basics of nfpa 45 – standard on fire protection for laboratories using chemicals thomas izbicki,...

Basics of Basics of NFPA 45 – Standard on Fire NFPA 45 – Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Protection for Laboratories

Using ChemicalsUsing Chemicals

Thomas Izbicki, P.E.Thomas Izbicki, P.E.

Rolf Jensen & Associates, Inc.Rolf Jensen & Associates, Inc.

Plano, TXPlano, TX

Rolf Jensen & Associates, Inc.Rolf Jensen & Associates, Inc. is a Registered is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members available on request.for non-AIA members available on request.

This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation. this presentation.

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© © Rolf Jensen & Associates, Rolf Jensen & Associates, Inc.Inc. 2009 2009

Presentation OverviewPresentation Overview What is a Laboratory?What is a Laboratory? Laboratory Unit ClassificationLaboratory Unit Classification Flammable and Combustible Liquid LimitsFlammable and Combustible Liquid Limits Fire ProtectionFire Protection Explosion HazardsExplosion Hazards Laboratory VentilationLaboratory Ventilation Chemical Storage and HandlingChemical Storage and Handling Gas Storage and UseGas Storage and Use Laboratory OperationsLaboratory Operations Hazard IdentificationHazard Identification

What is a Laboratory?What is a Laboratory?

LaboratoryLaboratory A workplace where chemicals are used A workplace where chemicals are used

or synthesized on a non-production or synthesized on a non-production basis.basis.

A facility where the containers used for A facility where the containers used for reactions, transfers, and handling of reactions, transfers, and handling of chemicals are designed to be chemicals are designed to be manipulated by one person.manipulated by one person.


Laboratory Work AreaLaboratory Work Area A room or space for testing, analysis, A room or space for testing, analysis,

research, instruction, or similar research, instruction, or similar activities that involve the use of activities that involve the use of chemicals.chemicals.


Laboratory UnitLaboratory Unit An enclosed space used for experiments An enclosed space used for experiments

or tests.or tests. May include one or more laboratory work May include one or more laboratory work

areas.areas. May include offices, lavatories, corridors, May include offices, lavatories, corridors,

and other incidental contiguous rooms.and other incidental contiguous rooms. May be a floor in a buildingMay be a floor in a building May be an entire building.May be an entire building.


Laboratory BuildingLaboratory Building A structure consisting wholly or A structure consisting wholly or

principally of one or more laboratory principally of one or more laboratory units.units.

Laboratory Units

NFPA 45-2004 edition, Figure D.2.4(a)

Laboratory Units

NFPA 45-2004 edition, Figure D.2.4(b)

NFPA 45-2004 edition, Figure D.2.4(c)

Laboratory Units

NFPA 45-2004 edition, Figure D.2.4(d)

NFPA 45-2004 edition, Figure D.2.4(e)

Applicability of NFPA 45

NFPA 45-2004 edition, Figure A.1.3

Objective of NFPA 45

Limit injury to: Occupants at the point of fire origin Emergency response personnel

Limit property loss to a single laboratory unit

Laboratory Unit Laboratory Unit Fire Hazard ClassificationFire Hazard Classification

Class A Unit = High Fire HazardClass A Unit = High Fire Hazard Class B Unit = Moderate Fire Class B Unit = Moderate Fire

HazardHazard Class C Unit = Low Fire HazardClass C Unit = Low Fire Hazard Class D Unit = Minimal Fire HazardClass D Unit = Minimal Fire Hazard

Laboratory Unit Laboratory Unit ClassificationClassification

Based on the quantity of:Based on the quantity of: Flammable liquidsFlammable liquids Combustible liquidsCombustible liquids Flammable gasesFlammable gases

Includes quantities in storage and Includes quantities in storage and useuse


Liquefied flammable gases = Class I Liquefied flammable gases = Class I flammable liquidsflammable liquids

How to classify hazardous materials?How to classify hazardous materials? CD ROM database:CD ROM database:

Hazardous Materials Expert AssistantHazardous Materials Expert Assistant www.iccsafe.org

Ask users to inventory existing materialsAsk users to inventory existing materials Look at worst-case user – types and Look at worst-case user – types and

quantityquantity


Lab Unit Lab Unit ClassificationClassification

Maximum Quantity Maximum Quantity

Class I Liquids Class I Liquids

per Lab Unit (gal)per Lab Unit (gal)

Maximum Quantity Maximum Quantity

Class I, II, IIIA Class I, II, IIIA Liquids per Lab Liquids per Lab

Unit (gal)Unit (gal)

AA 20 gal/100 ft20 gal/100 ft22

1,200 (max)1,200 (max)40 gal/100 ft40 gal/100 ft22

1600 max1600 max

BB 10 gal/100 ft10 gal/100 ft22

600 max600 max20 gal/100 ft20 gal/100 ft22

800 max800 max

CC 4 gal/100 ft4 gal/100 ft22


400 max400 max

DD 2 gal/100 ft2 gal/100 ft22


150 max150 max

Includes quantities in storage cabinets or safety cans


Lab Unit Lab Unit ClassificatiClassificati

onon

NFPA 101 NFPA 101 Occupancy Occupancy ClassificatiClassificati

onon

Area Limit per Area Limit per Lab Unit Lab Unit

(ft(ft22))

Vertical Vertical Fire Fire

Separation Separation

(hours)(hours)

AA IndustrialIndustrial 10,00010,000 2 2

90-min 90-min openingsopenings

BB IndustrialIndustrial 10,00010,000 1 1

45-min 45-min openingsopenings

CC IndustrialIndustrial No LimitNo Limit NotNot

RequiredRequired

DD BusinessBusiness No LimitNo Limit NotNot

RequiredRequired


No limit on number of lab units per No limit on number of lab units per floorfloor

No reduction of allowable quantities No reduction of allowable quantities based on vertical locationbased on vertical location

Supporting construction must carry Supporting construction must carry corresponding fire ratingcorresponding fire rating

Difficult to do Class A/B lab units in Difficult to do Class A/B lab units in multi-story Type IIB building!multi-story Type IIB building!

Lab Units vs. IBC Control Lab Units vs. IBC Control AreasAreas

IBC/IFC IBC/IFC Maximum Allowable Quantity (MAQ)Maximum Allowable Quantity (MAQ) Hazardous MaterialsHazardous Materials

Physical/Fire HazardsPhysical/Fire Hazards Health Hazard Health Hazard

Control AreasControl Areas Control Area ~ Lab UnitControl Area ~ Lab Unit Some jurisdictions require application of Some jurisdictions require application of

both control areas and lab units – both control areas and lab units – use use most restrictive most restrictive

Laboratory Unit Exit Laboratory Unit Exit AccessAccess

22ndnd means of exit access required from lab means of exit access required from lab work area if:work area if: Class A lab unit >500 ftClass A lab unit >500 ft22 Class B, C, or D lab unit >1,000 ftClass B, C, or D lab unit >1,000 ft22 Threat to exit access from:Threat to exit access from:

Explosion hazardExplosion hazard Hood adjacent to primary exit accessHood adjacent to primary exit access Flammable gas or health hazard 3 or 4 Flammable gas or health hazard 3 or 4

>lecture bottle size>lecture bottle size Cryogenic flammable gas or health hazard 3 Cryogenic flammable gas or health hazard 3

or 4or 4

Laboratory Unit Exit Laboratory Unit Exit AccessAccess

Exit access door swingExit access door swing Class A and B lab work areasClass A and B lab work areas

Direction of exit travelDirection of exit travel Any occupant loadAny occupant load

Class C and D lab work areasClass C and D lab work areas May swing against the direction of exit May swing against the direction of exit

travel if occupant load < 50travel if occupant load < 50 May be a horizontal sliding door per NFPA May be a horizontal sliding door per NFPA

101101

Fire ProtectionFire Protection

Automatic sprinkler system required in all new Automatic sprinkler system required in all new labslabs

Sprinkler Density:Sprinkler Density: Ordinary Hazard Group 2 – A/B lab unitsOrdinary Hazard Group 2 – A/B lab units Ordinary Hazard Group 1 – C/D lab unitsOrdinary Hazard Group 1 – C/D lab units

Portable Fire ExtinguishersPortable Fire Extinguishers Class A Units = Extra (high) HazardClass A Units = Extra (high) Hazard Class B, C, D Units = Ordinary (moderate) HazardClass B, C, D Units = Ordinary (moderate) Hazard

StandpipesStandpipes Lab buildings 2 or more stories above or below Lab buildings 2 or more stories above or below

gradegrade


Fire Alarm SystemFire Alarm System Class A and B Units – manual system Class A and B Units – manual system

requiredrequired Must alert local emergency responders Must alert local emergency responders

or public fire departmentor public fire department Fire Prevention ProceduresFire Prevention Procedures

Chemical handling and storageChemical handling and storage Hot work permitsHot work permits Portable electric cordsPortable electric cords Smoking areasSmoking areas


Laboratory Emergency PlansLaboratory Emergency Plans Alarm activationAlarm activation Evacuation and building re-entryEvacuation and building re-entry Equipment shut downEquipment shut down Fire fighting operationsFire fighting operations Non-fire hazards that threaten Non-fire hazards that threaten

emergency operationsemergency operations

Explosion HazardsExplosion Hazards

Storage or formation of materials Storage or formation of materials with an instability hazard rating of 4with an instability hazard rating of 4

Highly exothermic reactions Highly exothermic reactions Polymerization, oxidations, Polymerization, oxidations,

hydrogenation, etc.hydrogenation, etc. High pressure reactionsHigh pressure reactions Explosion hazards as determined by Explosion hazards as determined by

a qualified person a qualified person

Explosion ProtectionExplosion Protection

Limit amounts of flammable or reactive Limit amounts of flammable or reactive chemicalschemicals

Fire detection interlocked with deluge Fire detection interlocked with deluge sprinklerssprinklers

Local fume hood suppressionLocal fume hood suppression Explosion suppressionExplosion suppression Explosion resistant constructionExplosion resistant construction Explosion ventingExplosion venting

Laboratory VentilationLaboratory Ventilation

Dedicated exhaust required for each lab unit – Dedicated exhaust required for each lab unit – to exterior, or rated shaft, or to mechanical to exterior, or rated shaft, or to mechanical penthouse penthouse

Fire dampers not permitted in lab exhaust Fire dampers not permitted in lab exhaust duct systemsduct systems Potential alternatives:Potential alternatives:

Enclose exhaust for 10 feet either side of rated Enclose exhaust for 10 feet either side of rated penetrationpenetration

Use sub-ducts per NFPA 45: A.8.10.3.1Use sub-ducts per NFPA 45: A.8.10.3.1 Dedicated exhaust duct risersDedicated exhaust duct risers 22-inch sub-ducts with continuous upward air 22-inch sub-ducts with continuous upward air

movementmovement

Laboratory VentilationLaboratory Ventilation Negative pressure vs. corridors and Negative pressure vs. corridors and

non-lab areanon-lab area DuctsDucts

Non-combustible materialsNon-combustible materials Combustible material with Flame Spread ≤ Combustible material with Flame Spread ≤

2525 FansFans

Conveying corrosive, flammable or Conveying corrosive, flammable or combustible vaporscombustible vapors Flame Spread ≤ 25Flame Spread ≤ 25 Non-ferrous or spark-resistantNon-ferrous or spark-resistant

Laboratory VentilationLaboratory Ventilation

Hood interiors Hood interiors Flame Spread ≤ 25 by NFPA 255Flame Spread ≤ 25 by NFPA 255 Sprinklered for special casesSprinklered for special cases

Flame spread > 25Flame spread > 25 Hazard analysisHazard analysis

Airflow measuring device at each Airflow measuring device at each hoodhood

Chemical Storage and Chemical Storage and HandlingHandling

Container types and maximum sizes Container types and maximum sizes listed in Table 10.1.4:listed in Table 10.1.4: MaterialMaterial

Flammable liquidsFlammable liquids Combustible liquidsCombustible liquids

Container typeContainer type GlassGlass Safety canSafety can Metal and Metal DOTMetal and Metal DOT PolyethylenePolyethylene

Chemical Storage and Chemical Storage and HandlingHandling

Educational and Instructional Labs ContainersEducational and Instructional Labs Containers Maximum 2.1 gallon size for Class I or Class II liquids Maximum 2.1 gallon size for Class I or Class II liquids 1.0 gallon maximum for safety cans1.0 gallon maximum for safety cans

Transfer of Class I liquids from < 5 gallon Transfer of Class I liquids from < 5 gallon containers:containers: In lab hoodIn lab hood Ventilated area with LEL < 25%Ventilated area with LEL < 25% NFPA 30 compliant roomNFPA 30 compliant room

Transfer of Class I liquids from ≥ 5 gallon Transfer of Class I liquids from ≥ 5 gallon containers:containers: In separate area outside building; orIn separate area outside building; or In NFPA 30 compliant roomIn NFPA 30 compliant room

Gas Storage and UseGas Storage and Use Ventilated hood required for lecture bottles:Ventilated hood required for lecture bottles:

Health hazard 3 or 4Health hazard 3 or 4 Health hazard 2 with no physiological warning Health hazard 2 with no physiological warning

propertiesproperties Pyrophoric gasesPyrophoric gases

Gas cabinet and NFPA 55 compliance Gas cabinet and NFPA 55 compliance required for cylinders:required for cylinders: Health hazard 3 or 4Health hazard 3 or 4 Health hazard 2 with no warning propertiesHealth hazard 2 with no warning properties

Sprinklered gas cabinet required for Sprinklered gas cabinet required for pyrophoric gas cylinderspyrophoric gas cylinders

Gas Storage and UseGas Storage and Use

Gas quantity limits for areas Gas quantity limits for areas << 500ft500ft22:: Flammable – 6.0 ftFlammable – 6.0 ft33

Oxidizing – 6.0 ftOxidizing – 6.0 ft33

Liquefied flammable – 1.2 ftLiquefied flammable – 1.2 ft33

Health hazard 3 or 4 – 0.3 ftHealth hazard 3 or 4 – 0.3 ft33


Gas quantity limits for areas Gas quantity limits for areas >500ft>500ft22:: Flammable – 0.012 ftFlammable – 0.012 ft33 per ft per ft22

Oxidizing – 0.012 ftOxidizing – 0.012 ft33 per ft per ft22

Liquefied flammable – 0.0018 ftLiquefied flammable – 0.0018 ft33 per ft per ft22

Health hazard 3 or 4 – 0.0006 ftHealth hazard 3 or 4 – 0.0006 ft33 per ft per ft22


Cylinders not “in use” shall not be Cylinders not “in use” shall not be stored in a laboratory unit.stored in a laboratory unit.

Number of lecture bottles – 25 Number of lecture bottles – 25 maximummaximum

Outdoor storageOutdoor storage No toxic or flammable gas cylinders:No toxic or flammable gas cylinders:

Within 6 feet of windows, doors, other Within 6 feet of windows, doors, other openingsopenings

Within 30 feet of ventilation intakesWithin 30 feet of ventilation intakes

Laboratory OperationsLaboratory Operations

Unattended electrical heating Unattended electrical heating operationsoperations Manual reset over-temperature shutoffManual reset over-temperature shutoff

Electrical equipment (eg. hot plates) Electrical equipment (eg. hot plates) classified for flammable or classified for flammable or combustible liquids and installed per combustible liquids and installed per NFPA 70, National Electric CodeNFPA 70, National Electric Code

Ovens and Furnaces – per NFPA 86Ovens and Furnaces – per NFPA 86

Hazard IdentificationHazard Identification

Aid Emergency OperationsAid Emergency Operations Identification of entrances to labsIdentification of entrances to labs Fire fighting plansFire fighting plans Marking of hazardous exhaust systemsMarking of hazardous exhaust systems Container labelingContainer labeling

Thank You For Your Thank You For Your Time!Time!

Questions?Questions?

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basics of nfpa 45 – standard on fire protection for laboratories using chemicals thomas izbicki,...

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