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Tectonophysics 315 (1999) 1–13www.elsevier.com/locate/tecto

Basin dynamics and basin fill: models and constraints

S. Cloetingh a,*, R. Catalano b, B. D’Argenio c, W. Sassi d, F. Horvath ea Department of Sedimentary Geology, Institute of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085,

1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlandsb Universita di Palermo, Via E. Toti 91, 90128, Palermo, Italy

c Geomare Sud CNR Napoli, Via Vespucci 9, 80142, Napoli, Italyd Institut Francais du Petrole, 1 et 4, Avenue de Bois-Preau, 95206, Rueil-Malmaison Cedex, France

e Geophysical Department of L. Eotvo:s University, Ludovika ter 2, 1083, Budapest, Hungary

1. Introduction sedimentary record. The 9th Task Force workshopthat took place in Oliana (S.E. Pyrenees) in 1998,

This volume contains a collection of papers on concentrated on tectonics and geomorphology andthe tectonics of sedimentary basin evolution pre- the interplay of lithospheric and surface processes.sented at the 8th annual workshop of the The emphasis of the Task Force workshop heldInternational Lithosphere Program Task Force on Sicily was on modeling studies as well as‘Origin of Sedimentary Basins’ in Sicily, at Torre observational approaches to the tectonics of sedi-Normanna, Palermo, June 1997. Following the mentary basin formation. Important elements offirst workshop of the ILP Task Force in Rueil the meeting were the role of stresses in basinMalmaison, France (1990), a series of project evolution, the comparison of kinematic andmeetings was organized, resulting in a number of dynamic modelling approaches to extensional andspecial volumes and papers (Cloetingh et al., compressional basins and the discussion of data1993a,b, 1994a,b, 1995a,b, 1996, 1997a, 1998; sets from various natural laboratories, and theirStephenson, 1993; Stephenson et al., 1996; incorporation in modeling studies.Neubauer et al., 1997). This is the second meeting in southern Italy by

A key element of the Task Force strategy out- the ILP Task Force. Sicily has outstandinglined in its position paper published in Marine and outcrops of Plio-Pleistocene (as well as older) rocksPetroleum Geology (Cloetingh et al., 1994b) has and structures that have been analysed in the lastbeen to connect the development of a new genera- few years — together with their offshore counter-tion of basin models with integrated basin studies parts — by the group of the Department ofin selected natural laboratories with high-quality

Geology and Geodesy of Palermo University (seedata sets frequently obtained through a close part-

Catalano, 1997, for example). Sicily is also the sitenership with industry.of extensive oil exploration and production, pro-The 8th Task Force meeting organized in theviding the academic research institutions with aPalermo Mountains of Western Sicily focused onspecial opportunity to validate conceptual modelsthe topic of time scales in basin evolution andthrough confrontation with high-quality subsur-episodicity versus continuity in the controls on theface data.

Following the Task Force approach to link* Corresponding author. subsurface data to field analogues, the meeting

0040-1951/99/$ - see front matter © 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.PII: S0040-1951 ( 00 ) 00087-1

2 S. Cloetingh et al. / Tectonophysics 315 (1999) 1–13

included a 3-day thematic field excursion on Sicily, mentation. Such modelling approaches make itpossible to quantify the effects of different assump-examining the surface expression of thrusting on

basin fill and recent vertical motions (see Fig. 1). tions on modes of thrusting, as well as the conse-quences of different fault systems geometriesThe guidebook ‘Field workshop in Western

Sicily’ has been published separately (Catalano, (Zoetemeijer et al., 1993; Den Bezemer, 1998; DenBezemer et al., 1998). Fig. 4 shows the results of1997). The guidebook was prepared with the aim

of introducing the field workshop, with a focus on a basin fill model simulating two faults in a for-ward-breaking thrust sequence. Depocentre migra-observed tecto-sedimentary structures. To this aim,

most recent published and unpublished data on tion of basins, shift of unconformities and grainsize distribution are a direct consequence of faultSicilian geology generated by the University of

Palermo geology team were compiled (Catalano activation, yielding testable predictions to be vali-dated by field data and seismic reflection profileset al., 1994, 1996, 1998). Equally important in this

context has been the comparison of the field data (for a comparison, see Fig. 3, for example). At thesame time, the modelling can provide an additionalof the Sicilian basins with seismic reflection data

of the adjacent offshore (see Figs. 2, 3 and 5). constraint on the interpretation of non-exposedfault systems imaged on seismic lines.These data are also important in constraining

numerical modelling studies of fault-related sedi- Fig. 5 shows a seismic section from offshore

Fig. 1. Fold structures in the Upper Cretaceous–Lower Eocene pelagic carbonates in the eastern Busambra ridge (Central WesternSicily).

3S. Cloetingh et al. / Tectonophysics 315 (1999) 1–13

Fig. 2. Seismic line showing the structural setting of the carbonate thrust system in the Sciacca offshore (Southern Sicily). PP: Plio-Pleistocene deposits; M: Messinian reflector; ST: Serravalian–Tortonian deposits; Tp: top of carbonates; 0.8: age of the sequenceboundaries in Ma (after Catalano et al., 1996).

Fig. 3. Geological section restored from seismics and wells with Gela thrust system (T.S.) overlying duplexes of the outer carbonateT.S., resting above a N-dipping thrust plane. Fig. conventions as in Fig. 2 (after Catalano et al., 1996).


Fig. 4. Numerical modelling of fault-related sedimentation in thrust belt settings for different spacing of fault systems: grain sizedistributions resulting from foreward breaking thrusting. The upper two panels show a scenario with a large fault spacing. The lowertwo panels display a scenario with a small fault spacing. Red lines indicate deposition during activation of the right fault (after DenBezemer et al., 1998).


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Sicily highlighting the geometry of a fault-bounded next phase of basin research (Buchanan andNieuwland, 1996). As a result of intensive petro-rift with a pronounced transition between syn-rift

and post-rift sequences. leum exploration, an important new database isemerging, with the perspective of providing hith-A comparison with Fig. 6, illustrating the effects

of different sequences of fault activation on rift erto unparralled constraints on the structure andevolution of Mediterranean basins (e.g. Masclebasin fill (Den Bezemer et al., 1998, 1999), demon-

strates the potential of further constraining the et al., 1998; Durand et al., 1999).kinematics of rifting by an integrated approach.

3. Task Force themes and survey of recent trends2. Mission of the ILP Task Force

Sedimentary basin modeling is increasinglyaddressing the coupling of different temporal andThe Task Force aims to facilitate the develop-

ment of a new generation of sedimentary basin spatial scales controlling the interplay of lithosphe-ric and near-surface processes. In this context,models by strengthening the feedback between

observational and modeling approaches. Project basin modeling is shifting its scope from an initialfocus on subsidence and geometry of accommoda-teams and working groups were created on the

themes ‘Stresses and basin evolution’ (Zoback tion space into the modeling of the feedback ofthe processes of sedimentation and erosion (e.g.et al., 1993), ‘Rheology and basin formation’

(Vilottte et al., 1993), and ‘Near-surface expres- Avouac and Burov, 1996; Burov and Cloetingh,1997). This development creates the need for bettersion of lithosphere processes’ (Quinlan et al.,

1993). At the same time, a network of cooperating constraints on the evolution of topography inspace and time.research groups was built, jointly working on data

sets from various natural laboratories. In modeling extensional basins and rifted mar-gins, the reconstruction of rift shoulder topographyIn many cases, these data have been provided

through a close collaboration with industry, in (Van der Beek et al., 1994) through fission trackdata (Rohrmann et al., 1995) and exposure datingparticular in the framework of the EU sponsored

Integrated Basin Studies Program (IBS) (see is becoming increasingly common. The results ofthese studies are becoming capable of quantifyingCloetingh et al., 1995b; Mascle et al., 1998; Durand

et al., 1999; Nottvedt, 2000). ILP/ IBS teams have the simultaneous occurrence of various climaticand tectonic processes during the evolution of theconcentrated their efforts on the Norwegian

margin/North Sea, the Pannonian Basin and sur- flanks of rifted margins. The modeling of near-surface processes also suggests a close feedbackrounding areas, and the Southern Pyrenean fore-

land-fold-and-thrust belt. The Task Force has also with deep crustal flow (Burov and Cloetingh,1997), affecting concepts on the tectonic controlpromoted joint research with groups in eastern

Europe and the FSU in close collaboration with on sequence boundaries related to uplift history(Van Balen et al., 1995).the ALCAPA project (Neubauer et al., 1997),

Intraplate Tectonics and Basin Analysis team of In compressional basin studies, integration offission track studies (e.g. Sanders, 1998) andEUROPROBE (Nikishin et al., 1996; Stephenson

et al., 1996) and the Peritethys program (Ziegler models of the flexural evolution of foreland-fold-and-thrust belts are of vital importance in quantify-et al., in press).

The new opportunities provided by information ing paleo-topography (e.g. Millan et al., 1995;Andeweg and Cloetingh, 1998). Further acquisi-technology, visualization techniques (Van Wees

and Kok, 1997) and the growing availability of tion and interpretation of deep seismic reflectiondata (Roure et al., 1996) will remain a key objec-3-D seismic data (Gabrielsen and Strandenes,

1994) make the further integration of basin model- tive to constrain these studies.It is now recognized that intraplate domainsing with data acquisition and the construction of

large databases a topic of high priority also in the are characterized by a far more dynamic history


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than hitherto assumed, affecting tectonic geomor- 1993; Nikishin et al., 1993; Cloetingh and Burov,1996).phology and fluid flow, and recognizable in shallow

Crustal and lithospheric folding can be anseismics in areas such as the Pannonian basinimportant mode of basin formation in plates(Horvath and Cloetingh, 1996; Sacchi et al., 1999;involved in continental collision. (Cobbold et al.,Van Balen et al., 1999). Closer monitoring and1993; Ziegler et al., 1995). Numerical models havemodeling of fluxes in conjunction with more focusbeen developed for the simulation of the interplayon the neotectonics of basins are obviously essen-of faulting and folding in intraplate compressionaltial. The papers in this volume discuss variousdeformation (Beekman et al., 1996; Gerbault et al.,aspects of sedimentary basin research, emphasizing1998; Cloetingh et al., 1999).the connection between new conceptual advances

Models have also been developed to investigateon structural controls on basin evolution and thethe effects of faulting on stress-induced intraplatevalidation of basin models through regionaldeformation in rifted margin settings (Van Balenstudies.et al., 1998).

The first set of three papers of this volume3.1. Theme 1: Stresses and basin evolutionconcentrate on the mechanisms controlling stressfields in the lithosphere, the orientation of theIn the early 1990s, a first-order picture haspresent-day stress field and constraints on paleo-emerged on the orientation of the present-daystress field in a number of sedimentary basins andintraplate stress fields in major parts of the globerift systems. The paper by Negredo et al. (this(Zoback and Burke, 1993). Field studies of kine-volume) presents the results of a numerical model-matic indicators (e.g. Delvaux et al., 1997; Guirauding study carried out to examine the mechanicaland Bosworth, this volume) and numerical model-controls on seismotectonics of the Northerning of present-day and paleo-stress fields in selectedApennines. Gauthier et al. (this volume) presentareas (e.g. Bada et al., 1998) have yielded newthe results of an analogue modeling study, con-

constraints on the causes and expressions of strained by high-quality field data on the kinemat-intraplate stress fields in the lithosphere. Temporal ics and timing of Aegean extension. Guiraud andand spatial variations in the level and magnitude Bosworth (this volume) present paleo-stress indica-of these stresses have a strong impact on the record tor data for Northeastern Africa and theof vertical motions in sedimentary basins Northwestern Arabian platform, and discuss the(Cloetingh et al., 1985; Cloetingh and Kooi, 1992; relationships between lithospheric stress fields inZoback et al., 1993; Van Balen et al., 1998). the area and the Phanerozoic evolution.

Over the last few years, increasing attention hasbeen directed into this topic, advancing our under- 3.2. Theme 2: Rheology and basin formationstanding of the relationships between plate motionchanges, plate interactions and the evolution of Bulk rheological models of the lithosphererifted basins (Janssen et al., 1995; Dore et al., ( Kohlstedt et al., 1995), employing the concept of1997a,b) and foreland areas Ziegler et al. (1995, strength envelopes are based on extrapolation of1998). A continuous spectrum of stress-induced rock mechanics data, combined with assumptionsvertical motions can be expected in the sedimentary on petrological stratification and incorporatingrecord, varying from the subtle effects of faulting constraints from thermal modeling. These models(Ter Voorde and Cloetingh, 1996; Ter Voorde have provided a useful, first-order framework foret al., 1997), thrusting (Zoetemeijer et al., 1993; the analysis of the variations in mechanical struc-Peper et al., 1995; Den Bezemer et al., 1998, 1999), ture of the lithosphere (Burov and Diament, 1995;and basin inversion ( Brun and Nalpas, 1996; Cloetingh and Burov, 1996). Spatial variations inZiegler et al., 1998) to enhancement of flexural strength distribution occur on a plate-wide scale,effects to lithosphere folds induced for high levels largely related to changes in crustal thicknessesof stress approaching lithospheric strengths and thermo-tectonic age (Cloetingh and Burov,

1996). Spatial variations in strength have also been(Stephenson and Cloetingh, 1991; Burov et al.,


recognized along mountain belts, such as the and basin geomorphology. These seven papersCarpathian belt and its surroundings (REF44 highlight the connection between lithospheric pro-Zoetemeijer et al., 1999; Lankreijer et al., 1997, cesses and near-surface tectonics at different spatial1999) and the northern Apennines (Gualteri scales. The paper by Arche and Lopez-Gomezet al., 1998). (this volume) examines the tectonic and geomor-

The importance of the role of pre-rift rheology phic controls on fluvial styles of the Eslida forma-in extensional basin formation has become evident tion of the Middle Triassic of eastern Spain. Rocafrom a systematic study of a large number of et al. (this volume) focus on the Oligocene toAlpine/Mediterranean basins and intracratonic Middle Miocene evolution of the Central Catalanrifts carried out in the framework of the Task margin (northwestern Mediterranean). GrassoForce project (Cloetingh et al., 1995c). The incor- et al. (this volume) discuss Cretaceous–Paleogeneporation of the mechanical strength of the litho- sedimentation patterns and structural evolution ofsphere in extensional basin modeling is an the Tunesian shelf offshore the Pelagian islandsimportant ingredient in these large-scale modeling (Central Mediterranean). Amato and Cinque (thisstudies (see also Brun, 1999; Ter Voorde, 1998). volume) present data and interpretations on ero-The integration with the modeling of tilted fault sional landsurfaces of the Campano-Lucanoblocks has also demonstrated its key importance Apennines (Southern Italy), with a discussion offor models targeting on subbasin scale problems genesis, evolution and tectonic implications.(Ter Voorde and Cloetingh, 1996). Pescatore et al. (this volume) examine stratigraphic

The next four papers of this volume focus on and structural relationships between Meso-rheology and basin structure. Liotta and Ranalli Cenozoic Lagonegro basin and coeval carbonate(this volume) present constraints on lateral varia- platforms in the southern Apennines (Italy).tions in mechanical properties of the lithosphere Giunta and Nigro (this volume) provide tectono-in an extended lithosphere in southern Tuscany sedimentary constraints on Oligo-Miocene evolu-and the inner northern Apennines obtained

tion of the Peloritani thrust belt (NE Sicily). Thethrough modeling of cross-sections through thepaper by Milia and Torrente (this volume) investi-area. They examine the evidence for a correlationgates the tectonic control on basin architecture ofbetween seismic reflectivity and rheology inhalf-grabens, presenting data from the easternextended lithosphere. Previous work by GualteriTyrrhenian margin of Italy.et al. (1998) has also emphasized the importance

of strong lateral variations in rheology in the area.3.4. Theme 4: Constraints on vertical motions andThe importance of pre-orogenic tectonics on subse-fracture systemsquent basin evolution is discussed by Marchegiani

et al. (this volume), presenting data for theIn the final section of the Special Volume,Umbria-Marche sector of the Afro-Adriatic conti-

research is presented on constraints on verticalnental margin. Fritz and Messner (this volume)motions and fracture systems. Van de Meulen et al.present new data on intramontane basin formation(this volume) provide evidence from backstrippingduring oblique island arc accretion in the easternstudies for Late Miocene rebound in thedesert of Egypt. They present a case history ofRomagnan Apennines following detachment oforogeny without mountain relief. Cipollari et al.subducted lithosphere. Ascione and Romano (this(this volume) focus on extension-and-compression-volume) present new data from Mt. Bulgheriarelated basins in Central Italy in the context of the(southern Apennines, Italy) constraining verticalMessinian Lago-Mare event.motions on the eastern margin of the Tyrrhenianextensional basin. D’Argenio et al. (this volume)3.3. Theme 3: Tectonics, sedimentation andhighlight the importance of high precision correla-geomorphologytion. Their paper on microstratigraphy focuses oncarbonate platform superbundles as an instrumentIn this section of the Special Volume, research

is presented on the tectonic controls on basin fill for obtaining higher temporal resolutions.


In a supplementary issue of Tectonophysics EUROBASIN research school has initiated a pro-gram of short courses, field training and research(Cloetingh et al., 2000), a number of additional

papers on the topic of vertical motions and fracture on integrated sedimentary basin studies.Sedimentary basin research appears to be asystems will appear. Noguera and Rea (supplement

to this volume) concentrate on the deep structures good vehicle for narrowing gaps between funda-mental and applied Earth sciences.underlying the Campano Lucano arc segment

(southern Italy).The two papers by van Dijk et al. (supplement

to this volume) focus on the implications of tecton- Acknowledgementsics on high-resolution spatial scales, in 3D fracturenetwork analysis, and its application to data from We are grateful for the dedicated efforts of theSouthern Italy. staff and students of the department of Geology

Sulli discusses the structural framework and of Palermo for making the ILP/EUROBASINcrustal composition of a section through the meeting reality.Sardinian Channel. We thank the International Lithosphere

Cantini et al. present an interpretation of the Programme (ILP), the Department of Geology oftectonostratigraphy of the Pleistocene Monte the University of Palermo, Provincia and ComuneCarlo basin constrained by new gravity and strati- of Palermo, National Research Council of Roma,graphic data. Agip, Mobil, Norsk Hydro, and the Netherlands

Scisciani et al. focus on the tectonic control on Research School of Sedimentary Geology (NSG)basin fill examining the role of foreland-dipping for partial funding. We are grateful for the effortsnormal faults bounding synorogenic basins in the of Attilio Sulli and the workshop secretary, MarisaCentral Apennines. Pepe. Giovanna Lo Cicero, Piero Di Stefano,

Attilio Sulli, Mauro Agate, Fabrizio Pepe,Francesco Vitale have guided most of the field

4. Next phase of the Task Force (2000–2001) trips. Margot Saher, Anco Lankreijer and JeroenSmit are thanked for editorial assistance. We thank

A better understanding on the fine structure of all the reviewers for their critical and constructivethe coupling of lithosphere and near-surface pro- comments.cesses is required. Further development and integ-ration of different research methodologies andtheir validation by high-quality data will continue

Referencesto be an area of vigorous research in basin studies.Integration of different approaches and further

Andeweg, B., Cloetingh, S., 1998. Flexure and unflexure of thestrengthening of the research network will be aNorth-Alpine German–Austrian Molasse Basin: constraints

main target in the final phase of this ILP program. from forward flexural modelling. Geol. Soc. London Spec.To this purpose, two topical Stephan Mueller Publ. 134, 403–422.

Avouac, J.P., Burov, E.B., 1996. Erosion as a driving mecha-conferences on the themes ‘From continental colli-nism of intracontinental mountain growth. J. Geophys. Res.sion to break-up’ and ‘Mechanical (un) coupling101, 17 747–17 769.within the lithosphere’ will be held in 2000 in the

Bada, G., Cloetingh, S., Gerner, P., Horvath, F., 1998. SourcesDead Sea rift and Amsterdam, respectively. These of recent tectonic stress in the Pannonian region derivedmeetings concern a joint initiative of the ILP task from finite element modeling. Geophys. J. Int. 134, 87–101.

Beekman, F., Bull, J.M., Cloetingh, S., Scrutton, R.A., 1996.force ‘Origin of Sedimentary Basins’ and theCrustal fault reactivation as initiator of lithospheric foldingEuropean Geophysical Society (EGS). Partnershipin the Central Indian Ocean. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ.with industry has been the key, connecting high-99, 251–263.

quality data from natural laboratories with the Brun, J.P., Nalpas, T., 1996. Graben inversion in nature anddevelopment of a new generation of sedimentary experiments. Tectonics 15, 677–687.

Brun, J.P., 1999. Narrow rifts versus wide rifts, inferences forbasin modeling. Building on these steps, the


the mechanics of rifting from laboratory experiments. thermo-mechanical modelling of Alpine/MediterraneanPhilos. Trans. R. Soc. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 357, 695–712. basins and intra-cratonic rifts. Mar. Petrol. Geol. 12,

Buchanan, P.G., Nieuwland, D.A. (Eds.), Modern develop- 793–808.ments in structural interpretation, validation and modelling. Cloetingh, S., Burov, E., 1996. Thermomechanical structure ofGeol. Soc. London Spec. Publ. 99 1996. 369 pp. European continental lithosphere, constraints from rheolog-

Burov, E.B., Nikishin, A.M., Cloetingh, S., Lobkovsky, L.I., ical profiles and EET estimates. Geophys. J. Int. 124,1993. Continental lithosphere folding in Central Asia (Part 695–723.II ): constraints from gravity and tectonic modelling. Tecto- Cloetingh, S., Ben Avraham, Z., Sassi, W., Horvath, F., 1996.nophysics 226, 73–87. Dynamics of extensional basins and inversion tectonics. Tec-

Burov, E., Diament, M., 1995. The effective elastic thickness of tonophysics 266, 1–523.continental lithosphere: what does it really mean? (con- Cloetingh, S., Fernandez, M., Munoz, J.A., Sassi, W., Horvath,straints from rheology, topography and gravity). J. Geo- F. (Eds.), Structural controls on sedimentary basin forma-phys. Res. 100, 3905–3927. tion. Tectonophysics 282 1997a, 1–442.

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