basics on political law doctrines

8/17/2019 Basics on Political Law Doctrines

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Political law and Public International law 1

POLITICAL LAW DOCTRINES

POLITICAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL LAW PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW Archipelago Doctrine Doctrine of IncorporationDoctrine of Constittional Spre!ac" Doctrine of Transfor!ationDoctrine of #$icial Spre!ac" Doctrine of %alifie$ I!!nit"Doctrine of Ripeness for #$icial Re&ie' Doctrine of (ot PrsitDoctrine of Parens Patriae Doctrine of Une)al TreatiesDoctrine of Proper S*!ission Doctrine of #s CogensDoctrine of Separation of Po'ers Doctrine of State Responsi*ilit"Doctrine of Separation of Chrch an$ State Doctrine of Effecti&e Nationalit"Doctrine of State Continit" Pacta Snt Ser&an$a

Act of State Doctrine Re*s Sic Stanti*sDoctrine of State I!!nit" Pacta TertiisDoctrine of Restricti&e So&ereign I!!nit" Doctrine of I!!e!orial PrescriptionDoctrine of E+ecti&e I!!nit" ,onroe DoctrineDoctrine of So&ereign E)alit" of States Asiatic ,onroe DoctrinePolitical %estion Doctrine Balance of Po'er DoctrineDoctrine of Inappropriate Pro&ision Tr!an DoctrineDoctrine of Ag!entation (interlan$ DoctrineSte'ar$ship Doctrine Wilson or To*ar DoctrineDoctrine of -air Co!!ent Sti!son DoctrineEnrolle$ Bill Doctrine Estra$a DoctrineRegalian Doctrine Thal'eg Doctrine,iran$a Doctrine ,i$$le of the Bri$ge DoctrineS"!*iotic Relation Doctrine Cal&o DoctrineDoctrine of In$eli*le Allegiance Drago DoctrineDoctrine of I!plie$ Election Ulti!ate DestinationDoctrine of -rit of Poisonos Tree Doctrine of Infection

Plain .ie' Doctrine Doctrine of Ulti!ate Cons!ptionDoctrine of Sper&ening E&ent Doctrine of Continos &o"ageO&er*rea$th Doctrine Doctrine of Reciprocit"

Principle of Ato li!itation

ELECTION LAWDoctrine of Statistical I!pro*a*ilit"

LAW ON PUBLIC CORPORATIONS/ LOCAL 0O.ERN,ENTDoctrine of I!plie$ ,nicipal Lia*ilit"

LAW O- PUBLIC O--ICERSDoctrine of Necessar" I!plicationDoctrine of Co!!an$ Responsi*ilit"Lego DoctrineDoctrine of -orgi&eness or Con$onation(ol$ O&er Doctrine

AD,INISTRATI.E LAWDoctrine of Res #$icata in A$!inistrati&e La'Doctrine of Prior Resort or Doctrine of Pri!ar" A$!inistrati&e #ris$ictionDoctrine of E+hastion of A$!inistrati&e Re!e$ies

Doctrine of -inalit" of A$!inistrati&e ActionDoctrine of S*or$inate LegislationDoctrine of Legislati&e Appro&al *" ReEnact!entBran$eis Doctrine of Assi!ilation of -actsDoctrine of %alifie$ Political Agenc" or Alter Ego Doctrine


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Archipelago DoctrineIt e!phasi3es the nit" of lan$ an$ 'aters *" $efining an

archipelago either as a grop of islan$s srron$e$ *" 'aters or a *o$" of'aters st$$e$ 'ith islan$s4 -or this prpose5 it re)ires that *aselines*e $ra'n *" connecting the appropriate points of the oter!ost islan$s toencircle the islan$s 'ithin the archipelago4 The 'aters on the lan$ 'ar$si$e of the *aselines regar$less of their *rea$th or $i!ensions are internal'aters4

Doctrine of Constitutional SupremacyThe Constittion is the *asic an$ para!ont la' of the lan$ to

'hich all other la's !st confor! an$ to 'hich all persons5 incl$ing thehighest officials of the lan$5 !st $efer4 No la' or act shall *e &ali$ if it

conflicts 'ith the Constittion4

Doctrine of u!icial SupremacyThe po'er of the 6$iciar" to annl the acts of either the legislati&e

or the e+ecti&e *ranches of go&ern!ent5 or of *oth5 'hen notconfor!a*le to the fn$a!ental la'4 (Assn. of Small Landowners v. Secretary of

Agrarian Reform, 175 SCRA 343

Doctrine of Ripeness for u!icial Re"ie#The *asic principle of ripeness is that the 6$icial !achiner" shol$

*e conser&e$ for pro*le!s 'hich are real an$ present an$ i!!inent5 an$shol$ not *e s)an$ere$ on pro*le!s 'hich are ftre5 i!aginar" orre!ote4

An isse is nor!all" ripe for 6$icial $eter!ination 'hen theinterests of the plaintiff are5 in fact s*6ecte$ to or i!!inentl" threatene$'ith s*stantial in6r" (!e Leon, Administrative Law, ". 3#$%3#1

Doctrine of Parens PatriaeLiterall"5 parent of the people4 It refers to the State po'er to

7enforce all charities of a p*lic natre48 It li9e'ise incl$es the po'er ofthe State to pro&i$e ai$5 legal5 !aterial5 or other'ise to the less fortnateor those 'hose social stats is econo!icall" lo' in a $e!ocratic societ"4(&olledo, Constit'tion Annotated, ". 5$

Doctrine of Proper Su$missionPle*iscite !a" *e hel$ on the sa!e $a" of the reglar election *t

onl" in one ple*iscite :on)ales v. Comelec, *1 SCRA 774

Doctrine of Separation of Po#ersThe !a6or po'ers of go&ern!ent are actall" $istri*te$ *" the

Constittion a!ong the se&eral $epart!ents na!el" the legislati&e5e+ecti&e an$ the 6$iciar"5 an$ the Constittional Co!!issions for theirproper e+ercise4 It precl$es one *ranch of the go&ern!ent fro!e+ercising or in&a$ing the po'ers of another4

Doctrine of Separation of Church an! StateE+presse$ in sec. +, Art of the Constittion 'hich states that -/e

se"aration of C/'rc/ and State s/all 0e inviola0le an$ reinforce$ *" theNonesta*lish!ent Clase an$ -ree E+ercise Clase containe$ in sec. 5,

Art. of the Bill of Rights4


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Political law and Public International law ;

Doctrine of State ContinuityThe State contines as a 6ristic *eing not'ithstan$ing changes in

its circ!stances "rovided that the" $o not reslt in the loss of an" of itsessential ele!ents4

Act of State Doctrine

• n 2olitical Law < It is an act $one *" the political $epart!ents of

the go&ern!ent an$ not s*6ect to 6$icial re&ie'4

• n nternational Law It !eans that e&er" so&ereign state is

*on$ to respect the in$epen$ence of e&er" other state an$ thecorts of one contr" 'ill not sit in 6$g!ent on the acts of thego&ern!ent of another $one 'ithin its territor"4

Doctrine of State ImmunityThe State !a" not *e se$ 'ithot its consent :sec.3, Art. 1+, Constit'tion.

Doctrine of Restricti"e So"ereign ImmunityWhen a State enters into a contract5 it $oes not follo' that there is

an i!plie$ consent to se4 It !st ta9e into accont 'hether the stateentere$ in 's im"erii :so&ereign acts= 'here sit 'ill not lie *t not 'here

's gestionis :proprietar" acts= is in&ol&e$4 (S v. R'i), 13+ SCRA 4#7

Doctrine of E%ecuti"e Immunity

Originall" fon$e$ pon the i$ea in ,e$ie&al Englan$ that the7King can do no wrong .8

In the Philippine setting5 it is the i!!nit" fro! sit of theinc!*ent Presi$ent4 In n Re Sat'rnino 6erm'de) (145 SCRA 1$, it'as rle$ that 7inc!*ent Presi$ents are i!!ne fro! sit or fro! *eing*roght to cort $ring the perio$ of their inc!*enc" an$ tenre8 but notbeyond .

Doctrine of So"ereign E&uality of States An e)al cannot e+ercise 6ris$iction against another e)al for it

'ill n$l" &e+ the peace of nations5 in &iolation of the !a+i! 7 "ar in

"arem non /a0et im"eri'm. (Sy'ia v. Almeda%Lo"e), #4 2/ils. 31*

Political 'uestion DoctrineRefers to those )estions 'hich n$er the Constittion<:1= are to *e $eci$e$ *" the people in their so&ereign capacit"5:2= or in regar$ to 'hich fll $iscretionar" athorit" has *een

$elegate$ to the Legislati&e or E+ecti&e *ranch of go&ern!ent4It is concerne$ 'ith isses $epen$ent pon the 'is$o!5 notlegalit" of a particlar !easre4 (8strada v. 9A, R. &o.14+71$%15

Doctrine of Inappropriate Pro"ision

An" pro&ision 'hich $oes not relate to an" particlar ite!5 or 'hiche+ten$s in its operation *e"on$ an ite! of appropriation is consi$ere$ an7inappropriate pro&ision8 'hich can *e &etoe$ separatel" fro! an ite!4

Also to *e incl$e$ in the categor" of 7inappropriate pro&isions8 arenconstittional pro&isions an$ pro&isions 'hich are inten$e$ to a!en$other la's *ecase clearl"5 these 9in$ of la's ha&e no place in anappropriation la'4 >2/ilconsa v. 8nri'e) *35 SCRA 5$7 (1::4;


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Political law and Public International law ?

Doctrine of Augmentation A prohi*ition against transfer of appropriations (see sec. *5, Art. 9emory Aid, ".4*

Ste#ar!ship DoctrinePri&ate propert" is sppose$ to *e hel$ *" the in$i&i$al onl" as a

trstee for the people 'ho are its real o'ners4

Doctrine of (air Comment-air co!!entaries on !atters of p*lic interest are pri&ilege$ an$

constitte a &ali$ $efense in an action for li*el or slan$er4It !eans that 'hile in general5 e&er" $iscre$ita*le i!ptation

p*licl" !a$e is $ee!e$ false5 *ecase e&er" !an is pres!e$ innocentntil his gilt is 6$iciall" pro&e$5 an$ e&er" false i!ptation is $ee!e$!alicios5 ne&ertheless5 'hen the $iscre$ita*le i!ptation is $irecte$against a p*lic person in his p*lic capacit"5 it is not necessaril"actiona*le unless it *e false allegations of fact or co!!ent *ase$ on afalse spposition4 If the co!!ent is an e+pression of opinion5 *ase$ onfacts5 then it is i!!aterial that the opinion happens to *e !ista9en as longas it !ight reasona*l" *e inferre$ fro! the facts4 (6oral v. CA, 5$1 SCRA 1

Enrolle! )ill Doctrine*The enrolle$ *ill is conclsi&e pon the corts not onl" as regar$s

the pro&isions thereof *t also its $e enact!ent in o*ser&ance of theprinciple of separation of po'ers4

ENROLLED BILL5 $efine$< one 'hich has *een $l" intro$ce$5 finall"passe$ *" *oth hoses of Congress5 signe$ *" the proper offices ofeach5 appro&e$ *" the Presi$ent an$ file$ *" the Secretar" of the State4

Regalian DoctrineIn p*lic la'5 a $istinction is !a$e *et'een im"eri'm an$

domini'm4 m"eri'm is the go&ern!ent athorit" possesse$ *" the Statee+presse$ in the concept of so&ereignt"4 !omini'm is the capacit" of theState to o'n or ac)ire propert"4 !omini'm5 'hich 'as the fon$ation forthe earl" Spanish $ecrees e!*racing the fe$al theor" of +ura regalia thatall lan$s 'ere hel$ fro! the Cro'n5 is also the fon$ation of the firstsentence of section 24 As a$opte$ in a rep*lican s"ste!5 ho'e&er5 the!e$ie&al concept of 'ra regalia has *een strippe$ of regalian o&ertones@o'nership is &este$ in the State5 not in the hea$ of State*e hePresi$ent or Pri!e ,inister4 (6ernas Reviewer citing Lee ?ong @o> v. !avid, 4#SCRA 37*,377

Art. , sec. * of the Constittion states< 7All lan$s of the p*lic

$o!ain5 'aters5 !inerals5 coal5 petrole!5 an$ other !ineral oils5 allforces of potential energ"5 fisheries5 forests or ti!*er5 'il$life5 flora an$fana5 an$ other natral resorces are o'ne$ *" the State4 With thee+ception of agricltral lan$s5 all other natral resorces shall not *ealienate$4 8


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Political law and Public International law

,iran!a Doctrine

Rights a&aila*le $ring csto$ial in&estigation or incsto$"interrogation of an accse$ person5 'hich has *een $efine$ as an")estioning initiate$ *" la' enforce!ent officers after a person has *eenta9en into csto$" or other'ise $epri&e$ of his free$o! of action in an"significant 'a"4

The rle *egins to operate as soon as the in&estigation ceases to*e a general in)ir" into an nsol&e$ cri!e an$ $irection is then ai!e$pon a particlar sspect 'ho has *een ta9en into csto$" an$ to 'ho!the police 'ol$ then $irect interrogator" )estions 'hich ten$ to elicitincri!inating state!ents4

RI0(TS A.AILABLE n$er the ,IRANDA DOCTRINE<:1= The right to re!ain silent:2= The right to a co!petent an$ in$epen$ent consel prefera*l" of his o'n choice at all

stages of the in&estigation4:;= The right to *e infor!e$ of sch rights4 /ese rig/ts cannot 0e waived eBce"t in

writing and signed 0y t/e "erson in t/e "resence of /is co'nsel.:?= No tortre5 force5 &iolence5 threat5 inti!i$ation5 or an" other !eans 'hich &itiates the

free 'ill shall *e se$ against hi!4:= Secret $etention places5 solitar"5 inco!!nica$o5 or other si!ilar for!s of $etention

are prohi*ite$4:= An" confession or a$!ission o*taine$ in &iolation of this or section 1 hereof shall *e

ina$!issi*le in e&i$ence against hi!4:= The la' shall pro&i$e for penal an$ ci&il sanctions for &iolations of this section5 as 'ell

as co!pensation to an$ reha*ilitation of &icti!s of tortre or si!ilar practices5 as 'ellas their fa!ilies48

(see sec. 1*, Art. , 1:#7 Constit'tion

Sym$iotic Relation DoctrineThe i!portance of ta+ation is $e to the na&oi$a*le o*ligation of

the go&ern!ent to protect the people an$ e+ten$ the! *enefits in the for!of p*lic pro6ects an$ ser&ices5 an$ in retrn5 the citi3ens ha&e thereciprocal $t" of sharing the e+penses to *e incrre$ in carr"ing scho*ligation throgh the pa"!ent of ta+es4

Doctrine of In!eli$le Allegiance An in$i&i$al !a" *e co!pelle$ to retain his original nationalit"

e&en if he has alrea$" renonce$ or forfeite$ it n$er the la's of thesecon$ state 'hose nationalit" he has ac)ire$4

Doctrine of Implie! ElectionThe e+ercise of the right of sffrage an$ participation in election

e+ercise constitte a positi&e act of election of Philippine citi3enship4 (n relorencio 9allari D Co v. ?R8, 1:: SCRA +:*

Doctrine of (ruit of a Poisonous Tree

Once the pri!ar" sorce :tree= is sho'n to ha&e *een nla'fll"o*taine$5 an" secon$ar" or $eri&ati&e e&i$ence :frit= $eri&e$ fro! it isalso ina$!issi*le4 The rle is *ase$ on the principle that e&i$ence illegall"o*taine$ *" the state shol$ not *e se$ to gain other e&i$ence5 *ecasethe originall" illegall" o*taine$ e&i$ence taints all e&i$ence s*se)entl"o*taine$4


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Political law and Public International law

Plain "ie# !octrineO*6ects falling in plain &ie' of an officer 'ho has a right to *e in the

position to ha&e that &ie' are s*6ect to sei3re e&en 'ithot search'arrant an$ sch o*6ects !a" *e intro$ce$ in e&i$ence4

Doctrine of Super"ening E"entThe accse$ !a" *e prosecte$ for another offense if a

s*se)ent $e&elop!ent changes the character of the first in$ict!entn$er 'hich he !a" alrea$" ha&e *een charge$ or con&icte$4

O"er$rea!th DoctrineE&en thogh the go&ern!entFs prposes are legiti!ate an$

s*stantial5 the" cannot *e prse$ *" !eans that *roa$l" stifflefn$a!ental personal li*erties5 'hen the en$ can *e !ore narro'l"achie&e$4 (A6S%C6& v. Comelec, 3*3 SCRA #11E Lect'res of Atty. Sandoval, SSC%RLaw, 6ar Review Center

ELECTION LAW

Doctrine of Statistical Impro$a$ility a-.-a- Lagum$ay DoctrineThis rle states that<

a4 'here there e+ists nifor!it" in the tallies of can$i$ates*elonging to one part"@

*4 the s"ste!atic *lan9ing ot of the opposing can$i$ates5as 'hen all the can$i$ates of one part" recei&e$ all the&otes5 each of 'ho! got e+actl" the sa!e n!*er5 an$the opposing can$i$ates got 3ero &otes

the election retrns are o*&iosl" !anfactre$5 contrar" to allstatistical pro*a*ilities an$ tterl" i!pro*a*le an$ clearl" incre$i*le4(Lag'm0ay v. Comelec, 1+ SCRA 175

LAW O- PUBLIC O--ICERS

Doctrine of Necessary Implication All po'ers necessar" for the effecti&e e+ercise of the e+press

po'ers of a p*lic officer are $ee!e$ i!plie$l" grante$4

Doctrine of Comman! Responsi$ility A sperior officer is lia*le for acts of his s*or$inates 'hen he

negligentl" or 'illfll" e!plo"s or retains nfit or inco!petents*or$inates4 (arcia, 2re%=ee> Reviewer

A hea$ of a $epart!ent or a sperior officer shall not *e ci&ill"lia*le for the 'rongfl acts5 o!issions of $t"5 negligence or !isfeasanceof his s*or$inates nless he has actall" athori3e$ *" 'ritten or$er thespecific act or !iscon$ct co!plaine$ of4 FSec. 3#, (3, C/a"ter :, 6oo> ,

Administrative Code;


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Political law and Public International law G

Doctrine of Legislati"e Appro"al $y Re0EnactmentThe rles an$ reglations pro!lgate$ *" the proper a$!inistrati&e

agenc" i!ple!enting the la' are $ee!e$ confir!e$ an$ appro&e$ *" theLegislatre 'hen sai$ la' 'as reenacte$ *" later legislation or throghco$ification4 The Legislatre is pres!e$ to ha&e fll 9no'le$ge of thecontents of the reglations then at the ti!e of the reenact!ent4

)ran!eis Doctrine of Assimilation of (actsOne prports to *e fin$ing of fact *t is so in&ol&e$ 'ith an$

$epen$ent pon a )estion of la' as to *e in s*stance an$ effect a

$ecision on the latter5 corts 'ill re&ie' the entire case incl$ing the latter4

Doctrine of E%haustion of A!ministrati"e Reme!ies A rle that *efore a part" is allo'e$ to see9 the inter&ention of the

cort5 it is a precon$ition that he shol$ ha&e a&aile$ of all the !eans ofa$!inistrati&e processes affor$e$ hi!4 (nion 6an> v. CA, *:$ SCRA 1:#

This $octrine is $isregar$e$ 'hen<14 there is &iolation of $e process@24 the isse in&ol&e$ is prel" a legal )estion@;4 there is estoppel on the part of the a$!inistrati&e agenc" concerne$@?4 the a$!inistrati&e action is patentl" illegal a!onting to lac9 or e+cess of

6ris$iction@4 there is irrepara*le in6r"@4 the respon$ent is a $epart!ent secretar" 'hose acts as an alter ego of the

Presi$ent *ears the i!plie$ an$ ass!e$ appro&al of the latter@4 to re)ire e+hastion of a$!inistrati&e re!e$ies 'ol$ *e nreasona*leG4 it 'ol$ a!ont to nllification of a clai!@H4 the s*6ect !atter is pri&ate lan$ in lan$ case procee$ing@14 the rle $oes not pro&i$e a plain5 spee$" an$ a$e)ate re!e$"@ an$5114 there are circ!stances in$icating the rgenc" of 6$icial inter&ention

F2aat vs. CA, *++ SCRA 1+7, (1::7;

Doctrine of 'ualifie! Political Agency or Alter Ego Doctrine All e+ecti&e an$ a$!inistrati&e organi3ations are a$6ncts of the

EJECUTI.E DEPART,ENT4 The hea$s of the &arios e+ecti&e$epart!ents are assistants an$ agents of the Chief E+ecti&e5 an$ eBce"tin cases w/ere t/e C/ief 8Bec'tive is re'ired 0y t/e Constit'tion or lawto act "ersonally 5 the !ltifarios e+ecti&e an$ a$!inistrati&e fnctions ofthe Chief E+ecti&e are perfor!e$ *" an$ throgh the e+ecti&e$epart!ents5 an$ the acts of the Secretaries of sch $epart!ents5perfor!e$ an$ pro!lgate$ in the reglar corse of *siness5 are5 'nless disa""roved or re"ro0ated 0y t/e C/ief 8Bec'tive are presumpti"ely the acts of the Chief E+ecti&e4 FGoson v. orres, *:$ SCRA *7: (1::#;

LOCAL 0O.ERN,ENT

Doctrine of Implie! ,unicipal Lia$ility A !nicipalit" !a" *eco!e o*ligate$ pon an i!plie$ contract to

pa" the reasona*le &ale of the *enefits accepte$ or appropriate$ *" it asto 'hich it has the general po'er to contract (2rovince of Ce0' v. AC, 147SCRA 4474 The $octrine applies to all cases 'here !one" or otherpropert" of a part" is recei&e$ n$er sch circ!stances that the generalla'5 in$epen$ent of an e+press contract5 i!plies an o*ligation to $o 6stice'ith respect to the sa!e4 (&ac/'ra, Reviewer, *$$$, ". 431


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Political law and Public International law H

PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW

Doctrine of IncorporationRles of international la' for! part of the la' of the lan$ an$ no

frther legislati&e action is nee$e$ to !a9e sch rles applica*le in the$o!estic sphere4

The $octrine is recogni3e$ in the Philippines throgh sec. *, Art. of t/e Constit'tion as the Philippines 7a$opts the generall" accepte$principles of international la' as part of the la' of the lan$48 Rles of

international la' are gi&en e)al stan$ing 'ith5 *t are not sperior to5national legislati&e enact!ents4 Ths5 the Constittion as the highest la'of the lan$ !a" in&ali$ate a treat" in conflict 'ith it4 (Sec. of G'stice v. ?on.Lantion, Gan. 1#, *$$$

Doctrine of TransformationInternational la' is not "er se *in$ing pon the State4 Sch !st

first *e e!*o$ie$ in legislation enacte$ *" the la'!a9ing *o$" an$ sotransfor!e$ into !nicipal la'4 Onl" 'hen so transfor!e$ 'ill theinternational la' *eco!e *in$ing pon the State as part of its !nicipalla'4

The $octrine of transfor!ation is fon$ in the Philippines throghthe Treaty Clause5 sec. *1, Art.


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Doctrine of State Responsi$ility for In+ury to aliens A state is n$er the o*ligation to !a9e reparations to the other

state for the failre to flfill its pri!ar" o*ligation to affor$ in accor$ance'ith international la'5 the proper protection $e to the alien national of thelatter state4 The state !a" therefore *e hel$ lia*le for the in6ries an$$a!ages sstaine$ *" the alien 'hile in the territor" of the state if@

i4 the act or o!ission constittes an international $elin)enc"ii4 the act or o!ission is $irectl" or in$irectl" i!pta*le to thestate

iii4 in6r" to the clai!ant state in$irectl" *ecase of $a!ages toits nationals4

Doctrine of Effecti"e NationalityThis principle is e+presse$ in Art4 5 of the (age Con&ention of

1H; on the Conflict of Nationalit" La's as follo's<

Art44 Within a thir$ State5 a person ha&ing !ore than onenationalit" shall *e treate$ as if he ha$ onl" one4 Withot pre6$ice to theapplication of its la' in !atters of personal stats an$ of an" con&entionin force5 a thir$ State shall5 of the nationalities 'hich an" sch personpossesses5 recogni3e e+clsi&el" in its territor" either the nationalit" ofthe contr" 'ith 'hich in the circ!stances he appears to *e in fact !ostclosel" connecte$4

Pacta Sunt Ser"an!aE&er" treat" in force is *in$ing pon the parties an$ !st *e

perfor!e$ *" the! in goo$ faith4 This applies $espite har$ships on thecontracting State5 sch as conflict *et'een the treat" an$ its Constittion4

Re$us Sic Stanti$us A part" is not *on$ to perfor! a treat" if there has *een a

fn$a!ental change of circ!stances since the treat" 'as concl$e$4t /as 0een descri0ed as t/e eBce"tion to t/e r'le on "acta s'nt servanda.The principle 6stifies the nonperfor!ance of a treat" o*ligation if thes*se)ent con$ition in relation to 'hich the parties contracte$ haschange$ so !ateriall" an$ ne+pecte$l" as to create a sitation in 'hichthe e+action of perfor!ance 'ol$ *e nreasona*le4

Re*s Sic Stanti*s !a" not *e in&o9e$ as a gron$ forter!inating or 'ith$ra'ing fro! a treat"<

14 if the treat" esta*lishes a *on$ar"@24 if the 7fn$a!ental change8 is the reslt of a *reach *"

the part" in&o9ing it5 of an o*ligation n$er a treat" or ofan" other o*ligation o'e$ to an" part" to the treat"4

Pacta Tertiis A state is not *on$ to act in accor$ance 'ith a treat" if it is not a

part" to that treat"4 The e+ception is that if that treat" co$ifies csto!ar"international la'5 in 'hich case5 the state re!ains *on$4


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2rotius Doctrine of Immemorial PrescriptionTerritor" !a" also *e ac)ire$ throgh continos an$

ninterrpte$ possession o&er a long perio$ of ti!e4 In international la'5ho'e&er5 there is no rle of th!* as to the length of ti!e nee$e$ for theac)isition of territor" throgh prescription4 In this connection5 consi$erthe roti's !octrine of mmemorial 2rescri"tion5 'hich spea9s ofninterrpte$ possession going *e"on$ !e!or"4 (&ac/'ra, ". 47:

,onroe DoctrineEnnciate$ *" US Presi$ent ,onroe4 The $octrine pro&i$e$< :1=

That there shol$ *e no frther coloni3ation *" Eropean po'ers in the A!erican continents@ :2= That there shol$ *e no e+tension of theEropean political s"ste! to an" portion of the he!isphere@ an$ :;= Thatthere shol$ *e no Eropean interposition in the affairs of e+istinggo&ern!ents in the A!ericas for the prpose of oppressing the!5 orcontrolling in an" !anner their $estin"4 (Ar'ego, ". 73

Asiatic ,onroe Doctrine

In effect5 the Asiatic ,onroe Doctrine 'ol$ !ean that the -ar East*e preser&e$ for the -ar East 'ith Occi$ental po'ers 9eeping off theirhan$s@ an$ that as the Unite$ States gar$e$ the contries of the

A!erican he!isphere against foreign encroach!ents5 so !st #apangar$ those of the -ar East4 (Ar'ego, ". 74

)alance of Po#er DoctrineThe principle n$erl"ing the $octrine of the *alance of po'er

see!s to *e that the increase in the po'er of a state or of a grop ofstates or the change in relations of states !a" en$anger the e+istence ofothers@ hence5 it is necessar" that states in sch geographical pro+i!it" as

to *e en$angere$ !st ta9e !easres for their preser&ation4 (Ar'ego, ".74

Truman DoctrineIt 'as a proposal !a$e *" Presi$ent Tr!an in a !essage to

Congress on ,arch 125 1H?5 in 'hich he pointe$ to the nee$ of econo!ican$ !ilitar" ai$ *" the Unite$ States to 0reece an$ Tr9e" it 'as later*roa$ene$ to incl$e Erope *ecase 7 it !st *e the polic" of the Unite$States to spport free people 'ho are resisting atte!pte$ s*6gation *"ar!e$ !inorities or *" otsi$e pressres48 (Ar'ego, ". 75

/interlan! Doctrine A $octrine a$opte$ in the partition of Africa $eli!iting the territorial

3ones contigos to the initial settle!ent set p along the coasts5 asspheres of inflence *ase$ on the coastal settle!ent4

Wilson or To$ar Doctrine


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Political law and Public International law 12Precl$es recognition of go&ern!ent esta*lishe$ *" re&oltion5 ci&il

'ar5 co'" dH etat 5 or other for!s of internal &iolence ntil the freel"electe$ representati&es of the people ha&e organi3e$ a constittionalgo&ern!ent4

Stimson DoctrinePrecl$es recognition of an" go&ern!ent esta*lishe$ as a reslt of

e+ternal aggression

Estra!a DoctrineDiplo!atic representati&es of a contr" 'here political phea&al

has ta9en place 'ill $eal or 'ill not $eal 'ith 'hate&er go&ern!ent is incontrol therein at ti!e an$ either action shall not *e ta9en as 6$g!ent onlegiti!ac" of sai$ go&ern!ent4

Thal#eg Doctrine-or *on$ar" ri&ers5 in the a*sence of an agree!ent *et'een the

riparian states5 the *on$ar" line is lai$ on the !i$$le of the na&iga*lechannel4

,i!!le of the )ri!ge DoctrineWhere there is a *ri$ge o&er a *on$ar" ri&er5 the *on$ar" line is

the !i$$le or center of the *ri$ge4

Cal"o DoctrineNo state is responsi*le for losses sffere$ as a reslt of

insrrection or ci&il 'ar4

Drago Doctrine A p*lic $e*t cannot gi&e rise to the right of inter&ention4

Doctrine of 1ltimate Destination Athori3es confiscation of contra*an$s *ase$ on lti!ate

$estination of goo$s4 E&en if the &essel stops at an inter!e$iate port5 it'ill still *e consi$ere$ as one continos &o"age pro&i$e$ it can *e sho'nthat its cargo 'ill lti!atel" *e $eli&ere$ to a hostile $estination4

Doctrine of InfectionContra*an$s that are shippe$ together 'ith innocent goo$s

*elonging to the sa!e person !a" *e confiscate$

Doctrine of 1ltimate Consumption0oo$s inten$e$ for ci&ilian se5 'hich !a" lti!atel" fin$ their 'a"

to an$ *e cons!e$ *" *elligerent forces !a" *e sei3e$ on the 'a"4

Doctrine of Continuous 3oyage0oo$s reloa$e$ at an inter!e$iate port on the sa!e &essel5 or

reloa$e$ on another &essel or other for!s of transportation !a" also *esei3e$ on the *asis of the $octrine of Ulti!ate Cons!ption4

Doctrine of Reciprocity


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Political law and Public International law 1;If the re)esting state is sho'n to *e 'illing to srren$er its o'n

national for trial *" the corts of another contr"5 the $etaining state !stalso srren$er its o'n citi3ens for trial4

Principle of A1TO0LI,ITATION47It is to *e a$!itte$ that an" state !a"5 *" its consent5e+press or i!plie$5 s*!it to a restriction of its so&ereign rights4There !a" ths *e a crtail!ent of 'hat other'ise is a po'erplenar" in character4 That is the concept of so&ereignt" as atoli!itation5 'hich5 in the sccinct langage of #elline95 Kis thepropert" of a stateforce $e to 'hich it has the e+clsi&e capacit"of legal self$eter!ination an$ selfrestriction4F :Reagan &4 CIR5 ;SCRA H; )ote$ in Nolle$o5 p4 ?=

basics on political law doctrines

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