First Aid Training Wounds and bleeding

Basic First AidWounds and bleeding

What is First AidThe objectives of first aid are:Preserve life.Prevent the illness or injury from becoming worse.Promote recovery.Who is a first aider? A first aider is someone who takes charge of an emergency and gives first aid.A fist aider does not diagnose or treat injures or illness, this requires a medical professional.A first aider suspects injuries and illness and gives first aid.What can a first aider do?Protect casualtys belongingsKeep unnecessary people awayReassure family and friends of the casualtyClean up the emergency scene and work to correct any unsafe conditions that may have caused the injury in the first place.

First aid and the law.Principles of the good SamaritanYou are a good Samaritan if you help a person and have no legal duty to do so.Whenever you help a person in an emergency, you should abide by the following principles:ConsentReasonable skill and careNegligenceAbandonment Safety and First Aid.Risks to be aware of:Is the energy source still active? ie power lines downExternal hazards. ie. At a car crash fuel leaks, explosionInjury incurred by first aider. ie. The casualty is to large to move alonePreventing infection.Bloodborne and airborne. Protect yourself and the casualty if possible with:GlovesFace masks or shield Hand washing Safety in a violent situationProtect your safety and others if possibleGive first aid with awareness of casualtys emotional stateKeep onlookers awayLeave everything at the scene as isMedical helpMedical help can only be given by a doctor or under the supervision of a doctor.The Golden Hour is the first hour after the injury.EMS emergency medical servicesEmergency scene managementFour stepsScene survey- take control, what happened etc.Primary survey- assess the casualty and start first aid.Secondary survey- more thorough check for injuries.On going casualty care- stay with casualty until medical help arrives.Primary surveyA= AirwayB= BreathingC= CirculationSecondary surveyHistory of the casualtyAssess the vital signsHead to toe examinationGive first aidOngoing careGive first aid for shockMonitor the casualtys conditionRecord the events of the situationReport what hapenedC.P.RCardiopulmonary ResuscitationChain of survival.Early Healthy Choices.Early Recognition.Early Access.Early CPR.Early Defibrillation.Early Advanced Care.Early Rehabilitation.The 4 Rs of CPR are:Risk: factors in your life that predispose you to developing heart problems or a stroke.Recognize: how to recognize the signs of a developing medical emergency;React: what to do when you see a developing emergency.Resuscitate: how to do CPR and how to help someone who is choking.What is a heart attack?The heart is a muscle that needs oxygen to function. (like all muscles)If arteries which supply Oxygen to the heart are blocked then the heart cant function = HEART ATTACK!Angina is when blood flow is temporarily blocked then clears. Person will experience some pain but it passes. (definite danger of heart attack!)Cardiac Arrest is when the heart stops beating and is no longer pumping blood to the rest of the body.Without oxygen serious brain damage starts in 4 to 6 minutes.

What is a stroke?A stroke, or cerebrovascular accident (CVA).Occurs when blood supply to part of the brain is blocked, causing brain cells to die. Risk Factors for Heart Attack and Stroke Risk Factors You Can't ControlAge Gender Family history Race Risk Factors You Can ControlSmoking Lack of exercise High blood pressure High blood cholesterol Unhealthy weight Diabetes Stress What You Can do to Lower Your RiskBe aware of your risk factors Be smoke free Be physically active Know and control your blood pressure Eat a healthy diet that is lower in fat, especially saturated and trans fats Maintain your diabetes Limit your alcohol use Reduce stress See your doctor regularly and follow your doctor's advice Recognize the warning signs of heart attack and stroke. Heart AttackOne or more of the 5 PsPain- Chest pain or discomfort, radiating pain in arm, neck jaw or back. Pale skin - Sweating Puffing trouble breathing Pooped feeling very tiredPuking sick to stomach or vomitingStrokeOne or more of SUDDENWeakness, numbness in face and or limbsTrouble speaking Visions problems Severe headache Dizziness

Call 911 or your medical emergency number immediately Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation for an Adult Victim Situation: Adult (8 years old and up) was found, looking unconscious. This incident was un-witnessed by yourself or any bystanders.

1. Check for hazards: make sure the environment is safe for you and the victim. The area around him/her may give you clues about what happened

2. Assess Responsiveness: without actually moving the victim, tap shoulders, bang the ground, shout, pinch his/her earlobes, etc. See if they will wake up.

3. Call 911 If there is no one around, you need to call 911. If you have a cell phone, remember to give your address/location 911 cannot trace cell phone locations! If you do not, you must leave your victim and find the nearest phone. Remember, if you dont go and call, no one is coming to help you! If there is a bystander around, direct him/her to go and call 911 and tell them there is an adult who was choking and passed out. Ask your bystander if s/he understands then tell to report back to you so that you know the call was made.

4.Open the airway: using the head tilt-chin lift - (chin should be the highest point of face) and check for breathing

5. Check for breathing: for up to 10 seconds. Put your ear over the persons mouth and nose.Look for chest movementListen for sounds of breathingFeel for exhaled breath

6. Give 2 Breaths: If victim is not breathing, give 2 full, slow breaths each breath should take 1 second to administer. (full seal either mouth-to-mouth, mouth-to-nose, mouth-to-stoma or mouth-to-mask). 7. Begin compressions for cardiac arrest :Place the heel of the hand on the breastbone in the center of the chest between the nipples.Place the heel of the second hand on top of the first so that your hands are overlapping and parallel.You may link you fingers together for added stability but keep them off the chest.Shoulders directly over hands with arms straight and locked.8. Give 30 compressions: Compress to a depth of 2 inches. Make sure your compressions are sharp and vigorous You need to compress at a rate of approximately 100 per minute (slightly less than 2 per second) Keep your speed up, but dont go so fast that your limbs cannot keep up with your count. Map Reading & Navigation

26Aim of Map Reading...To navigate & recognize features on the ground & map.To picture the ground even though it hasnt been seen.To understand and pass information quickly.Determine and plan a safe route.27Copy in note bookDefinition of a MapIts a scaled representation of the earths surface shown on a plane surface.It shows natural and/or artificial features.Used as a form of communication, used to convey land features.However, its only accurate at time of aerial photo or field revision.28Copy in note book

Types of Maps...Street directory

Topographic mapThematicScientific

29Copy in note book

Basic Street Directory MapEdition (year)LegendFacility indexStreet indexMap & reference

30Town of Hampton MapUsing the grid reference system; A to J down the sides and 1 to 10 along the bottomLocate two of each symbol from the legend on the map and record it in your note book.For example: Cemetery Grave Duguan Girl 1916 Grid reference G 6If possible locate your home and reference it.Complete in notebook working with a partner 10 15 minutes, checking for understanding- have a student give a reference and class find what is there. 31Topographic Maps

32

Marginal Information/Legend

Printed around the margin of the map to aid in using the map.E.g.. Title, scale, type, legend of symbols, edition & sheet number, adjoining maps, contour interval, magnetic variation, grid reference block,

33ReviewConventional SymbolsWater featuresStructuresBoundariesRoad & RailLand features

34ReviewScaleScale is expressed in 3 methods.In words (One cm = One km)Representative fraction. (RF)1:25000 E.g 1cm = 25000cm or 250m.TRICK - REMOVE LAST 2 ZEROS TO GET ACTUAL SIZE ON GROUND IN METRES

1:10,000 to 1:100,000 are small scale1:250,000 to 1:10 million are large scales

Linear scale - scaled ruler.TIPAs the second number increases, detail shown on the map decreases

35Copy in notebookMeasuring DistanceMeasuring straight line distance (map)PaperDividerRuler (side of compass)Length of string

36ReviewMap Coordinates2 Types Geographical coordinates given as latitude and longitudeGrid coordinates given as Eastings & NorthingsLatitude = Horizontal lines (N or S of equator)Longitude = Vertical lines(E or W of Greenwich)Latitude & Longitude

Copy in notebook

37Grid CoordinatesUsed to accurately locate/position objects on a map.Two sets of numbered parallel lines (vertical & horizontal) intersecting at right angles to form squares on a map.Superimposed over the map to provide a reference system.Grid squares are generally 1km2.Grid lines are defined as Eastings & Northings.38Copy in notebook

ContEastings are the vertical lines, numbered left to right. 99 00 01 02 03

03 02 01 00 99Version: 1.2 - Jan 05Developed by: Dave BereTIPAcross first, then upOrE before NNorthings are the horizontal lines numbered bottom to top.Read Eastings first, then Northings.39Copy in notebook

4 Figure Area ReferencesThe co-ordinates represent the whole square, not just the single point.E.G 1201 - represents 1km2Find 12 easting first.Find 01 northing second. 11 12 1303020100Version: 1.2 - Jan 05Developed by: Dave Bere40Review

GPSGlobal Positioning System (satellite based navigation)Features included:Your position on the Earths surfaceYour current height - ASLYour speed and direction of travelLat/Long or UTMDifferent world datumsWGS84Developed by US Defence systemUses 24 satellites orbiting the Earth twice a daySignal doesnt penetrate buildings or thick scrub.Uses triangulation principle to pinpoint location.Minimum of 4 satellites are needed for an accurate 3D positionTypical accuracy is within 30m - 95% of the timeInterfaces with your PC and mapping softwareConsult users guide for operating instructionsVersion: 1.2 - Jan 05Developed by: Dave Bere41Review and discussGround ShapeAllows the user to visualise the surroundingsGround shape is referred to as relief.Relief can be shown as:Hill shading &ContoursVersion: 1.2 - Jan 05Developed by: Dave Bere

42ReviewContoursA contour is a line that joins points of equal elevationContour interval is the vertical distance between contour linesSee legend for contour intervalVersion: 1.2 - Jan 05Developed by: Dave Bere

43Copy in notebookContour PatternsContour lines close together show steep slopesContour lines far apart show gentle slopesContour lines evenly spaced show uniform slopeIf the spacing decreases when going from high to low, the slope is convexIf the spacing increases when going from high to low, the slope is concaveVersion: 1.2 - Jan 05Developed by: Dave Bere

44Copy in notebook

Land FeaturesRepresentation of heightBench mark, trig station, spot heightPhysical featuresKnollSaddleSpur, ridgeValley, gorgeEscarpmentRe-entrantCrestPlateauVersion: 1.2 - Jan 05Developed by: Dave Bere

45ReviewGradientA method of expressing ground slope.Gradient = Contour interval (height) Horizontal DistanceVersion: 1.2 - Jan 05Developed by: Dave Bere1:10 = 1 unit up or down / 10 units across.1:1 is a 450Simplify to smallest fraction = 20 = 1 = 1:6 120 6

46Copy two bullets review conceptCompassDegree system - (3600 circle)North = 0/3600South = 1800East = 900West = 2700Cardinal points32 in total, only 16 are really used.Version: 1.2 - Jan 05Developed by: Dave Bere

47ReviewBearingsThe purpose of a bearing is to give an accurate indication of direction from one point to another.Simply, a bearing is an angle.It is the angle measured clockwise from a fixed zero line, generally north.Grid bearingsUsed when bearings are taken from or to the map.Magnetic bearingsUsed in conjunction with a compass. This type of bearing is for field operation.Bearings are measured using a protractor or compass.Version: 1.2 - Jan 05Developed by: Dave Bere48CopyNorth PointsTrue north - TNEarth spins on this axisMagnetic north - MNCompass needle points to magnetic northIts a location in the far north of CanadaGrid north GNThe vertical lines overlayed on a map point to grid north (eastings)Not exactly true north.Difference between TN & GN is called convergenceIn map reading we only use GN & MNVersion: 1.2 - Jan 05Developed by: Dave Bere49CopyMagnetic VariationThe difference between grid north & magnetic north is called magnetic variation.The magnetic north pole is not fixed, it moves continuallyVersion: 1.2 - Jan 05Developed by: Dave BereEasterly & westerly variationCheck map for accuracy of variation

50Discuss but wont really get into itCompassesMany types & shapes.Prismatic, reflective & SilvaConsist ofMagnetised needleA non ferrous or plastic boxA graduated 3600 circle andSometimes an aiming pointVersion: 1.2 - Jan 05Developed by: Dave Bere

51ReviewParts of a CompassSilva CompassPrismatic CompassVersion: 1.2 - Jan 05Developed by: Dave Bere

52We will use the Silva, hand out and review parts and function. Wont be accurate in classroom but they can use for measuring etc.Taking a Grid BearingUsing a compass & map.Place edge of compass along intended bearing.Direction arrow points the way you want to travelTurn housing so meridian lines are parallel to easting linesRead grid bearing where housing and index intersectNote: This bearing must be converted to mag bearing if intended for field use.Version: 1.2 - Jan 05Developed by: Dave Bere

TIPIgnore the needle whenusing compass as aprotractor53Explain in classroom but will go outside to do an activity on bearings.Magnetic BearingsSetting a Magnetic bearingHold compass flat in palmSet bearing on compass by rotating housingTurn yourself till red needle lines up with northNow walk in direction of directional arrowTaking a Magnetic bearingHold compass with directional arrow pointing at intended object/directionRotate housing till north aligns with red arrowRead bearing where index lines intersectsVersion: 1.2 - Jan 05Developed by: Dave Bere54This will be done outside, demo and discuss in classroom.Magnetic Bearings contCompass back bearingsFace the opposite direction, turn compass around & walk with directional arrow pointing towards you.Or use white needle as directional indicatorVersion: 1.2 - Jan 05Developed by: Dave BereTIPThe desk youre sitting at has local magnetic attractionCompass ErrorIndividual compassesLocal magnetic attraction due to steel/iron oreTransmission lines = 80mCar = 60mWire fence = 10mPick, Axe or shovel = 3m

55This will be done outside, demo and discuss in classroom.

Cross-country NavigationImprovised direction findingBy shadow stick & sunBy the starsBy using a watch & sunGPSVersion: 1.2 - Jan 05Developed by: Dave Bere

Factors influencing C-C navigationWeather, terrain, vegetation, visibilityTeam composition, fatigueAccess restrictions, boundaries, route choice56Copy notesCross Country Navigation contPredicted walking time5km/hr easy going3km/hr easy scrambling1.5km/hr rough country, snow, sand or thick bushAdd 1hr for every 500m up or 1000m downEvery 5 hrs allow an 1hr for fatigue.Version: 1.2 - Jan 05Developed by: Dave BereDistance travelled - pacing & timeAverage step is 75cmApprox 650-660 right steps = 1kmJudging distance Unit of measure (Good up to 400m Sports fields or swimming pools)Appearance (Takes a lot of practice compare with surroundings)Bracketing (Greater than 200m, Less than 600m)57Copy in notebookPlanning..Route planning Map studyEssential, you must have a good plan before setting off.Have an alternate plan & routeBreak route down into individual legs. Each leg should terminate at recognisable objects or within an hourConsiderGrain of countryRidgesRiversDense scrubAccessVersion: 1.2 - Jan 05Developed by: Dave Bere

Discuss58Map OrientationA simple way to read a map is to orientate the map to its surroundings.Using land featuresLay the map on the ground. Rotate map till features on ground align with those on map.Using a compass (grid)Determine & set mag variation on compassAlign compass edge with N-S meridian linesRotate map & compass till compass needle is alignedUsing a compass (mag)Draw mag variation lines on mapSet compass to mag NAlign compass edge with drawn linesRotate map & compass till compass needle is alignedAll compass bearings can now be taken directly from the mapVersion: 1.2 - Jan 05Developed by: Dave Bere

59Explain demo and discussLateral DriftIs when you drift away from the given destination, but you remain on the same bearing.The compass alone, is not enough to eliminate lateral drift. Spot a feature (tree, knoll) on the set bearing, walk to that feature, then reassess. Continue until destination is reached.Version: 1.2 - Jan 05Developed by: Dave Bere

60Explain Avoiding an ObstacleUsed to traverse around cliffs, knolls, swamps etcPacing at 900 intervalsLeg 1 and 3 need to be of equal distanceVersion: 1.2 - Jan 05Developed by: Dave Bere

Explain61Remote Area SectionThis section is not pitched at any level of expertise. Everyone should be well prepared before entering the bush.6 Ps = prior preparation and planning prevents poor performance.Learn the area before departingHave a navigational route plannedGroup detailsRoute detailsIntended camp locationsETD and ETAVersion: 1.2 - Jan 05Developed by: Dave Bere62DiscussNavigational Tips - (Generalised)Sparse & scratchy vegetation along ridges & spursThicker vegetation through gullies & valleysSouth facing terrain is thicker vegetationSlower moving through creek bedsNight navigation - use of lighting and the moonPack light, pack rightYoure only as fast as your slowest team memberContinue relating features from the ground to the mapCarry safety equipment & have knowledge of remote first aidKnow your limitations - be mentally & physically preparedVersion: 1.2 - Jan 05Developed by: Dave Bere63Copy