circulatory problems, wounds and bleeding module 4
TRANSCRIPT
Circulatory Problems, Wounds and Bleeding
Module 4
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Circulatory Problems, Wounds and Bleeding
Circulatory System
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Circulatory Problems, Wounds and Bleeding
Circulatory System The blood circulatory system consists of:-
The heart, which acts as a pump The blood vessels through which the blood circulates.
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Circulatory Problems, Wounds and Bleeding
How The Heart Works? The cardiovascular system, composed of the
heart and blood vessels, is responsible for circulating blood throughout your body to supply the body with oxygen and nutrients.
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Circulatory Problems, Wounds and Bleeding The heart is the muscle that pumps blood filled with
oxygen and nutrients through the blood vessels to the body tissues. It is made up of: Four chambers (two atria and two ventricles) that receive
blood from the body and pump out blood to it. The atria receive blood coming back to the heart. The ventricles pump the blood out of the heart.
Blood vessels, which compose a network of arteries, and veins that carry blood throughout the body. Arteries transport blood from the heart to the body tissues. Veins carry blood back to the heart.
Four valves to prevent backward flow of blood. Each valve has flaps that allow the forward flow of blood and prevent the backward flow.
An electrical system of the heart controls how fast it beats.
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Circulatory Problems, Wounds and Bleeding
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Circulatory Problems, Wounds and Bleeding
Types of Blood Vessels and It’s Functions Artery – transport oxygenated blood from the
heart. Vein – transport deoxygenated blood from the
tissue to the heart. Capillary – enable the exchange of molecules
between blood and interstitial fluid
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Circulatory Problems, Wounds and Bleeding
Pattern of Blood Flow in bleeding. Artery
blood spurt out under pressure. bright red in colour,
Vein blood flow describe as a fast moving stream. dark red in colour.
Capillary blood oozes out
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Circulatory Problems
What is Heart Attack?1. Cause by reduction of blood supply to the heart.
2. When heart cells are deprived of oxygen and blood, they begin to die, affecting the ability of the heart to pump.
3. Reduction of blood supply caused by blockages due to dislodged blood clots and narrowing of blood vessels due to fat deposits ( too much cholesterol in the bloodstream )
4. When the narrowed artery becomes completely blocked by a blood clot, a heart attack can occur.
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Circulatory Problems Heart Attack
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Circulatory Problems Heart Attack
Causes and Risk Factor high blood pressure diabetes high cholesterol lack of exercise obesity smoking Genetic factor
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Circulatory ProblemsHeart Attack
Signs and Symptoms
• Shortness of breath
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Circulatory ProblemsHeart Attack
First Aid Treatment Position – half sitting position Call for ambulance Reassure the casualty Monitor pulse, respiration, and level of
responsiveness Remain with the casualty until help arrives.
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Circulatory Problems
Shock Shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs
when the body is not getting enough blood flow. This can damage multiple organs. Shock requires IMMEDIATE medical treatment and can get worse very rapidly
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Circulatory ProblemsShock
Causes Heart attack Severe blood loss (more than 2 litres) Serous discharge from burns Diarrhoea and vomiting (dehydration)
Allergic reactions
Low blood sugar
Hypothermia
Drug overdose
Spinal Cord injury
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Circulatory ProblemsShock
Signs and Symptoms Face pale Pulse rapid and weak Skin cold and clammy Sweating Air hunger Weakness and dizziness Unconscious
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Circulatory ProblemsShock
First aid treatment of shock
Elevate Legs(see next slide)
Loosen constrictive clothing
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Circulatory ProblemsShock
Precaution Do not allow casualty to eat, drink, smoke or move
unnecessarily. Be with the casualty Do not try to warm the casualty with a hot water bottle
or any direct source of heat.
(instructor to demonstrate treatment of shock
One participant to simulate as casualty)
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Circulatory Problems
Allergy An abnormally high sensitivity to certain
substances such as pollens, foods or micro-organisms
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Circulatory ProblemsAllergy
Signs and Symptoms1. Sneezing
2. Running nose
3. Itching
4. Skin rashes
5. Swellings
6. Wheezing
7. Breathing difficulty
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Circulatory ProblemsAllergy
Treatment Ask casualty whether he suffers from an allergy Assist casualty to take any medication that he
has e.g. ventolin inhaler for asthmatics. Seek medical attention.
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Circulatory ProblemsWounds
Classification
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Circulatory ProblemsWounds
Incised wound Caused by sharp object Clean cut Tendons, nerves and arteries damage. Bleeding may be profuse
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Circulatory ProblemsWounds
Laceration wound Cause by barb wires and claws of animals Crushing or ripping force More tissue damage Less profuse bleeding Wound dirty, risk of
infection.
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Circulatory ProblemsWounds
Abrasion ( grazing ) wound Cause by sliding fall or friction Top most layer of skin affected Raw area exposed. Embedded foreign particles. Infection likely
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Circulatory ProblemsWounds
Puncture wound Cause by elongated object. Small entry site
Stab wound Cause by long bladed instrument. Penetrating ability result in organ damage. Life threatening internal bleeding.
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Circulatory ProblemsWounds
Gunshot wound Cause by bullet or missile Serious internal injury Entry wound small, exit wound big.
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Circulatory ProblemsWounds
Contusion ( bruise or haematoma ) wound Cause by blunt blow or punch Capillaries bleed beneath the skin Blood oozes when skin breaks.
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Circulatory ProblemsBleeding
Objectives To control bleeding To prevent and lessen the effects of shock Minimise infection Urgent removal to hospital in severe bleeding
injury
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Circulatory ProblemsBleeding
Types of Bleeding External bleeding Internal bleeding
Signs and Symptoms of internal bleeding Face pale Cold, Clammy skin. Rapid, weak pulse. Pain. Thirst.
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Circulatory ProblemsBleeding
Possible signs of internal bleedingSite Appearance of blood Cause of blood loss
Mouth Bright red, frothy, coughedup blood Bleeding in the lungs
Mouth Vomited blood, red or darkreddish brown. Bleeding in the digestive system
Ear Fresh, bright red blood Injury to the inner or outer ear. Perforated ear drum.Ear Thin, watery blood Leakage of fluid from around brain due to head injury
Nose Fresh, bright red blood Ruptured blood vessel in the nostrilNose Thin, watery blood Leakage of fluid from around brain due to head injuryAnus Fresh, bright red blood Piles, Injury to the anus or lower intestine.
Anus Black, tarry, offensivesmelling stool Disease or injury to the intestine
UrethraUrine with a red or smokyappearance andoccasionally containing clots
Bleeding from the bladder, kidneys, or urethra.
Vagina Either fresh or dark blood Menstruation. Miscarriage. Pregnancy or recentchildbirth, Disease or injury to the vagina or uterus
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Circulatory ProblemsBleeding
Treatment Direct pressure application
Elevate the affected part Position casualty flat on the floor Transport casualty with armsling Monitor pulse, respiration and level of response. Check circulation at finger
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Circulatory ProblemsBleeding
Precaution Do not allow casualty to eat, drink or smoke. Tourniquet is the last resort for severe bleeding
Embedded object in wound. Control bleeding without pressing the object into the
wound. Pressure applied on both sides of the wound.
Precaution Do not remove the foreign object
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Circulatory Problems, Wounds and Bleeding
Impalement Do not remove casualty from impaled object. Removal can worsen condition. Notify relevant agency to remove impalement.
Precaution (impalement) Do not allow casualty to eat, drink or smoke.
Amputation Partial or complete severance of limb Send severed limb and casualty to hospital. Check for shock and treat accordingly.
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Circulatory ProblemsAmputation
Care of amputated part Prevent deterioration of affected part Do not wash the severed part Severed parts should not be in direct contact with
ice. Wrap or place amputated part in plastic bag or
wrapper. Wrap package in gauze or soft fabric. Place it in a container of crushed ice. Mark container with time of injury and casualty’s
name.
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Circulatory Problems, Wounds and Bleeding
Cuts Wash cuts under running water or use alcohol
free wipes. Dry wound. Apply cover.
Foreign Object in a cut Wash off Remove with tweezers Cover cut
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Circulatory ProblemsEye Wound
Signs and symptoms Pain and spasm of eyelids. Bloodshot apperarnce Partial or total loss of vision. Leakage of blood or clear fluid from a wound.
Treatment Pad and bandage.
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Circulatory ProblemsEar Bleed
Cause Impact to the side of the head Poked by foreign object Explosion
Signs and symptoms Sharp pain Ear ache Deafness Watery blood
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Circulatory ProblemsEar Bleed
Precaution Watery blood indicates a skull fracture Leakage from around the brain Do not tilt the casualty’s head.
Treatment Half sitting position Head tilted to the injured side to allow discharge Apply pad lightly to the ear.
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Circulatory ProblemsNose Bleed
Cause Blow to the nose Sneezing Picking Blowing the nose
Precaution Watery blood discharge indicates skull fracture. Brain fluid leak into the nose
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Circulatory ProblemsNose Bleed
Treatment Sit the casualty with head to lean slightly forward Pinch soft part of nose for 10 minutes Repeat pinching if necessary Do not speak, swallow, cough,
spit, or sniff during treatment. After treatment do not blow the nose.(instructor to demonstrate blood stoppage and participant to
Precaution If nose bleed persists or is severe, seek medical
attention
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Circulatory ProblemsAbdominal Wound
Cause Stabbing Gunshot Severe blow to abdomen
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Circulatory ProblemsAbdominal Wound
Treatment Position casualty flat on floor. Apply dressing over the abdomen. Monitor pulse, respiration, response level Treat for shock if
present
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Circulatory ProblemsAbdominal Wound
Precaution If casualty become unconscious, open the airway. When casualty cough, press firmly to prevent
stomach organs coming out through wound. Do not touch protruding intestine, Cover with clean plastic bag
or kitchen film to prevent drying. Alternatively use a sterile
dressing.
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Circulatory ProblemsFish Hook Injury
Fishing accident Symptoms
Pain Localised swelling Bleeding
Objective Prevent the hook from penetrating deeper.
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Circulatory ProblemsFish Hook Injury
Treatment Bleeding - Apply direct pressure on both side of the
exposed hook. Three methods to prevent hook from penetrating deeper. Place two gauze pads or similar material on either side of
the exposed hook. Ensure gauze pads are level with the top of the hook
Bandage lightly over the pads and the hook.
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Circulatory ProblemsFish Hook Injury
Treatment Place hollow device like an inverted cup over the
hook and bandage the cup to secure. Create “doughnut” from bandage and place
hollow part over the hook. Bandage to secure the doughnut in place.
Eye injury apply eye pad. Seek medical help.
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Circulatory ProblemsFish Hook Injury
Precaution Do not remove a fish hook on your own as it may
cause more injury due to presence of barbs in the hook..
The End
Module 4 Circulatory Problems, Wounds and BleedingFor training purpose only .
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