuperb


Brookhaven National Laboratory

Argonne National Laboratory

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

American Superconductor Corporation

Superpower, Inc

J.C. Seamus DavisDirector

Peter Johnson, John Tranquada, George Crabtree, Mike Norman, Dale Van Harlingen, Laura Greene

Program Committee

Ivan Bozovic, Cedomar Petrovic, Alexei Tsvelik, J.C. Campuzano, Wai-Kwong Kwok, Alexei Koshelev,

Peter Abbamonte, Tony Leggett, Jim EcksteinPrincipal Investigators

Aug 1, 2009

materials

mechanisms

vortex matter

Center for Emergent Superconductivity


Materials

Routes to enhanced superconductivity

Higher Tc, Higher Jc, Lower anisotropy

Balance layer

Action layer

Balance layer

Action layerCuprates

MgB2

Pnictides

Search strategies for new superconductors

• Quaternary and higher compounds• Variable valence• Charge/Cooper pair density• Highly correlated normal states• Competing high temperature ordered phases

AFM

Pseudogap Normal

metal

Non Fermi liquidmetal

oxygen content charge/Cooper pair density

anisotropy

SC

T

TargetsBulk crystallineHigh pressure, . . .

Artificially layeredMBE, PLD

Pnictides

Cupratessystematic oxygen

underdoping


Mechanism

unified framework for real and momentum space phenomena

Theoretical tools and issues• phenomenological pairing descriptions• phase fluctuations• pre-formed pairs • collective electronic modes• exact 1D chains + interactions among chains• effective low energy Hamiltonian from exact high energy correlated states• origin of superconducting condensation energy• nanoscopically inhomogeneous superconductivity – charge and gap

Angle Resolved Photoemission

k-spaceFermi Arcs

Real space inhomogeneous superconductivity

STM

k-space stripes

Neutron spectroscopy

AFM

Pseudogap Normal

metal

Non Fermi liquidmetal

oxygen content charge/Cooper pair density

anisotropy

SC

T


Vortex Matter and Critical Current

Josephsonvortices

Hx

HzPancakevortices

Multi-dimensionalinteracting vortices

~ 2 gap superconductors & multiferroics

2 stage melting

independent dynamic control

Understand quenching dynamics

Thermo-optical imaging

arrest fledgling quenches

~ healing crack

propagation

BSCCO

Temperature (K)

Ma

gn

etic

Fie

ld (

T)

Hlcp

Hucp

disorderedsolid

pancake liquid

line

liquid normalmetal

9080706050

5

10

15

20

Bose glass

vortexlattice

YBCO

Resi

stan

ce

fast,, smart, self-healing

switch

Current0

Ic

onset / reset dynamics

two phase dissipation

damping by vortex liquid

Understand high drive dynamics


The Superconducting Landscape

NSFUniversity PIs

DOE – BESCore

Programs

DOE - OE

BES-EFRCBrookhaven

Argonne / UIUC

AFOSR MURIStanford / MarylandSan Diego

Europe

Japan

The world just got biggerLet’s connect the dots

basic energy sciences the center for emergent superconductivity george crabtree materials science...

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