basics to small farm beef cow nutrition

7/27/2019 Basics to Small Farm Beef Cow Nutrition

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Basics to Small Farm Beef

Cow Nutrition

Adam Hady

Agriculture AgentRichland County UWEX

Basics to Beef Cow Nutrition


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Key Nutrients

Six Basic Nutrients

Water

Protein

Carbohydrates

Fats

MineralsVitamins


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Nutrient Requirements

The amount of nutrient that an animalneeds to perform a specific purpose.

Determined by: weight, sex, age, growthrate, stage of production.
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Nutrient Composition

Nutrient composition is the amount ofnutrients found in the feed source.

Nutrient Composition can be obtained frombook values, which are just an averages

for a feed, or you can have a feed analysisdone.


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Nutrient Composition

Common information on the compositiontable for a feed stuff are:

Dry matter

Crude Protein

Energy

Fiber Minerals

Feed Analysis


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Dry Matter

The % of a feed stuff that is not water.

For example: If hay is 88% dry matter thena 45 pound bale of hay would be 39.5 lbsof dry matter.

Rations will come in as pounds of dry matter (DM) or As Fed


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Crude Proteins

Proteins are the building block for animalsand are chains of amino acids

Crude protein is determined by the amountof Nitrogen (N) in a feed multiplied by

6.25N is used to determine the amount of protein, because

of the N is critical part of the amino acid structure andmakes up approximately 16% of the protein structure.


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Crude Proteins

Crude Protein in beef cow rations comeprimarily from the forage in the diet.

Pasture grass and forages are an excellentsource of protein

There are also many protein supplements(feed that contain over 20% crude protein)


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Energy

Energy is defined as the capacity to do

work.

In animal nutrition is determined bybiological heat production Calories (cal),Kilocalorie (kcal), or Megacalorie (Mcal)


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Energy

Common measurements of energy in rationformulation Gross Energy (GE)total amount of energy in a feed

source

Digestible Energy (DE)Energy absorbed by theanimal after consumption

Metabolizable Energy (ME)Energy that is available

through feed consumption Net Energy (NE)Similar to DE and ME

Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN)A method thatcalculates energy based on crude protein and fiber.


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Energy

Sources:

Starch, fats, cellulose and proteins

Majority of energy in beef cattle rations is thecellulose in forage.
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Fiber

Estimates the amount of carbohydrate foundin plants.

Unlike monogastrics, cattle utilize microbes

in the rumen to breakdown the fiber,therefore providing energy to the animal.


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Minerals and Vitamins

Minerals: Two categories macro

and micro minerals

Crystalline substancesthat can not besynthesized in theanimal.

They provide thefoundations forstructure and functionin the animal
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Minerals and Vitamins

Vitamins:

Two categories water soluble and fat soluble

Some vitamins can be synthesized in the bodyothers can not.

They provide the foundations for structureand function in the animal


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How Nutrients are Used

Maintenance

Lactation

Growth

Reproduction

In order of priority for the cow


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TDN and CP

Diet Density Requirements for Beef Cows1200 Mature Body Weight lbs & 20 lb Milk Peak

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Months Since Calving

%o

fDryMatter

TDN, %DM

CP, %DM

Source: NRC, 2000


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Dry Matter IntakesDry Matter Intake

1200 Mature Body Weight lbs & 20 lb Milk Peak

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12


PoundsofDryMatter

Source: NRC, 2000


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Nutrients by Calving CycleNutrient Densitiy Requirements of Beef Cows


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Apr. may June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.


TDN, %DM

CP, %DM

DM, lbs

Early Lactation Nonlactating &

Mid Gestation

Late Lactation &

Early Gestation

Nonlactating &

Late Gestation

Source: NRC, 2000


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Adding Energy for the Elements

Rations of grain may be less effective than having

a sufficient supply of good quality forages such as

alfalfa or grass hay available at all times, since

fiber digestion produces body heat in cattle . If

animals are cleaning up everything quickly after

feeding and have nothing to munch on until the

next meal, you may not be putting enough forageout at a time to meet their extra needs during cold

weatherSource: Its Cold Outside


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Does Only Hay Provide??

I am going to feed a Late Bloom OrchardGrass Hay.

For the example Nutrients that we havebeen using:

TDN 54 %DM

CP 8.4 %DM


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Do We Meet Needs Just on OrchardGrass Hay???

Nutrient Densitiy Requirements of Beef Cows1200 Mature Body Weight lbs & 20 lb Milk Peak

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70



TDN, %DM

CP, %DM

CP Orchard Grass

TDN Orchard Grass


Mid Gestation

Late Lactation &

Early Gestation

Nonlactating &

Late Gestation

Source: NRC, 2000


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Pasture is a GiftNutrient Densitiy Requirements of Beef Cows


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80



TDN, %DM

CP, %DM

CP Orchard Grass

TDN Orchard Grass

TDN Summer Pasture

CP Summer Pasture


Mid Gestation

Late Lactation &

Early Gestation

Nonlactating &

Late Gestation

Source: NRC, 2000


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Evaluating Your Feeding

Program

The best way to evaluate your feeding

program is by the animals themselves.

Use Body Condition Scoring as a guide.


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Body Score Condition Scoring

How this will help my feeding program:

1. gives an indication of reproductiveperforce based on body condition

2. Can give you an estimate of nutrientneed.


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Body Condition Scoring

Score of 1-9

Score of 1 is Sick and Weak.

Score of 9 - Extremely Fat

Want a score of 6


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When to Evaluate Body Score

Key times to look at body conditionscoring:

1. Beginning of your breeding season

2. At weaning

1. Calving time


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Sources & References

1. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, National ResearchCouncil, 2000

2. Livestock Feeds and Feeding, D.C. Church, 1991

3. UW- Extension Beef Web Page

http://www.uwex.edu/ces/animalscience/beef/index.cfm4. Iowa Beef Center: http://www.iowabeefcenter.org/

5. Body Condition Scoring Beef Cows, Virginia CooperativeExtension publication 400-795.http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/beef/400-795/400-795.pdf

6. Its Cold Outside! Tips for Winter Livestock Care by , Rhonda Gildersleeve

Agriculture Agent Iowa County UW Extension from the Weekend Farmer

Newsletter
http://www.uwex.edu/ces/animalscience/beef/index.cfmhttp://www.iowabeefcenter.org/http://www.iowabeefcenter.org/http://www.uwex.edu/ces/animalscience/beef/index.cfm


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Questions ?????

Presenter INFO:Adam Hady

Agriculture Agent

UWEX- Richland County

608/647-6148

[email protected]

Presenter INFO:Adam HadyAgriculture Agent

UWEX- Richland County608/647-6148

[email protected]

Web site: http://Richland.uwex.eduClick on Agriculture
mailto:[email protected]://richland.uwex.edu/http://richland.uwex.edu/mailto:[email protected]

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