basic histology
TRANSCRIPT
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Epithelium
Epithelium:-Broad sheet-like tissue that covers (lines) surfaces-Divides body into compartments and forms barriers that control and modify substances traversing it- Protection, Secretion, Excretion, Absorption, Transport
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Sites of Occurrence:1. Skin2. Body Cavities3. Serous Sacs4. Blood Vessels5. Glands6. Many Other Organs
Embryology:Ectoderm- SkinEndoderm- GITMesoderm- Endothelium & Mesothelium
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Characteristics in General:1. Hypercellularity2. Avascularity3. Polarity4. Cell Cohesion/ Adhesion5. Cell Renewal6. Metaplasia7. Surface Modifications8. Basement Membrane9. Lamina Propia10. Nuclei Tend to Conform with Shape of Cell
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Polarity Metaplasia
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Apical Surface Specialization #1: Microvilli
Actin Filaments
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Apical Specialization #2: Cilia
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Microtubules: Core of Cilia, Flagella, Centriole, & Basal Body
Cilium &Flagellum
(9 2 + 2)“axoneme”
Centriole &Basal Body
(9 3)
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Apical Specialization #3: Stereocilia
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Lateral Surface Modifications: Junctional Complex
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“Zonula” – circumferential band, a “belt”
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“Macula” – a spot, or a patch
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1. Zonula Occludens – Tight Junction
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Zonula Occludens – crests fit into grooves, seals off intercellular space
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2. Zonula Adherens – attachment of actin filaments
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Zonula Adherens – cell to cell adhesion
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3. Macula Adherens (Desmosome) – two dense plaques on opposing membranes
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Desmosome – keratin (intermediate) filaments anchor to plaques; cell to cell attachment
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4. Gap Junction (Nexus) : - cell to cell transfer of ions and other small molecules - thus, for intercellular communications
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Basement Membrane (Basal Lamina)
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Chemical Composition of Basal Lamina
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Types of Epithelial Tissue
Simple Squamous, Surface View, Silver Stain
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Types of Epithelium (cont.)
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Simple Squamous # 1: Parietal Layer of Bowman’s Capsule (of Kidney) (Diag.)
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Simple Squamous # 2: Endothelium
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Simple Squamous # 3: Mesothelium
myo
card
ium
epica
rdium
endo
card
ium
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium # 1: Kidney Tubules
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CELLS OF PROXIMAL TUBULE
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Simple Cuboidal # 2: Follicular Cells of Thyroid Gland
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Simple Cuboidal # 3: Pigment Epithelium of Retina (diag.)
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Simple Columnar Epithelium # 1: Mucosa of Small Intestine
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Simple Columnar Epithelium w/ Striated Border
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Simple Columnar Epithelium #2 (w/ Cilia) : Mucosa of Oviduct (Fallopian Tube)
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Pseudo-Stratified Columnarw/ Cilia and Goblet =“Respiratory Epithelium”
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Pseudo-Stratified Columnar w/ Stereocilia : Ductus Epididymis , Ductus Deferens
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Stereocilia = Long Microvilli
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium, Keratinized (Dry): Epidermis of Skin
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Stratified Squamous, Non-Keratinized (Wet): Esophagus, Vagina
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Transitional Epithelium : Urinary Bladder, Ureter
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Transitional Epithelium = “Stretchable Epithelium”
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Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium: (rare) , Larger Ducts of Sweat and Salivary Glands
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Stratified Columnar Epithelium: (rare), Larger Ducts Sweat and Salivary Glands , and in…….
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Conjunctiva
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Formation of Glands
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Types of Gland as to Morphology
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Types of Gland as to Nature of Secretion
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Serous Acinus Mucous Acinus
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Mixed Muco-Serous Gland
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Serous Demilune (of Gianuzzi)
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Types of Gland as to Manner of Cell Participation During Secretion
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Release of Sperm Cell or Ovum :“Cytogenic Secretion”
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FUNCTIONS: 1. Structural Support 3. Repair 2. Defense 4. Storage a) Physical b) Immunological
SITES OF OCCURRENCE: ALL OVER THE BODY, IN ALL ORGANS: 1. Supports epithelium 2. Surrounds blood vessels, nerves, hollow viscera, solid organs 3. Fills in spaces and interstices forming compartments 4. Connects organ to organ
GENERAL PROPERTIES: 1. Less cells, more matrix 2. Highly vascular 3. Rapid rate of metabolism
BASIC STRUCTURE: 1. CELLS 2. MATRIX (EXTRA- / INTER-CELLULAR SUBSTANCE) - Fibers - Amorphous Ground substance
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CELLS:I. FIXED ( NATIVE ) 1. MESENCHYMAL CELL 2. FIBROBLAST 3. RETICULAR CELL 4. ADIPOCYTE (FAT CELL)
II. WANDERING 1. MACROPHAGE 2. MAST CELL 3. PLASMA CELL 4. LEUCOCYTES (WBC’ s)
MATRIXI. FIBERS 1. COLLAGENOUS 2. ELASTIC 3. RETICULAR
II. AMORPHOUS GROUND SUBSTANCE 1. PROTEOGLYCAN
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CLASSIFICATION:
A. CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER 1. LOOSE (AREOLAR) 2. DENSE a. REGULAR b. IRREGULAR
C. SPECIAL TYPES 1. ADIPOSE 2. MUCOUS 3. ELASTIC 4. RETICULAR 5. CARTILAGE 6. BONE 7. BLOOD 8. MYELOID 9. LYMPHOID
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Fibroblast, Mesenchymal Cell,and Reticular Cell have commonmorphology:1. Stellate cell2. Long cytoplasmic processes3. Central pale, ovoid nucleus with prominent nucleolus4. Features of protein-secreting cell: a) Abundant ribosomes (basophilia) b) Numerous RER c) Prominent Golgi complex d) Numerous mitochondria
FIXED CELLS
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1. FIBROBLAST = the “Matrix Maker”
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FIBROBLAST (CONT.)
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2. MESENCHYMAL CELL = the “Mother Cell”
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MESENCHYMAL CELL (CONT.)Adventitial Cells – Mesenchymal cells that remain undifferentiated in adult connective tissue
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3. RETICULAR CELL = “ Fiber Maker”, Stem cell, Immune Cell
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Reticular Cells in Stroma of Lymph Node
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4. ADIPOCYTE (FAT CELL) = the “Energy Keeper”
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UNILOCULAR ADIPOCYTES
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( At Times Yellow,due to Carotenoid Pigment)
, Unilocular
THE MORE ABUNDANT TYPE
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( Reddish- Brown color dueto mitochondrial cytochromes)
Limited in occurrence to the axillary region, posterior cervical triangles,and renal hilus of newborn and elderly.More intense metabolic activity.
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WANDERING CELLS
1. PLASMA CELL = the “ Antibody Producer”
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PLASMA CELL (LM)
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PLASMA CELL (EM)
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2. MAST CELL = the “ Allergy Agent”
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MAST CELL (EM)
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3. MACROPHAGE = the “ Intruder Swallower”
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MACROPHAGE (EM)
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MACROPHAGES COALESCE TO FORM – MULTINUCLEAR GIANT CELL
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4. LEUCOCYTES = the “ Precursors”
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1. COLLAGEN FIBERS = the “strength” (Collagen type I)
FIBERS
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COLLAGEN FIBERS (CONT.)
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2. ELASTIC FIBERS = the “Flexibility”
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ELASTIC FIBERS (CONT.)
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3. RETICULAR FIBERS = the “ Motile Cells’ Support” (Collagen Type III)
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TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
1. LOOSE (AREOLAR) CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE (CONT.)
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2. A) DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE – “Rope-like”
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2. B) DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE – “Fabric-like”
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3. MUCOUS / MESENCHYMAL / EMBRYONIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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4. ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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5. ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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6. RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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Matrix
Chondrocyte
Perichondrium
(Colloidal)
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Cartilage Matrix
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1. Hyaline Cartilage
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2. Elastic Cartilage
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3. Fibrous Cartilage
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CalcifiedMatrix
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Compact and Cancellous Bone
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Compact Bone
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Haversian and Volkmann’s Canals
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Cancellous or Spongy Bone
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Red Marrow
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Endochondral Ossification
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Intramembranous Ossification
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Skeletal Muscle
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Cardiac Muscle
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Intercalated Disc
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Smooth Muscle
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T-System of Skeletal Muscle
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T-System of Cardiac Muscle
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FORMED ELEMENTS OF BLOOD:
I. RBC (ERYTHROCYTES)II. WBC (LEUCOCYTES) A. GRANULOCYTES 1. NEUTROPHILS 2. EOSINOPHILS 3. BASOPHILS B. AGRANULOCYTES 1. LYMPHOCYTES 2. MONOCYTESIII. PLATELETS (THROMBOCYTES)
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7.5 u
1.9 u
R B C
1. SIZE AND SHAPEPHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
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RBC’s , WRIGHT’s STAIN
CentralPallor
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PLATELETS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, WRIGHT’s STAIN
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MEGAKARYOCYTE
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PLATELET’s 2 ZONES: HYALOMERE & GRANULOMERE
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W B C’s
2 GROUPS: GRANULOCYTES & AGRANULOCYTESSOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
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2 TYPES OF GRANULES IN LEUCOCYTES
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NEUTROPHILS (PMN=POLYMORPHONUCLEARS)
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EOSINOPHIL
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BASOPHIL
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LYMPHOCYTES (MN=MONONUCLEARS)
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MONOCYTE
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2 TYPES OF BONE MARROW: RED & YELLOWRED MARROW- CHIEF HEMOPOIETIC TISSUE IN MAN
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BONE MARROW
BONE MARROW SECTION
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BONE MARROW SMEAR
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STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
1. RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE FRAMEWORK
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2. CELLS: A) BLOOD CELLS AT VARIOUS MATURATIONAL STAGES B) CONN. TISSUE CELLS: FAT CELLS, MACROPHAGES, MAST CELLS, PLASMA CELLS, RETICULAR CELLS
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3. VASCULAR TREE: SINUSOIDS
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MONOPHYLETIC THEORY OF HEMOPOIESIS
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ERYTHROPOIESIS: BASIC CHANGES
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STAGES OF ERYTHROPOIESIS
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PROERYTHROBLAST
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BASOPHILIC , POLYCHROMATOPHILIC ERYTHROBLASTS
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POLYCHROMATOPHILIC, ORTHOCHROMATIC ERYTHROBLASTS
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ORTHOCHROMATIC ERYTHROBLASTS ( NORMOBLASTS )
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BASOPHILIC ERYTHROCYTE
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RETICULOCYTES ( BASOPHILIC ERYTHROCYTES )
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GRANULOPOIESIS: BASIC CHANGES (nucleus)
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GRANULOPOIESIS: BASIC CHANGES (cytoplasm)
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STAGES OF GRANULOPOIESIS
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PROMYELOCYTE
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BASOPHILIC MYELOCYTE
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EOSINOPHILIC MYELOCYTE
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NEUTROPHILIC METAMYELOCYTE
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THROMBOPOIESIS
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MEGAKARYOCYTE
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LYMPHOPOIESIS, MONOPOIESIS
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DEVELOPMENT OF B & T LYMPHOCYTES