basque etymology. compiled by john bengtson etymology.pdf · 4 1r vença devol weak d es c me fr m...

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Basque etymology. Compiled by John Bengtson

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The Proto-Basque database has been compiled by J. Bengtson. It is still under construction (currently including slightly more than 600 entries), but features most of the Basque basic lexicon. It is hierarchically linked to the Sino-Caucasian database. Most of the field names reflect the following Basque dialects: ARB = Araban = meridional

BZK = Bizkaian = vizcaíno GIP = Gipuzkoan = guipuzcoano ANV = High Navarrese = alto-navarro BNV = Low Navarrese = bas-navarrais SAL = Salazarese = salacenco LAB = Lapurdian = labourdin BZT = Baztanese = baztanés AZK = Aezkoan = aezcoano ZBR = Zuberoan = souletin RNC = Roncalese = roncalés References:

Aulestia, G., and L. White. 1992. Basque-English English-Basque Dictionary. Reno: University of Nevada Press.

Azkue, R.M. de. 1905. Diccionario vasco-español-francés. Bilbao. Berger, H. 1956. Mittelmeerische Kulturpflanzennamen aus dem Burušaski.

Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 9: 4-33. Berger, H. Die Burušaski-Lehnwörter in der Zigeunersprache. Indo-Iranian Journal

3.1: 17-43. Berger, H. 1998. Die Burushaski-Sprache von Hunza und Nager. Teil III.

Wörterbuch. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. Bouda, K. 1948. Baskisch und Kaukasisch. Zeitschrift für Phonetik 2: 182-202; 336-

352. Bouda, K. 1949. Baskisch-Kaukasische Etymologien. Heidelberg: Carl Winter. Chirikba (čirikba), V.A. 1985. Baskskij i severokavkazskie jazyki. In: Drevnjaja

Anatolija 95-105. Moscow: Nauka. Chirikba (čirikba), V.A. 1996. Common West Caucasian. Leiden: Research Scholl

CNWS. Hualde, J.I. 1995. Comments on Larry Trask's [1995] Paper. Mother Tongue I: 115-

119. Jacobsen, W.H. 1995. Comment on R.L. Trask (1995). Mother Tongue I: 120-142. Kuipers, A. H. 1975. A Dictionary of Proto-Circassian Roots. Lisse, Neth. Larrasquet, J. 1939. Le Basque de la Basse-Soule orientale. Paris: C. Klincksieck. Leizarraga, J. 1571. Jesus Christ gure jaunaren testamentu berria. Rochellan. [as

cited by Michelena (1961)] Meyer-Lübke, W. 1935. Romanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl

Winter. Michelena, L. 1961. Fonética Histórica Vasca. San Sebastián: Diputación de

Guipúzcoa. NCED = S.L. Nikolaev & S.A. Starostin. 1994. A North Caucasian Etymological

Dictionary. Moscow: Asterisk.

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Tovar, A. 1961. The Ancient Languages of Spain and Portugal. New York: S.F. Vanni. Trask, R.L. 1995. Basque and Dene-Caucasian: A critique from the Basque side.

Mother Tongue I: 3-82. Trask, R.L. 1997. The History of Basque. London/New York: Routledge. Trask, R.L. 1999. Comments on Bengtson's Basque-Caucasian Comparisons. Mother

Tongue V: 71-85. Uhlenbeck, C.C. 1940-41. Vorlateinische indogermanische Anklänge im Baskischen.

Anthropos 35/36: 202ff. Xajdakov, S.M. 1973. Sravnitel'no-sopostavitel'nyj slovar' dagestanskix jazykov.

Moscow: Nauka. Zhirkov (žirkov), L.I. 1936. Avarsko-russkij slovar'. Moscow: Gosudarstvennyj

Institut "Sovetskaja enciklopedia."

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Proto-Basque: *aci-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to take, catch, seize 2 theft, stealing 3 to steal, rob 4 to extort

Gipuzkoan: atzi-tu 1,

High Navarrese: atzi-tu 1,

Low Navarrese: atzi-pe 2, atsi-pa-tu 3

Lapurdian: (Ainhoa) atzi-pa-tu 4

Comments: Forms of the type (h)atzaman, (h)atzeman 'to catch, find, find out, guess'

are derived rather from *hace 'back part, track' + *e=ma-n 'to give', but blending is not

ruled out.

Proto-Basque: *aco

Meaning: yesterday

Bizkaian: atzo

Gipuzkoan: atzo

High Navarrese: atzo

Low Navarrese: atzo

Lapurdian: atzo

Zuberoan: átzo

Roncalese: atzo

Comments: Cf. PWC *ća in Abkhaz *ja-ćǝ 'yestzerday', *źʷa-ćǝ 'day before yesterday',

Circ. *tz:ǝɣʷa-sa 'yesterday', etc. (Chirikba 1996: 230). Comparison by Bouda (1948).

Proto-Basque: *adar ̄


Meaning: 1 branch 2 knot (of tree) 3 leg (of chair, bed)

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Bizkaian: adar 1, 3

Gipuzkoan: adar 1, 2, 3

High Navarrese: adar 1, 3

Low Navarrese: adar 1

Lapurdian: adar 1

Zuberoan: ádar ,,

Roncalese: adar 1

Comments: This word has merged phonetically with *a=dar̄ 'horn' (q.v.), of distinct

origin.

Proto-Basque: *ahanci

Meaning: to forget

Bizkaian: aaz-tu, az-tu, (Arratia) antzi-tu, (arc) anz-tu

Gipuzkoan: az-tu

High Navarrese: (Esteribar, Larraun) az-tu

Low Navarrese: ahatzi

Salazarese: atze

Lapurdian: ahantzi, (arc) ahanze, ahanzi

Baztanese: antzi, anzi

Zuberoan: ãhã́ttzoe

Roncalese: ãtzoe, átzoe

Comments: Cf. PY *ʔen-sä- 'to forget', Arin anči-gɨtpuju, etc.

Proto-Basque: *ahul


Meaning: 1 weak, frail 2 insipid, tasteless 3 less fertile, meager (land) 4 to be

weakened, waste away

Bizkaian: aul 1, 2, 3

Gipuzkoan: aul, abol 1, 3

High Navarrese: aul 1, 3

Low Navarrese: ahul 1, 3

Lapurdian: ahul 1, 3

Zuberoan: áhl ,, ,

Roncalese: aul-tu 4

Comments: Trask, following Mitxelena, derives this word from Old Cast. ávol ‘ w,

bad’ r O d Occitz. avol, aul ‘sch echtz, e end’, butz REW ( 960) finds any derivatzi n f

these from Lat.habilis ‘handy’, etzc., r advolus (‘pr stzratze’?) d ubtzfu . Occ.-

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Pr vença devol ‘weak’ d es c me fr m Latz. debilis (REW 2491), but obviously cannot

account for Bsq *ahul.

Proto-Basque: *aihen


Meaning: 1 woody stem, vinestock 2 place where several roof beams cross each other

3 rustic sledge made of two branches in a V-shape

Bizkaian: aien 1

Gipuzkoan: aien 1

High Navarrese: aien 1

Low Navarrese: aihen 1, (Heleta) aihen 2

Lapurdian: aihen 1

Zuberoan: aihen 1

Roncalese: axen 3

Proto-Basque: *ailcin


Meaning: 1 front, space in front 2 before, in front

High Navarrese: a oin, aitzoin ,, (U oama) ai oiñen , (E kan ) a (tz)oinean

Low Navarrese: ainzin, aintzin, aitzin 1, aintzinean 2

Salazarese: altzina 1, al(t)zinean 2

Lapurdian: aintzin, aitzin 1

Aezkoan: ailtzinean 2

Zuberoan: aitzoĩ́tnẽ ,

Roncalese: antzin, aintzina 1

Comments: A northeastern word, instead of which southwestern Bsq

uses *aur̄e 'front' (q.v.). This is one of the Bsq words in which the change of the

cluster *lc > /nc/ was only partially carried through (cf. Bsq *ulce 'nail').

Proto-Basque: *ain̄egu


Meaning: rye

Salazarese: añagu

Aezkoan: añegu

Roncalese: añai

Comments: A Pyrenean isogloss, preserved against the innovation < Lat. sēca e ‘rye’;

western Bsq *sikirio (q.v., of unclear origin).

Proto-Basque: *aker ̄

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Meaning: male goat

Bizkaian: akar, aker

Gipuzkoan: aker

High Navarrese: aker

Low Navarrese: akher

Lapurdian: akher

Zuberoan: ákher

Comments: Cf. Bur. (N) karée l 'ram'.

Proto-Basque: *aṅai- / *ne-


Meaning: 1 brother (general) 2 brother (of a male) 3 brother (of a female)

Bizkaian: anai, anaie, anae 2, ne-ba 3

Gipuzkoan: anai 1

High Navarrese: anaie 1

Low Navarrese: anaie 1

Salazarese: anaxe 1

Lapurdian: anaie 1

Zuberoan: anáie ,

Roncalese: anaxe 1

Comments: The distinction between 'brother (of a male)' and 'brother (of a female)' is

only Bizkaian: elsewhere *aṅai- serves for both meanings. The Bsq root *aṅai-

‘br tzher’ c se y matzches PNC *ʔānV(jV) ‘m tzher’ (ph netzica y). The explanation

could be that this word was originally a descriptive attached to the original word for

‘br tzher’ (n w stz), i.e. ‘br tzher (fr m tzhe same m tzher)’, as pp sed tz a ha f-

brother (brother with the same father but different mother). Cf. Greek ἀδεʎφός

‘br tzher’ / ἀδεʎφή ‘sistzer’, rig. ‘ f tzhe same w mb’ = O d Indic sa-garbhya-.

Typ gica y cf. a s Lahndā matreā ‘ha f-br tzher’, matriā ‘ha f-brother or -sistzer’,

Panjabi matreā, mateā ‘ha f-br tzher’ < OI *mātrēya ‘matzerna ’ (T ,00 4). The

element *an- also seems to be present in Bsq *an-his-ba 'sister (of female)', q.v.

Proto-Basque: *anc(i) / *anco


Meaning: 1 likeness, resemblance, appearance 2 alike, resembling 3 proportion,

manner, measure 4 skill, dexterity, craft 5 to imitate

Bizkaian: antzo ,, antzoek , antzoera-tzu 5, (Mundaka, Oñatze, Otzxandian ) antzoi ,, 4

Gipuzkoan: antz 1, antzeko 2, antze 4, antzera-tu 5

High Navarrese: antze 4, (Lezaka) antz 4

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Lapurdian: antz 4, antze 4

Zuberoan: antzo 3

Comments: This word exhibits a common change of PSC *l (in clusters such as * ʒ́, * ǯ,

* č̣, * c̣, * č, etc.) > Bsq /n/: cf. PEC *hi čwE ̄ 'to run' ~ Bsq *e=henśi 'to flee', etc. In some

words the change was not completed in all Bsq dialects, e.g. Bsq *ulce '(metal) nail'

(BZK ultze ~ untze, etc.) ~ PEC *jä̆ c̣wV (Bezhta hũc̣u 'wedge', etc.).

Proto-Basque: *andere

Meaning: , ady (señ ra) y ung ady (señ ritza) c ncubine 4 d 5 w man (in

general)

Araban: andra 1

Bizkaian: andra, anra 1, 5, (arc) andera 1

Gipuzkoan: andre 1, anddere 4

High Navarrese: andre, anre 1, anddere 4

Low Navarrese: andre 1, andere 2, 4

Lapurdian: andre 1

Zuberoan: andre ,, , andére , , 4

Roncalese: andere 1

Comments: Also for the Virgin Mary: Andra Maria, Andre Maria. This is apparently an

old word, found in Aquitanian names.

Proto-Basque: *angio


Meaning: pasture, meadow

Bizkaian: angio, angia, angi

Low Navarrese: xangio

Comments: Wider distribution is indicated by the GIP place name Angio-zar 'old

pasture'. The BNV form contains an expressive prefix *č- (= PEC *č- ~ *č̣-).

Proto-Basque: *an-his-ba


Meaning: sister (of a woman)

Bizkaian: aizta

Gipuzkoan: aizpa

High Navarrese: (Esteribar) aizpa, (Ondarrabia) aispa

Low Navarrese: ahizpa

Salazarese: ainzpa

Lapurdian: aizpa

Baztanese: aizpa

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Aezkoan: aizpa

Zuberoan: ãhĩ́topa

Roncalese: aĩopa

Comments: For the segment *an- see *aṅai- / *ne-ba 'brother'; for the element *-ba see

the separate record *-ba.

Proto-Basque: *a=bele


Meaning: 1 large (domestic) animal, cattle 2 bovine animal 3 equine animal

Araban: abere 1

Bizkaian: abere 1

Gipuzkoan: abere 3

High Navarrese: abere, abre 2

Low Navarrese: abere 1

Salazarese: abre 1

Lapurdian: abere 1, (arc) abre 1

Baztanese: abere 1

Aezkoan: abere 1

Zuberoan: abére, abée ,

Roncalese: abre 1

Comments: Cf. PNC*bü̆ɫV 'horned animal'. The variant abel- appears in compounds

such as abel-buru 'head of cattle'. Michelena (1961) derives this word from Lat. habere,

though the semantic derivation is tortuous ('to have' > 'possession' > 'animal'), and

internal reconstruction brings us to *a(=)bele, phonetically and semantically a

straightforward match with PSC*bVɫV.

Proto-Basque: *a=ć


Meaning: 1 old woman 2 grandmother 3 barren woman

Bizkaian: atso 1

Gipuzkoan: atso 1, (Andoain) atxo 3

High Navarrese: atso 1

Low Navarrese: atso 1

Salazarese: atso 1, 2

Lapurdian: atso 1

Baztanese: atso 1

Aezkoan: atso 1

Zuberoan: atso 1

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Roncalese: atso 1

Comments: In at least some dialects: atxo /ač / ' itztz e d ady, viejecita'.

Proto-Basque: *a=dar ̄


Meaning: horn

Bizkaian: adar

Gipuzkoan: adar

High Navarrese: adar

Low Navarrese: adar

Salazarese: adar

Lapurdian: adar

Baztanese: adar

Aezkoan: adar

Zuberoan: ádar

Roncalese: adar

Comments: Cf. the homonym *adar̄ 'branch', of distinct origin.

Proto-Basque: *a=g r̄, *e=gar̄i


Meaning: 1 dry, barren, unproductive 2 thirst

Bizkaian: agor 1, egarri 2

Gipuzkoan: agor 1, egarri 2

High Navarrese: agor 1, egarri 2

Low Navarrese: agor 1, egarri 2

Lapurdian: agor 1, egarri 2

Zuberoan: ag r ,, egárri

Roncalese: agor 1, egarri 2

Comments: Cf. *ei=har̄ and *i=dlr̄: Bsq has several words for 'dry' with different

nuances. In BZK legor and idor apply to vegetation, igar to animals and bones (Azkue

1905); in ZBR agorpertzains tz s urces and stzreams f watzer, ltzsa tz a imentzs and

terrain, eihar to the human body, fauna and flora, and idor to dryness in general

(Larrasquet 1939). Possibly these distinctions go back to old (extinct) noun classes.

Proto-Basque: *a=gure


Meaning: 1 old man 2 childless married man

Bizkaian: agure, agura 1

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Gipuzkoan: agure 1, agura 2

High Navarrese: agure 1, (Larraun) agura 2

Lapurdian: (Donibane) agure 1

Comments: Trask (1995) mentions the possibility of derivation from

Lat. avule 'grandfather', though, as Trask admits, it should have given Bsq *abure.

(The change of *g > b is sporadic in Bsq dialects [see *śagu 'mouse'], but not *b > g).

Bouda (1948) compared Bsq + Andi =lχlr 'old (of a person)', etc.

Proto-Basque: *a=hali


Meaning: 1 ram 2 sheep (general) 3 shepherd (of rams)

Bizkaian: ari 1, (Markina) aari 1

Gipuzkoan: ari 1

Low Navarrese: ahari 1, 2

Salazarese: ari 1

Lapurdian: ahari 1, 2

Baztanese: aal-zain, al-zai, al-tzai 3

Zuberoan: ahári [ãhã́tj] ,,

Roncalese: ári ,

Comments: Cf. PEC *χ_[ǝ] V 'ewe, ram'. Total of 663 records 34 pages

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Proto-Basque: *a=ho


Meaning: mouth

Bizkaian: ao, ago, (Arratia, Orozko) abo

Gipuzkoan: ao, ago

High Navarrese: ao, ago

Low Navarrese: aho

Salazarese: ago

Lapurdian: aho

Baztanese: ago

Zuberoan: áh

Roncalese: ao, ago

Proto-Basque: *a=hoc


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Meaning: 1 husk, chaff (of wheat) 2 straw (of wheat) 3 burr (of chestnut)

Bizkaian: aotz, agotz 1, 2, (Gernika) algotz 1

Gipuzkoan: agotz 2, (Alegi) aots 1, (Andoain) alkotz 1

High Navarrese: (Larraun) aotz, (Oyarzun) alkotz 1

Low Navarrese: ahotz 1, (Hazparren) ahotz 3

Salazarese: agotz 2

Lapurdian: ahotz 1

Baztanese: agotz 1

Zuberoan: áhotz 1

Roncalese: autz 2, agotz 2

Comments: Compared with PSC *sṭHwekĔ, assuming metathesis > *kHwesṭÉ (or the

like) > Bsq *a=hoc. The variants algotz, alkotz seem to be compounds with *aɫhe- 'seed,

grain' (q.v.).

Proto-Basque: *a=huc


Meaning: 1 cheek 2 gullet 3 fat cheeks, jowls

Bizkaian: autz, aotz 2, autzak 3

Gipuzkoan: autz 2, autzak 3

High Navarrese: autzak 3

Lapurdian: ahutz, ahuts 1

Comments: Cf. PEC *kVc̣_V 'chin'.

Proto-Basque: *a=hune / *a=hunc


Meaning: 1 kid (young goat) 2 goat

Bizkaian: aume, auma 1, auntz 2

Gipuzkoan: auntz 2

High Navarrese: auntz 2

Low Navarrese: ahuña ,

Salazarese: auña, aguña ,

Lapurdian: ahuntz 2

Zuberoan: ahǘñe ,, ahǘntzo

Roncalese: añe ,, aintzo

Comments: Cf. PNC *kwɨ̄ʡnɨ ̄'ram'.

Proto-Basque: *a=hur̄


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Meaning: palm (of the hand)

High Navarrese: aur

Low Navarrese: ahur

Lapurdian: ahur, (Bardos) ahur-phala

Baztanese: agur

Zuberoan: áhlr

Roncalese: (Uotzárr o) agur

Comments: Perhaps also (B) aur ‘s pe’, aur gora ‘uphi ’, aur bera ‘d wnhi ’ (cf.

Hunzib kuro ‘br k, ravine’, etc.). Bsq *aur̄e ‘fr ntz’ (q.v.) is f separatze rigin.

Proto-Basque: *a=kać / *ma=keć / *ma=kac


Meaning: 1 nick, notch, scratch 2 fault, defect 3 deformed or defective thing

Bizkaian: akats 1, 2

Gipuzkoan: akats 1, 2, makets 3, makatz 1

Comments: Cf. NC words like Lezgi q̇ac̣ 'notch, nick', in Bsq with fossilized class

prefixes *a= or *ma=. Bsq *o=koc ( -ć) 'chin' (q.v.: cf. Rutul, Tsakhur q̇ac̣ 'chin') may be

related. Variation between Bsq *ć and *c is unclear.

Proto-Basque: *a=kain


Meaning: (large) tick

Bizkaian: akan, akeen, aken

Gipuzkoan: akain, akaiñ, akañ(a), akien

Lapurdian: lakain

Comments: A western Bsq word: cf. eastern *i=tain 'tick'. Initial /l/ in LAB is possibly

due to contamination with another word such as lapazorri ‘tzick’. Simi ar R mance

words have been cited: Gasc. lagagno, Occ. laganha, but apparently these words mean

‘ custz’, n tz ‘tzick’.

Proto-Basque: *a=kec


Meaning: boar, male swine

High Navarrese: (Oyarzun) aketz

Low Navarrese: aketx

Lapurdian: aketz, aketx

Baztanese: aketz

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Roncalese: aketz

Comments: After a fossilized class prefix PSC voiced obstruents may become

voiceless in Bsq: cf. Bsq *bete 'full' (q.v.) ~ *i=pete 'obese'; *gai ~ *e=kai 'thing, material',

etc.

Proto-Basque: *a=ɫha-ba


Meaning: daughter

Bizkaian: alaba

Gipuzkoan: alaba

Salazarese: alaba

Lapurdian: alaba

Zuberoan: a hába

Roncalese: a ába

Comments: Cf. PEC *ʎɨnɦV 'woman, female'. For the kin element *-ba, see the separate

record.

Proto-Basque: *a=ɫhar-gun


Meaning: 1 widow 2 widower

Bizkaian: alargun 1, 2

Gipuzkoan: alargun 1, 2

High Navarrese: alargun 1, 2

Low Navarrese: alhargun 2, alharguntsa 1, (arc) elhargun 1, 2

Salazarese: alargun 1, 2

Lapurdian: alhargun 2, alharguntsa 1

Baztanese: alargun 1, 2

Aezkoan: alargun 1, 2

Zuberoan: a hárgln , a harglntzsa ,

Roncalese: alargun 1, 2

Comments: Tentatively, a compound of *a=ɫhar- ‘*wife’ + *gun [obscure, but possibly

related to Bsq *higuni ‘hatzred, hatzed’ (q.v.)]. Itz is unc ear whetzher tzhe destz meaning

is ‘wid w’, ‘wid wer’, r b tzh. An old usage cited by Azkue (from Refranes y

sentencias, ,596 CE) has ‘wid w’, and per Aokue alharguntegi is ‘pews in church

reserved f r wid ws’. If ‘wid w’ was primary, *a=ɫhar-gun may have meantz ‘wife

aband ned (by deatzh f husband)’: see especia y tzhe meanings (BN) higuin ‘(man) tz

putz away ne’s wife’, (Z-arc) higüin ‘(man) tz putz away ne’s wife; (bird) tz aband n

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ne’s eggs’. The n rtzhern feminine f rms witzh -tsa are secondary, influenced by

Romance (Late Lat. -issa).

Proto-Basque: *a=meć


Meaning: 1 dream 2 sleep

Bizkaian: ames 1

Gipuzkoan: amets 1

High Navarrese: amets 1

Low Navarrese: (arc) amens 2

Lapurdian: aments, amets 1

Zuberoan: ã́tmẽtzs ,

Roncalese: amets 1

Proto-Basque: *a=mec


Meaning: a kind of oak

Bizkaian: ametz

Gipuzkoan: ametz

High Navarrese: ametz

Low Navarrese: ametz

Lapurdian: ametz

Zuberoan: ã́tmẽtzo

Roncalese: ametz

Comments: Defined by Aokue as ‘carba , me j , quejig ’ (~ Quercus robur, Q.

pyrenaica, Q. faginea). Larrasquetz defines tzhe ZBR w rd as ‘chêne tzauoin’ (Q.

pyrenaica).

Proto-Basque: *a=rdi


Meaning: 1 flea 2 worm that eats turnips

Bizkaian: ardi 1, (Gernika) arditxa 2

Gipuzkoan: ardi-kuso, ar-kakuso, ar-kakutsu 1

Comments: The GIP words are compounds with *kuku-śl (q.v.), the eastern word for

'flea'. *a=rdi is analyzed here as *=rdi, the Bsq development of intervocalic PSC *ƛ̣[i],

with a fossilized class prefix *a=.

Proto-Basque: *a=ɫhe- / *a=ɫh -


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Meaning: 1 seed 2 field (destined for sowing) 3 mixture of grain

Gipuzkoan: ale 1, alor 2, (Zarauz) alon-tza 3

High Navarrese: alor 2

Low Navarrese: alhor 2

Salazarese: alur 2

Lapurdian: alor 2

Zuberoan: á h r

Roncalese: alur 2

Proto-Basque: *apa


Meaning: kiss

Bizkaian: apa

High Navarrese: apa

Salazarese: apa

Comments: Cf. PNC *ṗăʔV 'kiss'.

Proto-Basque: *apal (*Hapal ?)


Meaning: shelf

Bizkaian: apal

Gipuzkoan: apal

Comments: Cf. PEC *ʔapVɫV 'pole; board, cover'.

Proto-Basque: *ar ̄


Meaning: male

Bizkaian: ar

Gipuzkoan: ar

High Navarrese: ar

Low Navarrese: ar

Lapurdian: ar

Zuberoan: ar

Roncalese: ar

Proto-Basque: *arāe


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Meaning: 1 palm (of hand) 2 span (measure)

Araban: arra 2

Bizkaian: esku-arre 1, arra 2, (Markina) arraa 1, 2

Gipuzkoan: arrae, arra 2

High Navarrese: arra 2

Salazarese: esku-arrai 1

Lapurdian: esku-arre 1

Comments: A western Bsq isogloss, opposed to eastern *senhe ‘span’ (q.v.). *ar̄ae < *a-

r̄ãe, with the same kind of loss of nasal as in *(e-)kee 'smlke' < *(e-)kẽe, and other

similar cases.

Proto-Basque: *ar̄ain

Meaning: 1 fish 2 trout

Araban: arrai 1

Bizkaian: arrain 1, (arc) arrai 1

Gipuzkoan: arrai 1

High Navarrese: arrain 1

Low Navarrese: arrain 1

Salazarese: arrai 1, 2

Lapurdian: arrain 1

Baztanese: arrain 2

Aezkoan: arrai 1, 2

Zuberoan: arráñ ,

Roncalese: arraĩ, arrái

Comments: Cf. PY *ŕam- 'a kind of fish' ? Some (Trombetti, Woelfel) have suggested

Egyptian origin: cf. Coptic B rami ‘fish’, S raame, rame id.; Demotic rym ‘fish’

(reconstructed *rēm [sg.] /*rame [pl.]); Ancient Eg. rm id.

Proto-Basque: *ar̄an̄

Meaning: 1 eagle 2 vulture

Bizkaian: arrano 1

Gipuzkoan: arrano 1

High Navarrese: arrano 1

Low Navarrese: arrano 1

Lapurdian: arrano 1, 2

Zuberoan: arrano 1

Roncalese: arrano 1

Comments: Cf. the first component of PNC *ʔār-c̣_wämʔV̆ 'eagle', though the Basque

word also resembles some IE words (Hittite haran-, Germanic *ar-an-, etc.). Trask:

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"The proposed link with Hittite hara(n)- id. is too remote and vague to be

impressive." Total of 663 records 34 pages

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Proto-Basque: *ar̄au ce

Meaning: egg

Araban: arraunza

Bizkaian: arrautza, arrautze, (Zeberio, Orozko) arrauntza

Gipuzkoan: arraultza, arrautza, (Etxarri) arrontza

High Navarrese: arraultza, arrautza

Low Navarrese: arroltze, arrolze, (Aldude) arrultze

Salazarese: arroltze

Lapurdian: arraultza

Baztanese: arrolze

Aezkoan: arroitze

Zuberoan: arrau tzoe, arráutzoe

Roncalese: arraultze

Comments: Trask (1995) mentions a possible relationship with erron, errun 'lay eggs'.

Mitxelena (M 96) cites the Alavan Spanish loanword arronzobi, ronzapil,

ranchopil 'torta con huevos'.

Proto-Basque: *ard-ac


Meaning: axle, spindle

Bizkaian: ardatz

Gipuzkoan: ardatz

High Navarrese: ardatz

Low Navarrese: ardatz

Lapurdian: ardatz

Zuberoan: ardatz

Roncalese: ardatz

Comments: This word occurs in many compounds, e.g. burt-ardatz 'axle of a

wagon', ehun-ardatz 'spindle of a spinning wheel', etc. Cf. PNC *ʕănƛ̣V '(part of a)

spindle'. The suffix -atzseems to be the same as *hace ‘back partz’ (q.v.).

Proto-Basque: *argi-


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Meaning: 1 light, bright, 2 luminary (moon)

Araban: irargi 2

Bizkaian: argi 1, iretargi, ilargi, irargi 2

Gipuzkoan: argi 1, ilargi, illargi 2

High Navarrese: argi ,, (E kan , Puentze) i argi , (G ñi, O oa) i ergi

Low Navarrese: argi 1, argizai 2

Salazarese: ilargi 2

Lapurdian: argi 1, ilhargi 2

Baztanese: illargi, ilargi 2

Aezkoan: ilargi 2

Zuberoan: argi 1 argizagi 2

Roncalese: argi 1, argizagi 2

Comments: As Trask (1995) mentions, borrowing from IE *arg- 'shine, bright' has

been suspected, "but no direct source for the loan (if it is one) can be identified."

Compounds with *hiɫa- and *sagi (q.v.).

Proto-Basque: *ar-han


Meaning: 1 plum 2 sloe, wild plum

Bizkaian: aran 1, 2

Gipuzkoan: aran 1

High Navarrese: aran 1

Low Navarrese: arhan 1

Lapurdian: aran 1

Zuberoan: arhan, ahan 1

Roncalese: aran 1

Comments: The morph *ar- (*ar=) is either a rare fossilized prefix, or remnant of a

former compound. Cf. Tibetan r-gun 'grape, vine'.

Proto-Basque: *arhe


Meaning: harrow, rake

Bizkaian: ara

Gipuzkoan: are

High Navarrese: are

Low Navarrese: arhe

Lapurdian: arhe

Zuberoan: árhe


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Comments: Cf. PNC *ʁarhV 'harrow'. PSC *χarh[e] > *harhe > Bsq *arhe (Bsq does not

permit two asprations in the same word).

Proto-Basque: *ar(=)dano


Meaning: wine

Araban: ardao

Bizkaian: arda , ardau, (arc) ardã

Gipuzkoan: ardo

High Navarrese: ardo

Low Navarrese: arno

Salazarese: ardo

Lapurdian: arno

Baztanese: ardo

Aezkoan: ardo

Zuberoan: ardṹ, ardú

Roncalese: ardáũ

Comments: Also in haplologic compounds (c) garagardo ‘beer’ (*garagar̄ ‘bar ey’

+ *ardano), sagardo ‘cider’ (*śagar̄ ‘app e’ + *ardano), etc. Bsq *(ar-) dano is tentatively

matched with PNC *ʒ́w[ǝ̆]nʔi 'wine, honey'. The phonetic match of PNC *ʒ́ = Bsq *d is

unique, and Bsq *ar= seems to be a rare class prefix (cf. *ar=han ‘p um’), r an bscure

compounded element. It is interesting that the older PNC

reconstruction *ðwǝ̄nʡi ‘wine’ (,991) is closer to the Bsq form than the revised

reconstruction *ʒ́w[ǝ̆]nʔi (1994). Possibly PNC *ʒ́ in this case was derived from a

palatalized dental stop such as /dy/?

Proto-Basque: *arśtz

Meaning: ass, donkey

Bizkaian: asto

Gipuzkoan: asto

High Navarrese: asto

Low Navarrese: asto

Salazarese: asto

Lapurdian: asto

Baztanese: asto

Aezkoan: asto

Zuberoan: ástz (arc. arstz )

Roncalese: arsto, asto

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Comments: Cf. PWC *čǝdǝ 'donkey'; Bur *ćhardV́ 'stallion'. Uhlenbeck (1924),

Trombetti (1925), and Chirikba (1985) compared Bsq + WC. Problematic because the

domestic ass is quite recent (ca. 5000 yrs.), and it is uncertain whether these

resemblances represent genetic inheritance or loanwords.

Proto-Basque: *arto


Meaning: 1 maize (Zea mays) 2 millet (Setaria italica)

Bizkaian: arto 1, artatxe, artatxiki 2

Gipuzkoan: arto 1, artatxiki 2

High Navarrese: arto 1

Low Navarrese: artho 1

Lapurdian: art(h)o 1, artotxe(he) 2

Zuberoan: artho 1, arthoxehe 2

Roncalese: arto 1

Comments: Aokue: "Antzes que se imp rtzara de u tzramar estze cerea , debió de usarse

la palabra ARTO para designar e mij , que h y decim s 'maío pequeñ ' ... Cf.

PNC *Ł_ǝdwi / *Ł_ǝŁǝdwi 'corn'.

Proto-Basque: *asa-l


Meaning: t, bark 2 skin 3 rind 4 peel (of fruit)

Bizkaian: azal 1, 2

Gipuzkoan: azal 1, 2

High Navarrese: axal 1, 2, (Esteribar, Larraun) azal 1, 2

Low Navarrese: axal 1, 2, (Amikuse) azal 1, 2

Lapurdian: azal, axal 1, 2

Zuberoan: áxa ,, , 4, áoa

Comments: Axal [aša ] was rigina y tzhe expressive r diminutzive f rm. F r

RNC kaxal, etc., see *kasa-l.

Proto-Basque: *aśe


Meaning: to eat one's fill, be satiated; full, satiated

Araban: ase

Bizkaian: ase

Gipuzkoan: ase

High Navarrese: ase

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Low Navarrese: ase

Salazarese: ase

Lapurdian: ase

Baztanese: ase

Aezkoan: ase

Zuberoan: áse

Roncalese: ase

Comments: This word has all the indications of being an old ablaut variant of

Bsq *lśl (q.v.). Bouda (1948) compared Bsq ase + PEC *-Vc̣V 'full', etc.

Proto-Basque: *aśka


Meaning: 1 trough, kneading tray 2 manger, crib 3 bucket, tub

Bizkaian: aska 2, 3

Gipuzkoan: aska 2, 3, seaska 2

High Navarrese: aska 2, seaska 2

Low Navarrese: aska 1

Lapurdian: aska 2

Zuberoan: áska ,, sehaska , (arc.) arska ,

Roncalese: aska 1

Comments: Se(h)aska 'crib' < *śenhi 'child' + *aśka.

Proto-Basque: *aśk , *aśki


Meaning: 1 many 2 enough

Bizkaian: asko 1

Gipuzkoan: asko 1, aski 2

High Navarrese: aski 2

Low Navarrese: asko 1, aski 2

Lapurdian: aski 2

Zuberoan: asko 1, aski 2

Roncalese: aski 2

Comments: Trask (1997) suggests that these words are derived from the "curious

verb ase 'to be satiated, be satisfied'": see *aśe.

Proto-Basque: *aśtzigar̄

Meaning: maple (tree)

Bizkaian: astigar, (Ermua) azkar

Gipuzkoan: astigar, aztigar

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High Navarrese: astigar

Low Navarrese: astigar, gastigar, gaztigar

Salazarese: gaztigar, txastegiar

Lapurdian: gastigar, gaztigar

Zuberoan: astzigar, axtzígar

Roncalese: astigar, gaztigar

Comments: Cf. Proto-Nakh *stagar 'maple' (Acer platanoides), Hurrian tas:kar- 'box

tree'. The Bsq forms with initial g- are contaminated with *gastaina 'chestnut tree' (<

Latin). An especially distorted form, with expressive prefix *č-, is

SAL txastegiar 'maple tree'.

Proto-Basque: *aśtzun


Meaning: 1 heavy 2 damp, murky, gloomy 3 stupid, clumsy, doltish, rude

Bizkaian: astun 1, 2

Gipuzkoan: astun 1

Baztanese: astun 3

Proto-Basque: *aur̄e


Meaning: 1 front part 2 before 3 first, principal

Bizkaian: aurre 1, 2, aurren 3

Gipuzkoan: aurre 1, aurren 3

High Navarrese: aurren 3

Lapurdian: aur-ka 1

Comments: For this meaning *aur̄e is preferred in western Bsq, versus *ailcin (q.v.) in

eastern Bsq.

Proto-Basque: *auśi-ki


Meaning: to bite

Araban: isugi

Bizkaian: isugi, usigi, (arc) esugi, (Arratia) utsigi

Gipuzkoan: ausiki, usiki, utsiki

Low Navarrese: ausiki

Lapurdian: ausiki, asiki, (arc) autsiki

Zuberoan: usúki, (A çay) isuki, (Larrau) lslki, (arc) usiki

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Comments: The f rms witzh /ć/ (autsiki, utsiki, utsigi) are mentioned by Michelena

(1961: 286), without a definite cause (a kind of expressive intensification?).

Proto-Basque: *-ba


Meaning: 1 sister (of woman) 2 aunt 3 uncle 4 sister (of man)

Bizkaian: osa-ba 3, arre-ba 4

Gipuzkoan: aiz-pa 1, ize-ba 2, osa-ba 3, arre-ba 4

High Navarrese: aiz-pa 1, ize-ba 2, osa-ba 3, arre-ba 4

Low Navarrese: ahiz-pa 1, ize-ba 2, osa-ba 3, arre-ba 4

Lapurdian: aiz-pa 1, osa-ba 3, arre-ba 4

Zuberoan: ahiz-pa 1, ize-ba 2, osa-ba 3, arre-ba 4

Roncalese: aĩz-pa 1, osa-ba 3, arre-ba 4

Comments: Only some of the kinship terms containing *-ba are cited here. Cf. the

forms listed under *śa- / *śe- / *-śl.

Proto-Basque: *bac


Meaning: wet snow

Bizkaian: batz

Comments: An isolated, but apparently archaic, Bizkaian word, to judge from

cognates in Burushaski (*bić 'cold, chill') and Yeniseian (*beʔč 'snow [falling in

flakes]').

Proto-Basque: *bahe < *b=ahe


Meaning: sieve

Bizkaian: bae

Gipuzkoan: bae

High Navarrese: bae

Low Navarrese: bahe

Salazarese: bae

Lapurdian: bahe

Baztanese: bage

Zuberoan: báhe

Roncalese: bae

Comments: It is hypothesized here that the Bsq word is composed of a fossilized class

prefix *b= + the PSC root *=íxwV 'to sift': Cf. PNC *=if_V 'to sift' > Tsakh. wex:ʷa 'sieve'.

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Bouda (1948) compared Bsq bahe + Tsakhur weχ:a (sic.). For phonology cf. Bsq *bahi =

PNC *(w)=HirfV-.

Proto-Basque: *bahi


Meaning: 1 pawn, pledge 2 to pawn, pledge (something)

Bizkaian: bai 1, bai-tu 2

Gipuzkoan: bai 1, bai-tu 2

High Navarrese: bai 1, bai-tu 2

Low Navarrese: bahi 1

Lapurdian: bahi 1

Zuberoan: bahi 1, bahi-tzl

Comments: For phonology, cf. *bahe 'sieve' = PNC *(w)=if_V > Tsakh. wex:ʷa 'sieve'. Total of 663 records 34 pages

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Proto-Basque: *ba śa


Meaning: 1 pool, pond 2 pools between rocks, formed by melting snow 3 softened

snow 4 marshy land 5 mire, mud 6 clot of blood

Bizkaian: baltsa 2, 3, basa 5

Gipuzkoan: baltsa 2, 3

High Navarrese: balsa 1

Low Navarrese: baltsa 3, balsa 6

Salazarese: balsa 6

Lapurdian: baltsa 3, 5, (Ainhoa) basa 5

Baztanese: baltsa 3

Zuberoan: baltsa 3, balxa 4

Roncalese: balsa 6

Comments: Cf. PNC *ṗɦĭ c̣_wǝ ̆'dirt, mud' ('swamp' in Udi and Kabardian).

Proto-Basque: *barace


Meaning: garden, orchard

Bizkaian: (arc) baraze

Gipuzkoan: baratz, baratza

High Navarrese: baratze, baratz

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Low Navarrese: baratze

Lapurdian: baratz

Zuberoan: baratze

Roncalese: baratzoe, (Uotzárr o) bartzoe

Proto-Basque: *barc

Meaning: nit

Bizkaian: bartz

Gipuzkoan: partz, (Andoain) patz

High Navarrese: partz, (Lezaka) bartz

Low Navarrese: phartz

Lapurdian: partz, fartz, (Ainhoa) patz

Baztanese: partz

Zuberoan: bartx

Roncalese: bartzx, (Uotzárr o) bartzo

Comments: Forms with p(h)- (> LAB f-) are secondary, in central dialects, by

assimilation or expressive devoicing. Peripheral dialects (BZK, ZBR, RNC)

preserve b-. Cf. PEC *bē ǯwi‘stzinging insectz’.

Proto-Basque: *barda


Meaning: 1 belly, abdomen, bowels 2 tripe food) 3 stomach 4 rennet 5 rancor, spite 6

paunchy, potbellied

High Navarrese: barda 1, (Lezaka) bardaki 2

Low Navarrese: marda-handi 6, (Aldude) parda 1

Salazarese: marda 1, 3, mardika 3

Baztanese: bardaki 2

Zuberoan: marda 1, 3, 4, 5, marda-handi 6

Roncalese: marda-andi 6, (Uotzárr o) marda ,

Comments: The nasal variants (marda) are probably by expressive

nasalization; parda by voicing dissimilation.

Proto-Basque: *-ba[r]da


Meaning: 1 shoulder 2 middle part of a pig (loin)

Gipuzkoan: sorbalda 1

Lapurdian: sorbalda 1

Baztanese: sorbalda 2

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Comments: It is difficult to determine the precise local provenience of this word.

Azkue cites it as "common" and cites texts by F.I. Lardizabal (Gipuzkoan: 19th c.) and

P.A. Axular (Lapurdian: 17th c.). Trask cites a variant solbarda (EDB), with the liquids

in reverse order. Other Bsq dialects use various words for 'shoulder', e.g. ZBR suñ,

suñhegi (see *ślin), BZK and GIP sorburu ('head of body'), etc. 'shoulder'. The expected

Bsq form is *barda, dissimilated in the compound as sor-balda, or differently as sl -

barda. *ślr- is considered a stem variant of *ślin(q.v.).

Proto-Basque: *barda < *b=arda


Meaning: 1 last night 2 night before last

Araban: bart 1

Bizkaian: bartz ,, (Oñatze) berdantzoa

Gipuzkoan: bart 1, (Andoain, Donibane) berdantza 2, (Donibane) berdantzat 2

High Navarrese: bart 1, berdantza 2, (Irun) berdantzat 2

Low Navarrese: barda 1

Lapurdian: barda 1

Zuberoan: barda 1

Roncalese: barda 1

Comments: Cf. PNC *r=Vmƛ_Ă 'night, evening', with a different fossilized class prefix

in Bsq, corresponding to *b=Vmƛ_Ă.

Proto-Basque: *barhe


Meaning: 1 slug 2 snail 3 leech

Bizkaian: bare 1, bara-kurkuillo 2, bara-skoill 2, (Arratia) bara-kurrillo 2, (Ispaster)

bare-kurlo 2

Gipuzkoan: bare 1, bara-kuillo 2, bara-kurkuillo 2, bare-kurkuillo 2, bara-kurrillo 2

High Navarrese: bara-kurkuillu 2

Lapurdian: bare 1, (arc) bare-korkoil 2, (arc) xinxin-barea 3, (Ainhoa) bare-kurkuila 2

Baztanese: bare 1

Zuberoan: barhe, barhánka ,

Roncalese: (Uotzárr o) baranka ,

Comments: Bsq *barhe is compared only with PEC *bHōr- (~ *wHōr-); the second

elements in NCauc and some of the Bsq words appear to be distinct: some of the

latter approximate Romance forms (Sp. caracol, Fr. escargot, etc.), others resemble

w rds f r ‘crane’ (see *kur̄i-lo); clearly a lot of contamination and blending going on.

Proto-Basque: *baś , *baśa

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Meaning: 1 forest, woods 2 desert 3 wild

Araban: bas- 3

Bizkaian: baso 1

Gipuzkoan: baso 1

High Navarrese: baso 1

Low Navarrese: basa, bas- 3

Lapurdian: basa 2, basa, bas- 3

Zuberoan: basa 2, basa, bas- 3, (arc) baso 1

Roncalese: basa 3

Comments: Used in compounds, e.g. bas-urde 'wild boar', bas-asto 'wild ass, onager',

etc. As 'woods' baso has mainly died out in eastern Bsq, where *oi=han is used instead

(q.v.). Cf. alsoBasa-jaun 'lord of the woods', Bsq equivalent of sasquatch.

Proto-Basque: *bastze-r̄


Meaning: corner, edge

Bizkaian: baztar

Gipuzkoan: baztar, bazter

High Navarrese: baztar, bazter

Low Navarrese: bazter

Salazarese: bazter

Lapurdian: bazter, (Ainhoa) baztar

Baztanese: bazter

Zuberoan: bazter

Roncalese: bazter

Comments: Cf. PNC *whǝ̆rʒ_ĭ 'edge, tip'. One of several cases in which Bsq *-st-

corresponds to PNC tense sibilants: cf. Bsq *esti 'honey, sweet' ~ PEC *mĭʒV 'sweet'.

Proto-Basque: *bat

Meaning: one

Bizkaian: bat

Gipuzkoan: bat

High Navarrese: bat

Low Navarrese: bat

Salazarese: bat

Lapurdian: bat

Baztanese: bat

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Aezkoan: bat

Zuberoan: bat

Roncalese: bat

Comments: Any relation with PNC is dubious: PNC *cHǝ̆ (PWC *za) 'one' is

phonetically incompatible with Bsq *bat. Possibly from a word meaning 'part': cf.

Dargi Chiragh b=it’a- ‘partz’; Avar but’á ‘partz’ (< b=ut’á, < [PNC class prefix] *w/b- +

PEC *=ĭṭV ‘tz cutz, divide’.

Proto-Basque: *beha


Meaning: 1 listening, looking 2 to listen, look at

High Navarrese: bea-tu 2

Low Navarrese: beha 1, beha-tu 2

Salazarese: bea-tu 2

Lapurdian: beha 1, beha-tu 2

Zuberoan: beha 1, beha-tzl

Roncalese: bea 1, bea-tu 2

Comments: The Bsq word apparently contains a fossilized class prefix or preverb *b= :

cf. PY *b[ǝ̄]k- 'to find'. This verb has influenced the form of the word for 'ear' in

northeastern Bsq:*be= ar̄i (q.v.) > beharri, etc.

Proto-Basque: *beHa-sun


Meaning: 1 bile, gall; hatred, bitterness 2 gall bladder (of fish) 3 affliction, woe,

anguish

Bizkaian: beaztun 1, (Bermeo) 2

Gipuzkoan: beazun 1

Low Navarrese: behazun 1

Lapurdian: beazuma 1, (arc) behazune 3

Comments: The segment *beHa- appears to be an old word, perhaps *beHe 'liver': cf.

PST *phe ‘sp een’ (Thankur =pǝy ‘ iver’, etzc.); PY *b[a]jbVl ‘kidney’ c u d be a simi ar

compound < *b[a]j-pɨʔɨĺ (second element = *pɨʔɨĺ ‘intzestzines’).

Proto-Basque: *behe < *b=ehe


Meaning: 1 ground, floor 2 lower (part), bottom 3 below

Bizkaian: bee, bei, be 1, 2, bee-ra, be-ra 3

Gipuzkoan: be, bei 1, be-ra 3

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Low Navarrese: behe-ra, behe-iti 3

Lapurdian: behe-re 1, behe-ra, behe-iti 3

Zuberoan: behe-ra, behe-iti 3

Comments: The PNC word had changing class prefixes (still the case in Chechen,

etc.). Bsq lexicalized the form *b=ehe = PNC *w=ǝ̆χA.

Proto-Basque: *behi


Meaning: cow

Bizkaian: bei

Gipuzkoan: bei

High Navarrese: bei, (local) pei

Low Navarrese: behi

Salazarese: bei

Lapurdian: behi

Baztanese: bei

Aezkoan: bei

Zuberoan: béhi

Roncalese: bei

Comments: Cf. PNC *bħǝrc̣_wV 'cattle'. For phonology cf.

Bsq *minhi 'tongue', *bihi 'grain'. Alternatively, cf. PSC *wɨ̆ɦwV 'cattle'.

Proto-Basque: *beh r ̄


Meaning: mare

Bizkaian: beor

Gipuzkoan: beor

High Navarrese: beor

Low Navarrese: behor

Salazarese: beor

Lapurdian: behor

Zuberoan: bóh r

Roncalese: be r, (Uotzárr o) beur

Comments: Initial *be- is not likely to be a fossilized prefix, since *be=/*bi= does not

occur with animate beings (human or animal). Perhaps a dissimilated reduplication

(*fefor > *befor, or the like)?

Proto-Basque: *beko


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Meaning: 1 forehead 2 frown (with eyebrows) 3 cheek 4 cheek, audacity

Bizkaian: beko-ki 1, (Mondragon, Ondarroa) beko-zko 2

Gipuzkoan: beko-zko 2, (Etxarri) beko-ski 1

High Navarrese: (Oyarzun) beko-ki 1

Low Navarrese: bekho, beko 1, bekho-ki 4, (Aldude) bekho-zko 3

Lapurdian: bekho, beko 1

Baztanese: beko-ki 2

Zuberoan: bekho-ki 4

Comments: Trask (1995) suggests derivation from late Latin beccu 'beak, bill', though

there is no deeper history of this word in Latin, and it may be a borrowing from

Vasconic.

Proto-Basque: *beɫe


Meaning: 1 raven 2 crow 3 hawk, sparrowhawk

Bizkaian: bela 1, belatxika 2, belatxinga 2

Gipuzkoan: bela, bele 1, (Donostia) belatxinga 2

High Navarrese: bela, bele 1, belatxika 2

Low Navarrese: bele 1, belatxika 2, belatx 2, 3

Lapurdian: bela 1, belatx 3

Zuberoan: bé e ,, be exega , be átzo

Comments: Azkue cites (ANV, BZK, BNV, GIP, LAB, ZBR) bela 'raven', though

Mitxelena (1961, p. 128) cites (BZK) bela as opposed to bele in other dialects.

Proto-Basque: *beɫha-r̄


Meaning: 1 grass, hay 2 first mowing of hay 3 sorcerer, witch

Bizkaian: berar, bedar 1

Gipuzkoan: belar, berar 1

High Navarrese: belar 1

Low Navarrese: belhar 2

Lapurdian: belhar 2

Zuberoan: bé har , be ha-gí e

Roncalese: bera-gín

Comments: Cf. PEC *u_e ɣV 'burdock; nettle'. The sense 'sorcerer, witch' is from 'herb

maker, herbalist'.

Proto-Basque: *ben


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Meaning: 1 formal, serious, sensible 2 meek, docile, obedient 3 power, potency 4

critical moment, urgency, compulsion 5 necessity

Bizkaian: ben 1, men 1, 2

Gipuzkoan: ben 1, men 2

High Navarrese: men 2, 3

Low Navarrese: men 3, 5

Lapurdian: men 3, 4

Zuberoan: men 3

Roncalese: men 3

Comments: The semantic variations are extensive, but cf. PNC *wēnʎ_wē 'luck, good',

where, e.g., 'luck' may be related to Basque 'critical moment, power', and 'good' to

Basque 'meek, docile, sensible'.

Proto-Basque: *be=gi (or *b=egi)


Meaning: eye

Bizkaian: begi

Gipuzkoan: begi

High Navarrese: begi

Low Navarrese: begi

Salazarese: begi

Lapurdian: begi

Baztanese: begi

Aezkoan: begi

Zuberoan: bégi

Roncalese: begi

Comments: A nominal formation from PSC *=axgwV 'to look, see', with the fossilized

class prefix *b(e)=. Total of 663 records 34 pages

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Proto-Basque: *be=lhaun / *be=lhaur-


Meaning: knee

Bizkaian: belaun

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Gipuzkoan: belaun

High Navarrese: belaun

Low Navarrese: belhaun

Lapurdian: belhaun

Zuberoan: be hain, (Bark xe) bé hañ

Roncalese: be áin, be éin

Comments: The variant *belhaur- occurs in words such as (L) belhaurika-,

(Z) belhai(ri)ka- 'to kneel', etc.

Proto-Basque: *be=ɫar̄i


Meaning: ear

Bizkaian: belarri

Gipuzkoan: belarri

High Navarrese: (n) belarri, bearri, (s) biarri

Low Navarrese: beharri

Salazarese: begarri

Lapurdian: beharri

Baztanese: begarri

Aezkoan: biarri

Zuberoan: behárri

Roncalese: biárri

Comments: Forms of type *behar̄i contaminated with the verb *beha- 'to listen, look'.

Michelena posited *berarri as the most ancient form, which is also possible,

since *l often changes to /r/ between vowels, which would then dissimi atze tz / /

because f tzhe f wing /r̄/.

Proto-Basque: *ber-


Meaning: self, same

Bizkaian: ber, bera

Gipuzkoan: ber, bera

High Navarrese: ber, bera

Low Navarrese: ber, bera

Lapurdian: ber, bera

Zuberoan: ber, bera

Roncalese: ber, bera

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Comments: "ber- 'self, same' ... serves as the base of several derivatives ... western

dialects have recently generalized this form into an ordinary third-person prounoun

'he', 'she'" (Trask 1995).

Proto-Basque: *berc / *beśtz


Meaning: 1 cauldron 2 hearth grate

Araban: barzuin 2

Bizkaian: bartzun, barzun 2

Gipuzkoan: pertz 1, bertzun 2, (Iziar) pertzun 2

High Navarrese: pertz, bertz 1, bertzoin, bertzuin 2

Low Navarrese: bertz, (ms) best 1

Lapurdian: phertz 1

Baztanese: bertz 1, berzuin 2

Zuberoan: bertz 1

Roncalese: bertz 1

Comments: Older sources cite the Bsq meaning as 'cauldron' (caldero / chaudron),

Aulestia & White have bertz 'bucket, pail'. The variant best is only attested in a

manuscript, but seems to be a trace of an alternation *berc / *beśt, parallel to *blrc /

*blśt 'five' and some other cases. 'Hearth grate' is more specifically defined as 'palette

of iron or other metal, to move and pick up the fire in fireplaces and braziers': the Bsq

word is a compound of *berc + *hoin 'foot' (q.v.). In some dialects it can mean 'foot of

cauldron' or 'fire-shovel'.

Proto-Basque: *berhesi


Meaning: to separate

Gipuzkoan: berezi

High Navarrese: berezi

Low Navarrese: berezi

Lapurdian: berezi

Zuberoan: berhezi

Roncalese: berezi

Comments: This could simply be a derivative of *ber- 'same, self', as suggested by

Mitxelena (1961: 83).

Proto-Basque: *ber̄h


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Meaning: 1 bramble 2 thicket, brake 3 hedge 4 (newly tilled) field 5 sown field

Bizkaian: berro 1, 2

Gipuzkoan: berro 1, 2

High Navarrese: berro 4

Salazarese: berro 4

Lapurdian: berho, berro 1, 2, 3

Baztanese: berro 4

Zuberoan: bérh ,, , 4, 5

Roncalese: berro 4

Comments: Meanings 4 and 5 reflect a common development such as *hedge > *fence

> fenced in area, field.

Proto-Basque: *ber̄i

Meaning: new

Bizkaian: barri

Gipuzkoan: berri

High Navarrese: berri

Low Navarrese: berri

Salazarese: berri

Lapurdian: berri

Baztanese: berri

Aezkoan: berri

Zuberoan: bérri

Roncalese: berri

Comments: As suggested by Trombetti (1926), cf. Coptic beri, brre 'new, young',

Demotic bry 'young'; possibly one of a few Bsq loanwords from Egyptian.

Proto-Basque: *bero


Meaning: warm, hot; warmth, heat

Bizkaian: bero

Gipuzkoan: bero

High Navarrese: bero

Low Navarrese: bero

Salazarese: bero

Lapurdian: bero

Zuberoan: bér

Roncalese: bero

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Comments: Expressive/diminutive form bello /bely / in ZBR, RNC, SAL = ‘s ightz y

warm, ukewarm’, r ‘warm, h tz’ when speaking tz a chi d. In RNC

(Isaba) bé l became the only (unmarked) form.

Proto-Basque: *beś

Meaning: 1 arm (of human), foreleg (of animal) 2 upper arm, humerus 3 armpit 4

elbow

Bizkaian: beso 1, besondo 2, (Ispaster) besabe 3

Gipuzkoan: beso 1, besondo 2

High Navarrese: beso 1

Low Navarrese: beso 1

Lapurdian: beso 1, besondo 2

Zuberoan: bés ,, besṍnd , besápe , besáink 4

Roncalese: beso 1, besainki 4

Comments: Cf. PNC *bü̆š_V 'finger, hand', a perfect phonetic and close semantic

match.

Proto-Basque: *bete, *i=pete


Meaning: 1 full 2 obese

Bizkaian: bete 1

Gipuzkoan: bete 1

High Navarrese: bete 1

Low Navarrese: bethe 1, iphete 2

Salazarese: bete 1

Lapurdian: bete 1

Baztanese: bete 1

Aezkoan: bete 1

Zuberoan: bétzhe ,

Roncalese: bete 1

Comments: Bsq-NC semantzic re atzi n is ratzher tzenu us: ‘hard’ > ‘stzr ng’ > ‘fu ’?

Proto-Basque: *beɫɦa-r̄


Meaning: 1 forehead 2 eyebrow 3 side, back (of mattress, pillow) 4 crust (of bread)

Bizkaian: (Ispaster, Markina) belaar 3

High Navarrese: bepelar 2

Low Navarrese: belhar 1

Salazarese: belar 1


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Lapurdian: belhar, belar 1

Aezkoan: bepelar 2

Zuberoan: belar 1, ogi-belar 4

Comments: Meanings 3 and 4 are analogous to the NC meanings 'edge, end, corner'

(Chamali, Tindi bala, Avar bal, etc.).

Proto-Basque: *bi


Meaning: two

Bizkaian: bi

Gipuzkoan: bi

High Navarrese: bi

Low Navarrese: bi, bi-ga, (Aldude) bi-da

Salazarese: bi-da

Lapurdian: bi, bi-ga, (arc) bia

Baztanese: bi-da

Aezkoan: bi

Zuberoan: bi, bi-ga

Roncalese: bi

Comments: The variants bi-ga, bi-da occur in noun phrases and in counting (Trask

1997: 273). Cf. similar suffixes in Avar and Andian languages: Av ḳi-go, Akh Kar ḳe-

da, etc.

Proto-Basque: *bići ~ *biči


Meaning: 1 jewel 2 pearl 3 brooch 4 original, extravagant, graceful 5 pretty (children's

word) 6 element in words for 'godparent', 'godchild'

Bizkaian: bitxi 2, pitxi 1, 5, -bitxi 6

Gipuzkoan: pitxi 1, 5

High Navarrese: pitxi 1

Low Navarrese: bitxi 4

Lapurdian: bitxi 4, pitxi 5, -bitxi 6

Roncalese: bitxi 3

Comments: The oldest attested uses of the word (15th-16th c.) refer to jewels of great

price. This, and the use of *-biči in aita-bitxi ‘g dfatzher’, etzc. (ama-bitxi, seme-bitxi, alab-

itxi), matzch we witzh tzhe NC meanings ‘rich’ and ‘h n r(ab e)’. The ‘g d-(parent, -

chi d)’ usage is pr bab y ca qued n R mance f rms ike Fr. beaupère ‘g dfatzher’.


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Pa atza /č/ by expressive palatalization and/or position between two /i/s; the

form pitxi by expressive devoicing.

Proto-Basque: *bide

Meaning: road

Bizkaian: bide

Gipuzkoan: bide

High Navarrese: bide

Low Navarrese: bide

Salazarese: bide

Lapurdian: bide

Baztanese: bide

Aezkoan: bide

Zuberoan: bide

Roncalese: bide

Comments: External parallels uncertain: borrowed from Berber, e.g.

Nefusa brid 'road'?

Proto-Basque: *biha-r


Meaning: 1 tomorrow 2 the next day, following day 3 day after tomorrow 4 the

second day after (any day)

Bizkaian: biar 1, biaramon 2

Gipuzkoan: biar, bigar 1, biaramon 2

High Navarrese: biar 1

Low Navarrese: bihar 1, biharamon, biharamun 2, biharamunago 4

Salazarese: biar 1

Lapurdian: bihar 1, biharamon, biharamun 2

Baztanese: biar 1, biardamu 3

Zuberoan: bihar 1, biha(r)men 2, biharamena, bihamenago 4

Roncalese: biar 1

Comments: See also *eci and *[lamu] for other expressions of days to come.

Proto-Basque: *bihi


Meaning: 1 seed, grain 2 fruit 3 (a) little

Low Navarrese: bihi 1, 2, 3

Lapurdian: bihi 1, 3

Baztanese: bigi 1


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Zuberoan: bíhi ,, ,

Comments: For Bsq *-V(n)hi- < earlier *-VRSi cf. *minhi 'tongue', *behi 'cow'.

Proto-Basque: *bihur̄-


Meaning: 1 to bend, twist 2 to turn 3 to return, come back 4 bent, curved

Araban: biur-tu 1

Bizkaian: bior-tu, biur-tu 1, 2, 3, biurri 4

Gipuzkoan: biur-tu, bior-tu 1, 3, biurri 4

High Navarrese: biur-tu, bior-tu 1, biurri 4

Low Navarrese: bihur-tu 1, 3, bihurri 4

Salazarese: biurri 4

Lapurdian: bihur-tu 1, 3, bihurri 4

Baztanese: biurri 4

Zuberoan: blhlr-tzu ,, , blhlrri 4

Roncalese: biur-tu 1, 2, 3, biurri 4

Comments: There are other, more abstract, meanings, such as 'to translate'

(languages), 'to convert' (religion), etc. For semantics, cf. *e=cuɫi 'to turn'. This is one

of the words in which PSC*gw or *Gw has changed to Bsq *b (in the environment of

high vowels).

Proto-Basque: *biɫh


Meaning: hair, mane

High Navarrese: bilo, billo

Low Navarrese: bilho

Salazarese: bilo

Lapurdian: bilo

Aezkoan: bilo

Zuberoan: bí h

Comments: Trask (1999) passes on Michelena's idea that *bilho comes from a cross of

Lat. pilum 'single hair' and villum 'tuft of hair', adding "don't know if this is right or

not." The aspirated *-lh- matches well with PNC *ṗVħVɫV.

Proto-Basque: *bi / *e=biɫi


Meaning: 1 to walk, go about 2 wheel

Bizkaian: ibili 1, (arc) ebili 1, bur-pil 2

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Gipuzkoan: ibili 1, gur-pil 2, kur-pil 2

High Navarrese: ibili 1

Low Navarrese: ibili 1

Salazarese: ebli 1

Lapurdian: ibili 1

Zuberoan: ebili, ebil 1

Roncalese: ebili 1

Comments: gur-pil < *gurt-bil (*gurdi 'cart, wagon', q.v.). Cf. *bVrVbil 'round'.

Proto-Basque: *bil < *b=il


Meaning: to assemble, amass, unite, gather, collect

Gipuzkoan: bil-du

High Navarrese: bil-du

Low Navarrese: bil

Lapurdian: bil

Zuberoan: bil

Roncalese: bil-tu

Comments: The comparison assumes a development parallel to PY *bɨĺ- 'all' < *b=ɨĺ-

(with fossilized inanimate prefix). Total of 663 records 34 pages

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Proto-Basque: *bil(ibil)


Meaning: round

Bizkaian: biribil

Gipuzkoan: biribil

High Navarrese: biribil, (Lezaka) borobil

Low Navarrese: borobil

Lapurdian: biribil

Zuberoan: biribil

Roncalese: biribil

Comments: *bil ‘r und tzhing’ in many c mp unds: *g(ʷ)ur-t-bil ‘whee ’, *bar̄a-

bil ‘tzestzic e’, * u(r̄)-pil ‘heap f eartzh’, *ogi-t-pil ‘bread r ’, *śudu(r̄)-pil ‘n stzri ’, etzc.

Cf. *e=biɫi ‘tz wa k’ < *’tz g r und’.

Proto-Basque: *bi - ć

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Meaning: lamb (that has begun to feed itself)

Bizkaian: bildots

Gipuzkoan: bi

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