bate bay coastline management plan

Bate Bay Coastline Management Plan

Patterson Britton & Partners Pty Ltd September 2003

SUTHERLAND SHIRE COUNCIL


Issue No. 4

SEPTEMBER 2003 Document Amendment and Approval Record

Issue Description of Amendment Prepared by [date] Verified by [date] Approved by [date] 1 Draft GWB (11.10.02) GWB (11.10.02) 2 Revised Draft GWB (5.11.02) MMc (7.11.02) 3 Draft for Public Exhibition GWB (3.12.02) MMc (3.12.02) 4 Final GWB (2.7.03) GWB (8.7.03)

Note: This document is preliminary unless it is approved by a principal of Patterson Britton & Partners. Document Reference: rp3828gwb_hrf021009 Time and Date Printed: 10:57:55 AM 23 October, 2008

© Copyright The concepts and information in this document are the property of Patterson Britton & Partners Pty Ltd. Use of this document or passing onto others or copying, in part or in full, without the written permission of Patterson Britton & Partners Pty Ltd is an infringement of copyright.

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Table of Contents Foreword I-I 1. Introduction 1-1 1.1 Background 1-1 1.2 Study Area 1-1 1.3 Planning Framework 1-1 1.4 Land Status and Zonings 1-1 1.5 Key Features of Bate Bay 1-2 1.6 Acknowledgements 1-2 2. Summary of Management Plan Studies 2-1 2.1 Coastline Processes and Coastline Hazards 2-1 2.2 Past and Current Shoreline Protection Works 2-4 2.3 Development Pressures 2-6 2.4 Water Quality 2-6 2.5 Access 2-7 2.6 Recreation 2-9 2.7 Landscape 2-10 2.8 Beach Safety and Amenity 2-12 2.9 Terrestrial Ecology 2-12 2.10 Aquatic Ecology 2-13 2.11 Cultural Heritage 2-14 3. The Plan 3-1 3.1 General 3-1 3.2 Existing Development and Land Use at Threat from Coastline Hazards 3-2 3.3 Future Development and Land Use at Threat from Coastline Hazards 3-5 3.4 Water Quality 3-6 3.5 Access 3-7 3.6 Recreational Activities 3-9 3.7 Landscape 3-11 3.8 Beach Safety and Amenity 3-13 3.9 Terrestrial Ecology 3-14 3.10 Aquatic Ecology 3-15 3.11 Cultural Heritage 3-16 3.12 Indicative Concept Plans 3-17

4. Summary of Management Strategies and Actions 4-1 5. Coastal Erosion Emergency Action Plan 5-1 6. Monitoring and Review 6-1 Appendix A Members of Bate Bay Coastal Management Committee Appendix B Predicted Location of the Immediate, 50 Year and 100 Year Erosion

Escarpment Lines (Based on the Do Nothing Option) Appendix C Geological Evolution of Bate Bay and Surrounds Appendix D Zoning Plans References and Bibliography


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Foreword Bate Bay is a site of imposing natural beauty characterised by a sense of openness created by the long stretch of gently curving beaches and rocky headlands. The beaches are some of the most popular surfing beaches in Sydney and during the summer months are subject to intensive use. Because of its intrinsic scenic and recreational values the beach is highly valued by the community. Despite these considerable attributes and the community’s concern for its protection, Bate Bay has not achieved its potential as a premier coastal attraction and recreational resource. Its inherent natural qualities have been lost or severely compromised by progressive development and the coastline hazards of beach erosion and shoreline recession. The purpose of this Management Plan is to provide an overall framework for the management of Bate Bay to achieve the Vision of the Bate Bay Coastal Management Committee: To preserve Bate Bay as a high quality and ecologically

sustainable recreation area The Management Plan aims to improve our knowledge and understanding of the physical dynamics of the Bate Bay system. It includes objectives, strategies and actions related to the medium term and longer term preservation, maintenance, development and use of Bate Bay and its foreshores, as well as for the short term restoration of particular beach areas. In keeping with the requirements of the NSW Government’s Coastline Hazard Policy, the objectives of the Management Plan consider social, economic, aesthetic, recreational and ecological factors as well as coastline hazards.


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1 Introduction

1.1 Background

As a result of the ongoing erosion of the beaches within Bate Bay, leading to a gradual degradation of the recreational beach amenity and threat to public assets, Sutherland Shire Council elected to pursue the preparation of a Management Plan for Bate Bay. Council recognised the need for the Plan to address a wide range of aspects including beach use, water use, safety, flora and fauna, water quality and the impact of adjacent development. A Bate Bay Coastal Management Committee was formed to oversee formulation of the Plan, under the stewardship of Sutherland Shire Council. The Committee includes Council officers and representatives of relevant State government departments, interest groups and the local community. The Bate Bay Coastal Management Committee has as its vision: To preserve Bate Bay as a high quality and ecologically

sustainable recreation area The Management Plan aims to improve our knowledge and understanding of the physical dynamics of the Bate Bay system. It includes objectives, strategies and actions related to the medium term and longer term preservation, maintenance, development and use of Bate Bay and its foreshores, as well as for the short term restoration of particular beach areas. 1.2 Study Area

Bate Bay is a coastal embayment located 25 km south of Sydney Heads. The shoreline comprises a mix of natural rocky cliffs, pocket beaches, seawall structures, and a long sweeping beach and dunal system some 4 km in length. The Bay is subject to intense population pressure and development pressure. At the same time, the Bay is affected by a range of coastline hazards, most particularly beach erosion and shoreline recession. The study area extends alongshore from Bass and Flinders Point in the south to Potter Point in the north. The character ranges from dense urban development interspersed with cultural parks to suburban and ‘naturalistic’ foredune environments and rocky coastlines. For the purpose of describing the study area, the site can be divided into four zones. These are based on the relative homogeneity of the natural and cultural values and settings, as follows1: • Zone 2: The Cliff-Top Walk – ‘The Esplanade’, Bass and

Flinders Point, Oak Park, Shelly Park, Shelly and Blackwoods Beaches;

1 The zone numbering for Bate Bay starts at Zone 2, since the Gunnamatta Bay eastern foreshore, which is the subject of a separate Management Plan being prepared by Council, has been denoted Zone 1.

• Zone 3: The City Beaches – Cronulla to North Cronulla Beach;

• Zone 4: The Surf Beaches – Prince Street Seawall, Elouera Beach to Wanda Reserve;

• Zone 5: The Beach Reserve – Green Hills, Boat Harbour, Potter Point.

While the Plan relates to the coastline, the landward and seaward limits of the study area were quite flexible, depending on the issue. 1.3 Planning Framework

This Coastline Management Plan represents the application of the NSW Government’s Coastline Hazard Policy (1988) to Bate Bay. Other broad polices and strategies relevant to the Bate Bay coastline include: • NSW Coastal Policy 1997 • Sydney Regional Coastal Management Strategy 1998 • State Environmental Planning Policy No 71 – Coastal

Protection Land use along Bate Bay is currently controlled by: • Regional Environmental Plan (REP) No.17 Kurnell Peninsula

1989 • Sutherland Shire Local Environmental Plan (LEP) 2000 • Cronulla Centre Development Control Plan (DCP) The use of reserves and facilities along Bate Bay is managed under various Plans of Management, including: • Plan of Management for Cronulla Surf Life Saving Club • Plan of Management for North Cronulla Surf Life Saving Club • Plan of Management for North Cronulla Beach to Wanda

Reserve • Plan of Management for Elouera Surf Life Saving Club • Plan of Management for Wanda Surf Life Saving Club • Plan of Management for Public Lands Adjoining and to the

South of the Sydney Destination Resort, Bate Bay, Sutherland.

1.4 Land Status and Zonings

Foreshore land along Bate Bay is zoned 6(a) Public Recreation under the Regional Environmental Plan (REP) No 17 Kurnell Peninsula and Sutherland Shire Local Environmental Plan (LEP) 2000. The exceptions to this are land east of Wanda Reserve, which is zoned 6(b) Recreation Proposed, and land around Boat Harbour which is zoned 9(a) Reservations Open Space (Regional).


Introduction Cont’d

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The Cronulla foreshore reserves are generally Council owned or Crown land under the care, control and management of Council. The foreshore land zoned 6(b) and 9(a) at Kurnell is currently in private ownership. The zoning plans are included in Appendix D. 1.5 Key Features of Bate Bay

Bate Bay has a number of key features: • imposing natural beauty characterised by a sense of

openness created by the long stretch of gently curving beaches and rocky headlands;

• high recreational value for a range of activities and people of all ages including surfing, swimming, fishing, sunbathing, cycling, walking and picnicking;

• remnant coastal vegetation; • landscape items of cultural heritage and community value; • a range of aquatic habitats, including intertidal rocky

platforms, subtidal rocky reefs, sandy beaches, subtidal soft sediments, and seagrasses;

• Boat Harbour Aquatic Reserve; • terrestrial habitats containing rare or threatened species and

endangered ecological communities; • places of cultural heritage significance. 1.6 Acknowledgements

The Management Plan has been prepared by Patterson Britton & Partners in association with Hassell and Nelson Consulting. Biosis Research and The Ecology Lab provided advice in relation to natural and cultural heritage. Mr Angus Gordon (formerly of NSW Department of Public Works) kindly made available unpublished manuscript on the physical processes of Bate Bay. The Plan was formulated with the assistance and input of the Bate Bay Coastal Management Committee. The current members of this Committee are listed in Appendix A.

Elouera observation tower

Walkers along path at Shelly Beach

Oak Park Pavillion

Bate Bay, October 1999

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rp3828gwb_hrf021009-Management Plan-Section 2 PATTERSON BRITTON & PARTNERS / HASSELL / NELSON CONSULTING page 2-1

2 Summary of Management Plan Studies

This section provides background information on the physical, ecological and social environment of Bate Bay, including areas/items of conservation significance. It also includes discussion of management issues affecting the Bay. The management issues are sufficiently well understood to enable preparation of this Management Plan which forms an overall framework for management of the Bay. In some cases, additional investigations of certain issues are recommended, as actions in the Plan, to guide more detailed decision-making. 2.1 Coastline Processes and

Coastline Hazards

A range of coastline processes affect coastal areas and cause coastline hazards. These processes include wind, waves, currents and sediment movement. The NSW Government’s Coastline Management Manual identifies six coastline hazards relevant to Bate Bay: • beach erosion; • shoreline recession; • sand drift; • coastal inundation; • slope and cliff instability; and • stormwater erosion. An understanding of the geological evolution of the Bate Bay area is also important as it is likely that those processes that have shaped the area in the past are still active today. A summary of the geological evolution of Bate Bay and surrounds is provided in Appendix C. Coastline Processes Bate Bay is particularly exposed to storms from the south-east. In terms of erosion damage, the most devesting storm to strike Bate Bay since records began is the May 1974 storm. Storms play an important role in determining the rate and magnitude of shoreline change. Sand is eroded from the beach during storms, forming offshore bars. The eroded sand is worked back onshore and alongshore during calmer wave activity. Net transport of sand occurs in Bate Bay from south to north in slugs or pulses, resulting in ongoing erosion, or recession, of the southern beaches within the Bay. Historically, there has been significant losses of sand from the Bate Bay coastal system due to wind action. Revegetation of dunes in the centre and north-east of the embayment have significantly reduced wind blown losses from the system in more recent years. The ‘bump’ is a distinct shoreline feature in the northeast of the embayment (refer photo). This has formed due to the

modification of the nearshore wave climate caused by Merries Reef located in the north of the study area, and the existence of less erodible cemented calcareous or shelly sands (calcarenite) in the beach and dune system. The bump is likely to remain a feature of the embayment and may become more prominent over time.

Oblique aerial photo of the north-eastern end of Bate Bay. The vegetated foredune is evident along with the “bump” in the curvature of the shoreline (centre right) (2000) Beach Erosion Hazard The beach erosion hazard refers to the extent of erosion that could be expected due to a severe storm or series of closely-linked storms. It is often referred to as the “storm demand”. Beach erosion can be measured in terms of the volume of sand transported offshore in the storm or in terms of the landward movement of a significant beach feature such as the back beach erosion escarpment. The volume is usually expressed in terms of cubic metres of sand per metre run of beach (m3/m), measured above Mean Sea Level. The storm demands considered appropriate for the study area for a 100-year return period storm are tabulated overleaf and are typical of values for open coast beaches in NSW.

Beach erosion at North Cronulla in front of Dunningham Park in 1974

Shoreline Recession Hazard The hazard of shoreline recession is the progressive landward shift in the average long term position of the coastline. The two causes of shoreline recession are net sediment loss and an increase in sea level. Both of these causes exist at Bate Bay. Shoreline recession due to a net loss of sediment from a beach system tends to occur when one or more of the following processes operate: • the outgoing longshore transport (littoral drift) of sand from a

beach is greater than the incoming longshore transport; • offshore transport processes move sand to offshore “sinks”

from which it does not return to the beach; • there is a landward loss of sediment by windborne transport. The shoreline recession rate due to net sediment loss is expressed in terms of the distance in metres of landward shift of the shoreline per year (m/yr). The long term recession rates established recently for the study area for future planning purposes are tabulated overleaf. These rates are lower than previous estimates of long term recession, due in part to the beneficial effect of the stabilisation of the dunes against wind blown sand losses. Shoreline recession due to an increase in sea level can occur through two mechanisms: first, by drowning low lying coastal land, and second, by shoreline readjustment to the new, higher, coastal water levels. The second mechanism is the more important factor for Bate Bay. The magnitude of the shoreline recession due to an increase in sea level depends on the amount of predicted sea level rise and the slope of the shoreline profile. The values adopted for Bate Bay are tabulated overleaf. Refer also to page 2-3 for further discussion of potential hazards due to climate change.

Beach erosion/accretion cycle – no net sand loss or shoreline recession

Long term shoreline recession – profile displaced landward due to net sand loss

Sand Drift Hazard Sand drift is a result of the movement of beach sediment by wind. It can be controlled to a large extent by the existence of a well vegetated foredune. Significant sand drift has occurred in Bate Bay in the past, as evidenced by the transgressive hind dunes visible in the historical vertical aerial photography. Historically, the sand drift resulted in significant recession of the shoreline.

Unvegetated foredune and hind dune area in the vicinity of Wanda Reserve in 1974 At present, the hazard posed by drifting sand is generally not significant in Bate Bay because of the existence of a well vegetated foredune. The hind dunes have also been largely stabilised except where sand extraction is proceeding. However, it is important to remember that there is always potential for sand drift to occur and the maintenance of the foredune is critical to ensure that sand drift does not once again become a major problem in Bate Bay.


Summary of Management Plan Studies Cont’d


Although there is little or no foredune in the south of the study area, seawalls largely prevent the loss of any significant volumes of sand from the beach berm by sand drift. There are some localised sand drift issues near Elouera SLSC which may necessitate some regrading to control dune height and revegetation of the foredune. Coastal Inundation Hazard Coastal inundation is the flooding of coastal lands by ocean waters. It is generally caused by large waves and elevated water levels associated with severe storms. Coastal inundation occurred in Bate Bay in the May 1974 storm in the dunes to the north of Wanda with a number of wash-throughs occurring. Wave runup into Cronulla Park behind Cronulla Beach also occurred at high tide in this storm. At Cronulla Beach, it is likely that some wave runup could still occur into Cronulla Park, mostly through access gaps in the seawall upstand, although this is not considered to be a significant problem. At the southern end of the beach, significant wave runup into the Cronulla SLSC has occurred 4 to 5 times in the last 50 years. At such times the Club opens the bottom doors of the building to reduce the force acting on them and lets water flow into the building. Wave runup and overtopping onto the promenade between Cronulla and North Cronulla Beaches is a common occurrence during storm events. Measures are provided along the promenade to allow overtopping water to drain off the promenade. Depending on the severity of the overtopping, the hazard to pedestrians using the promenade can range from a nuisance to a significant risk of being injured. Coastal inundation does not represent a significant hazard at North Cronulla Beach/Dunningham Park, or around Prince Street, due to the high ground elevations. The wave return wall along Prince Street seawall minimises any wave runup encroaching on the walkway. The maximum wave runup level along the “natural” shoreline in the northern part of the study area is estimated to be between 7.0 and 7.5 m AHD1. There is little development in this section of the study area and the land generally rises to above 7.5 m AHD in the hind dunes beyond the foredune. Hence, even if inundation were to occur there would be few consequences other than short-term inundation of the swale between the foredune and hind dune.

1 AHD means Australian Height Datum and corresponds approximately to Mean Sea Level (MSL). A value of 7.5 m AHD means 7.5 m above AHD or MSL.

Slope and Cliff Instability Hazard Sea cliffs are located in the Bate Bay area between Potter Point and Boat Harbour, between North and Cronulla Beaches, and south of Cronulla Beach along the Cronulla Peninsula. There would not appear to be any significant instability hazard in the study area with the exception of an area along the promenade between Cronulla and North Cronulla Beaches. This is being addressed by Council in conjunction with the private land owners. At times of storms which cause erosion into the foredune, a pronounced near-vertical erosion escarpment forms in the sand. As this escarpment dries out, the escarpment tends to “fail” by slumping back to a more stable angle. Account needs to be taken of this zone of slope adjustment in the determination of the full extent of the beach erosion hazard. Landward of the zone of slope readjustment is a “zone of reduced foundation capacity”. This is a zone where the bearing capacity of the sand to support buildings is reduced due to the proximity of the steep back beach erosion escarpment. Stormwater Erosion Hazard During significant stormwater runoff events, stormwater collected from back beach areas and discharging into coastal waters can cause significant erosion to the dune and beach berm. This in turn can allow larger waves to attack the beach, causing greater erosion. Generally, stormwater erosion is not a significant issue within Bate Bay with the exception of localised areas at each end of the Prince Street seawall, and at the emergency vehicle access point immediately south of Wanda SLSC. Here runoff from the carpark and roadways flows directly down the emergency accessway causing scour of the beach (refer photo). This also comprises a public safety issue due to the exposure of rock-filled wire baskets with sharp broken wire strands.

Beach erosion at the bottom of the emergency access immediately south of Wanda SLSC in a light shower of rain. The rock-filled baskets are visible in the foreground (October 2002)

Magnitude of Coastline Hazards1

Zone Type of Hazard

3 4 5 Beach erosion (m3/m) 200/2502 250 250

Shoreline recession due to net sediment loss (m/yr) 0.2 0.1 to 0.4 0.4 to 0.0

Shoreline recession due to Sea Level Rise (m) • 50 year planning period • 100 year planning period

9.5 23.5

9.5 23.5

9.5 23.5

1 For further detail refer to the Bate Bay Coastline Hazard Definition Study (Patterson Britton, 2001). 2 200 m3/m for Cronulla Beach and 250 m3/m for North Cronulla Beach. 3 The magnitudes of the shoreline recession due to sea level rise are based on a predicted sea level rise of 0.19 m for a 50 year planning period

and 0.47 m for a 100 year planning period, and a multiplying factor for the slope of the shoreline profile of 50.




Hazards of Climate Change The most significant climate change hazard is due to the “Greenhouse Effect”. This is the term used to refer to the build-up in the atmosphere of certain gases that prevent the radiation of heat from the earth and, consequently, result in global warming. Climate modelling suggests that trends of global warming will result in a rise in sea level, as well as altering wind and wave climates. It is generally accepted that recession of the open coast will occur under conditions of sea level rise. The estimated shoreline recession for 50 year and 100 year planning periods are set out in the table on the previous page. Another potential outcome of the Greenhouse Effect is an increase in the frequency and intensity of storm events. However there is little reliable information available on which to base planning and design decisions. Given the above uncertainty, no specific account can be taken of any potential changes to storm frequency and intensity or changes in wave direction. However, this uncertainty should be taken into consideration when assessing the risk and consequences of recession occurring in the future. The potential for climate change impacts needs to be continually reviewed as more information comes to hand from the scientific community. Coastline Hazard Zones The hazard of shoreline recession, both from net sediment loss and predicted future sea level rise, and the beach erosion hazard, including an allowance for post-storm readjustment of the erosion escarpment, can be combined for different planning periods to allow prediction of the future shoreline position. The planning periods of interest are the immediate, 50 year and 100 year scenarios. The landward limit of the overall coastline hazard zone for each planning period corresponds to the estimated position of the back beach erosion escarpment for the particular planning period. It is estimated by summing the hazards as demonstrated in the figure opposite. The coastline hazard zones for the study area for each of the three planning periods are presented in Appendix B.

Conclusions If no management action is taken: • over time as sand continues to be transported from the

southern beaches in the study area towards the north, the southern beaches will continue to narrow and steepen with an associated loss in beach amenity and increased threat to coastline assets;

• there are significant assets throughout the study area at potential risk from wave erosion in the immediate term;

• assets will come under greater threat in the future due to the effects of shoreline recession.

Existing seawalls, if stable, can protect the assets at potential risk. Section 2.2 provides information on existing seawalls and other past shoreline protection works and issues or problems associated with these works. A number of shoreline protection works need to be implemented/upgraded to address coastline hazards along Bate Bay, including seawalls, beach nourishment and continued maintenance of dune vegetation. A drainage study followed by the design and implementation of an upgraded drainage system at Wanda SLSC is required. The runoff should be directed to infiltration zones behind the frontal dunes wherever practical. Consideration should also be given to replacement of the rock-filled baskets with an accessway which poses less risk of injury to the public.

Schematic diagram showing the method of establishing the estimated position of the erosion escarpment line. The shoreline recession allowances due to sediment loss and due to sea level rise are a function of the number of years adopted for the planning period. For the “immediate” planning period, the allowances are zero




2.2 Past and Current Shoreline Protection Works

Protection works fall into four main categories; seawalls, beach nourishment, dune stabilisation, and the dumping of rock on beaches in an emergency in response to storm erosion. Seawalls have been used in the southern portion of the study area to protect infrastructure and property. Beach nourishment has been undertaken in the southern portion of the study area, aimed at improving beach amenity rather than as a means of shoreline protection works. Dune stabilisation works have been undertaken in the central and northern portions of the study area. Rock has been dumped at both Cronulla and North Cronulla Beaches on a number of occasions. Seawalls At Cronulla the first seawall is thought to have been constructed in 1922. Damage and collapse of this seawall occurred during storms in June 1950 (refer photo). The current seawall is thought to have been constructed in the 1970s. Few details of this wall are available and investigations are required to check its adequacy to protect the promenade and Cronulla Park into the future.

Collapse of the Cronulla seawall in 1950, with electric light poles being used as stays The first seawall at North Cronulla was constructed in the 1920s. In 1936 it was extended by 134 m to the north in front of Dunningham Park in the form of a stepped reinforced concrete structure on timber piles (refer photo). In 1938 the seawall was extended a further 305 m along the front of Prince Street in the form of a vertical reinforced concrete gravity wall. In 1942 and again in 1946 storms caused major damage to the stepped section of seawall in front of Dunningham Park. In the later storm, total collapse of the seawall occurred (refer photo). Remnants of this wall are also evident in photos of the beach in 1974. It is evident this wall was constructed well seaward of the current fenced dunal area in front of Dunningham Park. There is currently no formal seawall protection to Dunningham Park.

The stepped concrete seawall in front of Dunningham Park in the 1930s

Destruction of the stepped concrete seawall in front of Dunningham Park in 1946 Damage to the section of vertical gravity seawall fronting Prince Street occurred during a severe storm in 1967. The wall was completely destroyed in the subsequent severe storms of May-June 1974 (refer photo). Sections of concrete from this wall still exist in the beach today and are exposed from time to time during erosion events.

Storm damage in front of Prince Street in 1974

The current Prince Street seawall is approximately 340 m long and was constructed in 1985/1986 (refer design cross-section on following page). It comprises precast concrete armour units (seabee units) with rock-filled baskets providing toe support. A walkway is incorporated at a level of 6.0 m AHD, protected from wave overlopping by a curved wave return wall. The current Prince Street seawall has suffered from storm damage in recent years. Undermining, rupture and movement of the rock-filled baskets has occurred. This in turn has caused movement of individual seabee units in the face of the seawall, affecting adversely their stability under wave action. Council is closely monitoring the behaviour of the seawall. It is apparent that toe support of the Prince Street seawall is not adequate, or is unlikely to perform adequately in future storms. As such, the stability of the seawall is questionable and future failure could be rapid, placing at risk the development behind the wall. Detailed investigation of the existing toe support is required followed by remedial action.

View of exposed and damaged rock-filled baskets along toe of Prince Street seawall (2000) Beach Nourishment Two significant beach nourishment exercises have been carried out on the Cronulla Beaches: • nourishment of Cronulla Beach in 1977/1978 using sand

trucked in from the dunes behind Wanda (refer photo). The aim was to improve the recreational amenity of the beach, which had become badly eroded;

• nourishment of the nearshore zone between North Cronulla Beach and Elouera Beach in 1998/1999 about 250 m offshore in water depths of 4 to 8 m using sand derived from maintenance dredging of the navigation channels in Port Hacking. This nourishment had the dual aims of improving beach amenity (sand deposited in the nearshore zone would move onshore over time) and serving as a method of beneficial reuse of maintenance dredging material.

The nourishment of Cronulla Beach in 1977/1978 involved placement of more than 120,000 m3 of sand. The quantity of nourishment sand exceeded the capacity of this pocket beach and consequently sand covered much of the adjacent rock shelves and filled the southern-most of the two rock pools between Cronulla Beach and North Cronulla Beach (refer photo). Monitoring of the behaviour of the nourishment sand indicated it moved offshore in “slugs” and then northwards towards North Cronulla Beach and beyond. Initially the movement offshore was relatively rapid. This is not unusual in those cases where placement of the sand is restricted to the beach area above sea level. The material which moves offshore rapidly is generally not lost from the active system, but rather is redistributed to fill that part of the beach profile below sea level.

Highly nourished state of Cronulla Beach at the end of August 1977 The nearshore zone nourishment exercise in 1998/1999 involved placement of approximately 60,000 m3 of sand. No detailed monitoring of this nourishment project was undertaken, however it is understood from long term members of the local SLSCs that the outcome was generally positive. A similar nearshore zone nourishment exercise involving approximately 80,000 m3 of sand from maintenance dredging of Port Hacking is planned for late 2002. This nourishment exercise should be subject to a comprehensive monitoring program in order to understand the behaviour of the nourishment sand and, accordingly, to assist in the design of future nourishment exercises. Suggestions have been made that installation of structures at the northern end of Cronulla Beach could assist in retaining nourishment sand on this beach for longer periods. Alternatively, placement of smaller nourishment quantities on the beach area above sea level than was the case in 1977/1978, repeated at more frequent intervals, could be considered.




Dune Stabilisation Prior to dune stabilisation works being undertaken, the dunes to the north of Wanda had been in a loose and unstable state for a long period of time. With the dunes in a largely denuded state, shoreline recession proceeded at a relatively high rate. In particular, the Wanda Reserve area acted as a large “sink” for wind blown sand lost from the active beach system. The first stabilisation works were undertaken by the Holt family in the 1950s on the foredunes of their land in the northern part of the Bay. Subsequently, a dune management program was commenced by Council in the Elouera and Wanda areas in the early 1970s and became more concerted following the severe May-June 1974 storms. It involved frontal dune reconstruction, temporary stabilisation, establishment of vegetation and protection of vegetation. These dune management works are ongoing today, under a Coastal Dune Management Program. The dune stabilisation works have been very successful in re-establishing a healthy foredune system in the central and northern parts of the study area. This has resulted in a reduction in the recession of the shoreline, as one of the primary recession mechanisms, that of wind blown sand losses landward, has been curtailed. A continuation of the dune management activities is essential to avoid the re-emergence of dune instability and high rates of shoreline recession.

Condition of the dunal system in 1974

Stabilisation works in progress in 1983

Stabilised dunal system in 1999 Emergency Dumping of Rock Rock has been dumped on Cronulla Beach on at least two occasions to provide emergency protection; in November 1966 and in 1967. In 1972, some rock was removed from the beach as part of works to remove the then promenade behind the beach. Rock was dumped in front of Dunningham Park and along Prince Street during the severe May-June 1974 storms to protect the Park and promenade, and the roadway, respectively. The substantial rock wall at the southern end of North Cronulla Beach is also understood to have been constructed in response to the May-June 1974 storms. Emergency dumping of rock by Councils at times of storms is not an uncommon practice along the coastline. Historically, little else may have been able to be done where valuable public and private assets were under immediate threat of undermining and collapse. Future management of the erosion and recession hazards along Bate Bay needs to consider such emergency situations through preparation of a Coastal Erosion Emergency Action Plan (refer Section 5 of this Management Plan). It is important that the Emergency Action Plan give consideration to the impact of any emergency works on beach amenity.

Exposed rock along the toe of the foredune at North Cronulla Beach

Design cross-section through Prince Street seawall, constructed in 1985/1986. Problems with the toe of the wall have led to loss of sand from below the seabee units and localised subsidence. The rock-filled baskets at the toe have been repaired on a number of occasions. The wire in the baskets also poses some risk to public safety.




2.3 Development pressures

Future development within the existing Cronulla urban area is likely to be limited to re-development in low-density residential areas. Some new development is possible on lots zoned medium and high density residential and for business purposes (approximately 7 ha in total). Development of various lots on the Kurnell Peninsula is currently subject to review. Over the past 10 or so years various proposals have been put forward for housing estates and tourist resorts, which have the potential to significantly increase the permanent/visitor population and use of the Bate Bay area. 2.4 Water Quality

General The significant potential sources of pollution to Bate Bay have been identified as: • the effluent from the Cronulla Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)

which is released from a cliff face outfall at Potter Point; • sewer overflows from the Cronulla sewer system; • stormwater; and • leachate from the former tip in Wanda Reserve. Operation and maintenance of the Cronulla STP and the Cronulla sewer system are the responsibility of the Sydney Water Corporation. Council is responsible for performance of the stormwater system. A number of water quality monitoring programs have been established over the last decade to check water quality conditions and identify pollution sources within Bate Bay. These include Council’s strategic water quality monitoring program and the Environment Protection Authority (EPA) Beachwatch Program. Cronulla STP The Cronulla STP has recently been upgraded (commissioned April 2001). It now provides full primary, secondary and tertiary treatment of those flows up to three times the average dry weather flow (ADWF). At times of wet weather, flows in excess of three times ADWF are still subject to preliminary treatment and primary treatment and then are blended with the tertiary treated flows (flows less than three times ADWF) and disinfected prior to release into the ocean at Potter Point. Sydney Water notify relevant parties, including Sutherland Shire Council and the EPA, when a wet weather bypass of the full primary, secondary and tertiary treatment process occurs. Some consideration could be given to establishing a means of conveying this information more generally to the public using the beach.

The EPA Beachwatch Program monitors 8 beaches in Bate Bay: Boat Harbour (closest to the Potter Point outfall), Greenhills Beach, Wanda Beach, Elouera Beach, North Cronulla Beach, Cronulla Beach, Shelly Beach and Oak Park. Samples are collected every six days and analysed for both faecal coliforms and enterococci. Since commissioning of the Cronulla STP upgrade in April 2001, the EPA has reported dramatic improvements in the swimming water quality at Cronulla Beaches. Between October 2000 and April 2001 (the summer swimming season prior to the upgrade), compliance with Beachwatch guidelines was very low at most Cronulla beaches, especially for enterococci. Enterococci compliance for summer 2000-2001 was 0% for Boat Harbour, 39% for Greenhills Beach, 94% for Wanda Beach, 71% for Elouera Beach, 61% for North Cronulla Beach, 29% for Cronulla Beach, 74% for Shelly Beach, and 71% for Oak Park. In the 16 months since the April 2001 upgrade, Greenhills Beach, Wanda Beach, Elouera Beach, North Cronulla Beach, Cronulla Beach, Shelly Beach and Oak Park have all consistently passed the Beachwatch swimming guidelines. Boat Harbour has passed in 13 of the 16 months since April 2001, with failures for enterococci in January 2002, April 2002 and May 2002. Discharges from Cronulla STP are unlikely to be responsible for these failures, with low levels of bacteria consistently recorded in the effluent during these months. Initial investigation by EPA has indicated some elevated levels of bacteria in the surface and groundwater draining to the beach. Routine monitoring of these sources is currently being undertaken by EPA as part of the Beachwatch Program.

Cronulla STP

Cronulla Sewer System The Cronulla sewer system is considered by Sydney Water Corporation to be in good condition as it is less than 30 years old. Nevertheless, chokes in the system and wet weather overflows represent potential sources of impacts on water quality, particularly at North Cronulla. The priorities established by Sydney Water’s Overflow Risk Reduction Program will determine what remedial works are undertaken to minimise potential overflows from the Cronulla system. Council need to continue to liaise with Sydney Water and receive regular progress reports as to the status of Overflow Risk Reduction Program initiatives in the Cronulla area. Stormwater Stormwater discharging from the stormwater outlets in Bate Bay has the potential to contribute to poor water quality for the beaches and rock pools. Following the recent upgrade to the Cronulla STP, stormwater flows are likely to be the most significant potential source of water pollution to Bate Bay. It is possible that raw sewage is entering the stormwater system from broken sewer pipes. This should be investigated

Stormwater outlet near Cronulla Beach There are 23 stormwater outlets that discharge into Bate Bay. They range in diameter from 225 mm to a 900 mm and a twin 600 mm diameter outlet. Council undertake some monitoring of the quality of stormwater discharged at the outlets at Cronulla and North Cronulla Beaches. There is no monitoring by Council of the receiving waters near outlets or the water within the rock pools. Council relies on the EPA Beachwatch data for such information. As the Beachwatch data is generally not available for several days following collection of the water sample, the SLSCs have raised the possibility of developing an instrument which could give an “instant” read out of any bacteriological contamination. Such an instrument is not currently available.

Council has implemented end-of-pipe Nettech devices for catchments that are moderate in size and contain both significant levels of high density residential development and some pockets of commercial development. These devices are used to trap visible pollutants such as litter and require regular maintenance. There are five outlets that currently have Nettech devices, however there are other outlets where use of the devices would be suited.

Nettech device on stormwater outlet For the larger catchments draining to North Cronulla and Cronulla Beaches, Council has constructed below-ground gross pollutant traps/trash racks. These devices reduce visible pollutants such as litter, however in the longer term consideration should be given to devices or modifications that reduce finer particulate pollutants such as sediments, nutrients, oils and greases and heavy metals. None of the stormwater outlets discharge directly into rock pools although in two locations outlets are close to rock pools. Minor modifications to the outlets adjacent to the pool at Oak Park and the northern pool between Cronulla Beach and North Cronulla Beach could be made to ensure that polluted stormwater runoff cannot possibly enter these pools directly. The performance of the stormwater system should be monitored and be subject to regular review to ensure best management practices continue to be employed. Consideration should be given to a review of the water quality monitoring regime for the stormwater outlets and the rock pools. Leachate from Former Tip A tip operated for a number of years in the area of Wanda Reserve up until the late 1980s. Anecdotal evidence suggests that leachate from this tip may be polluting the groundwater system and possibly entering Bate Bay. An investigation is required to map the extent of the old tip and test the groundwater system for contamination.



rp3828gwb_hrf020927-Management Plan PATTERSON BRITTON & PARTNERS / HASSELL / NELSON CONSULTING page 2-7

2.5 Access

History of Use Around the turn of the Century, the beach areas of Cronulla became popular with tourists. Opening up of the area came with government subdivision and created a demand for suitable transport to link Cronulla with the south coast railway, where it passes through Sutherland. In 1911 a steam tramway commenced and operated until 1931 when private buses put it out of business. The State Government, in 1918, opened a tourist wharf at Cronulla and ferries brought holiday makers from Sydney. The great majority of visitors to Cronulla came for the surf, however importance was placed on the scenic values of the Cronulla peninsula. The older guide books directed the visitors to Cronulla on either a picturesque motor trip or a leisurely walk around the peninsula Esplanade. In December 1939 the government opened a branch electric railway between Sutherland and Cronulla and things would have taken off then had it not been for World War II. It is interesting to note that Cronulla is the only beach suburb in or around Sydney served by rail. This results in a great influx of tourists and surfers from the landlocked suburbs of Sydney and the inner city areas to the Cronulla beaches. Pedestrian and Cycle Access During the week, walkers are generally members of the local community whilst on the weekend they are a mix of tourists and locals. They use the beach promenade for access between points of destination and for general exercise. Promenading is a popular pastime along the full length of the Bay, but mostly between Elouera and Bass and Flinders Point. The greatest pressure placed on the Bate Bay foredune and beach system is public access and usage. This is most pronounced at North Cronulla and Cronulla Beaches due to their proximity to the train station. Currently cyclists share the roads and foreshore paths with pedestrians. This has the potential to cause conflicts in the intensely used areas between Wanda Reserve and Bass and Flinders Point. There is a need to improve access along the foreshore for cyclists. To date there have been numerous cycle proposals prepared by Council. As outlined in the Report on the Cronulla Traffic and Parking Study prepared by Egis in June 2001, there is a need to consolidate the various cycle proposals into a coordinated master plan incorporating the following key elements: • south of North Cronulla, due to restricted space along the

foreshore path, a dedicated on-road cycle path loop along Gerrale Street, Ewos Parade and returning along Nicholson Parade should be investigated;

• between North Cronulla SLSC and Wanda Reserve the foreshore path should be widened to accommodate both cyclists and pedestrians, with each use defined by a different pavement treatment;

• north of Zone 4, a pedestrian only path should run parallel and closer to the beach. Secondary paths should then link this path to the beach. A shared pedestrian/cycle path should follow the existing worn path on top of the hind dune and connect into the proposed Botany Bay Trail. These paths should all be designed for emergency, service and maintenance vehicle access.

Traffic and Parking Generally people use the car parking associated with the area of the beach they wish to use. This can mean a shortage of parking at the southern beaches whilst there is a surplus further north. Many people, especially surfers, enjoy stopping at Bate Bay to take in the view of the Bay and the surf. Cars tend to congregate and stop for a ‘surf check’ at the car parks to the north of North Cronulla where there is an elevated view over the ocean. The “Report on the Cronulla Traffic and Parking Study” prepared by Egis for Council recommends a number of changes to the roads and parking to improve current access and parking problems. Street trees, landscape, and improved pedestrian crossing opportunities should be designed into the new road work proposals. Currently the widths of Prince Street and Mitchell Road are excessive. Where possible road widths should be reduced and street tree planting and landscape incorporated to improve the amenity of the foreshore zone in this area. ‘Surf check’ parking should be accommodated in any re-design of the road and parking in this area as it is a key attractor for visitors to this part of the beach. Beach Access Within Zone 2, access to the water is limited due to the rocky coastline. Within Zone 3 at Cronulla Beach, the seawall generally provides good access to the beach, although some parts of the wall should to be upgraded to provide better access to the beach when sand levels are low. At North Cronulla Beach, beach access from Cronulla via Dunningham Park is limited to timber slatted paths across sand dunes and a rocky path which provide poor access for the elderly and disabled users and do not adequately cater for the large number of visitors that use the beach.

Existing parking areas and foreshore access




Within Zone 4, the Prince Street seawall also restricts access between the beach and the residential community behind. Although this will be difficult to address in the short term, it could be addressed in the long term if the Prince Street seawall were to be replaced. Any consideration of improved beach access in the Prince Street area would need to have regard to beach safety, as this section of beach can be more dangerous than adjacent areas. Access to the beach for both visitors and maintenance and emergency vehicles in Zone 5 is currently poorly catered for. 4WD access to beaches in Zone 5 has been raised as an issue. Currently, a substantial length of the beach and adjacent land is in private ownership. 4WD access within this area has been managed for a number of years. There is a need for Council to establish a policy on 4WD use within Zone 5 on Council-controlled land, specifically along the beaches.




2.6 Recreation

The main recreational features and activities in the Bate Bay area include: • coastal walking path; • surf life saving clubs; • cycling, rollerblading, running; • swimming and sunbathing; • fishing; • surfing; • picnicking; and • other organised activities in the reserves. Most forms of recreation are non-organised, passive activities such as swimming, picnicking and walking. The findings of the Sutherland Shire Council’s “Sutherland Shire Open Space and Recreation Needs Survey” undertaken in 1995 suggested the following recreational trends. The highest demand is for walking tracks /boardwalks, bushland regeneration, family recreational settings and bike paths. Around twenty five percent of the residents surveyed placed a cycle track as highest priority for improvements. Fifteen percent placed tree canopies in parklands as the highest priority for improvements. Swimming at the beach or pools is the favoured activity for children under 10 years of age. Collation of more recent recreational survey data collected by Council should be undertaken to refine the current recreational uses and future needs. Members of the Bate Bay Coastal Management Committee have emphasised the importance of restoring beach width for improved beach amenity and recreation. A proposal has been raised by a number of Cronulla residents to dedicate the area surrounding Boat Harbour, Voodoo and Merries Reef as a Surfing Recreation Reserve, in a similar manner to the dedication of the Bells Beach Surfing Recreation Reserve in Victoria which occurred in 1973.

Improvements Small parks Large Parks

Shading/Shelters 18.4 17.2 Play Equipment 20.9 5.6 Cycle Track 3.8 23.2 Tree Canopy 13.8 14.0 Landscaping 13.9 6.3 Supervision 4.3 8.3 Seating 11.8 8.5 Multiple Use 3.9 10.0 BBQ Areas 7.5 14.1 Public Toilets 13.7 17.5 Information/Educational 2.3 5.1 Other 1.6 2.0

Table 1 : Suggested Improvements to Parks/Reserves (% of sample population).

Distribution of different recreational activities




2.7 Landscape

Existing Landscape Character Zone 2: The Cliff-Top Walk

Zone 2 is characterised by a rocky coastline landscape, which is in contrast to the beach foreshore to the north. Remnant vegetation occurs sporadically along the walk. Other areas are mown turf and invasive weed species. Shelly Park provides wide-open grassed area primarily for locals. Shelly Park and Oak Park provide intermediate ‘nodes’ along the coastal walk. Cultural planting visually links these parks to Cronulla and Dunningham Parks. Zone 3: The City Beaches

Zone 3 is characterised by urban beaches and parks connected by a rocky coastline landscape. To the south of the zone, Cronulla beach immediately adjoins parkland whereas in the north of the zone, a dune protection zone separates North Cronulla Beach from the adjacent Dunningham Park. Dunningham Park and Cronulla Beach provide amenity to a wide range of users. North Cronulla Beach is more popular with surfers. The edge treatment of dune protection zone is out of character with urban development. Little or no remnant vegetation remains in this Zone. Planting is mostly iconic, cultural planting in the parks. Norfolk Island Pine (Araucaria) and Phoenix Palm planting in the parks is characteristic of late 19th Century coastal park planting on the NSW coast. The tall, upright character and avenues of tree planting in the parks compliments the adjoining dense urban development and provides valuable shade and amenity in the vicinity of the beaches.

Zone 4: The Surf Beaches

Zone 4 is characterised by broad open expanses of beach encroached by urban residential development and a strong emphasis on surfing activities. It has a regenerated dune and beach foreshore protection character, which is currently dominated by the Prince Street seawall. Little public amenity in terms of parklands, tree planting and alternate recreational use is provided other than the provision of access to the beach. Zone 5: The Beach Reserve

Zone 5 is characterised by dune regeneration and low intensity recreational use. Sand mining on the peninsula has created a disturbed and disjointed landscape of low visual quality. The existing sand dune profiles to the south of the peninsula are visually prominent from North Cronulla Beach and foreshore and enhance the visual quality of the region. From Wanda to Boat Harbour, dune stabilisation works carried out in the 1970’s have created a visually strong foreshore zone that is representative of a ‘naturalistic’, if species/habitat simple, dune environment. Opportunity exists in the Potter Point area to create a special recreational area, following revegetation and improvements to pedestrian access.

Existing Landscape Character




The Original Landscape The foreshore of Zones 2 to 4 is characterised by residential development and formal parks. Little of the area’s original landscape remains. Some sporadic remnant bushland areas remain along the coastal walk within Zone 2. These areas should be conserved and the conflict between maintenance of exotic grassed areas adjoining the coastal walk and remnant pockets of vegetation should be managed. There is little or no remnant vegetation in Zones 3 and 4. Most of the original vegetation was removed when the land was cleared for development and later replaced with cultural plantings, many of which still exist today in the parks and streetscapes. (Refer Photos 2.7.1, 2.7.2 and 2.7.3). Seawalls and foreshore promenades replaced the original foreshore dunes. The foreshore dune stabilisation work which was later carried out behind North Cronulla Beach is of little significance, as it is species and habitat simple and is out of character with the intensive use of the beach and its urban context (Refer Photo 2.7.4). To the north in Zone 5, much of the Kurnell Peninsula landscape from the late 1800’s to the 1970’s consisted of unstable, unvegetated sand dunes (Refer Photo 2.7.1 and 2.7.5). Over the years, sand mining on the peninsula has resulted in a disturbed and disjointed landscape. As noted in Section 2.2, from Wanda to Boat Harbour, dune stabilisation works started in the 1950s and 1970s have created a visually strong foredune and hind dune zone that is representative of a ‘naturalistic’, if species/habitat simple, dune environment. Although much reduced in height, the current sand dune profiles to the south of the peninsula are still visually prominent from North Cronulla Beach and foreshore and enhance the visual quality of the region. Future development proposals for the Kurnell Peninsula should retain and maintain the revegetated foredunes as a buffer zone for visual and habitat reasons as well as to address the coastline hazards.

Photo 2.7.1 “Cronulla Beach c.1895. The beach was still in its pristine state when this elegant party visited. Native vegetation was later cleared, the frontal dune flattened and a seawall and rock pools were constructed.”

Photo 2.7.2 “Remnants of native vegetation, mostly Casuarina littoralis, are still in the park at this time. The land was later cleared and Norfolk Island pines planted.”

Photo 2.7.3 The land was cleared to make way for development and the native vegetation was replaced with cultural plantings in the parks and streetscapes.

Photo 2.7.4 The foreshore dune stabilisation works in front of Dunningham Park is out of context in this intensive beach and urban environment and its habitat significance is low due to poor species diversity.

Photo 2.7.5 “28 March 1956. Although sand mining had been under way for some time, the dunes north of Wanda Beach were still huge at this time”.

Photo 2.7.6 Dune stabilisation works have created a visually strong foredune and hind dune zone that is representative of a ‘naturalistic’ dune environment.




2.8 Beach Safety and Amenity

Despite being renowned for its surfing and swimming beaches, much of the study area, particularly Zones 3 and 4, offers little amenity to the public. Here the major viewing areas are in fact the car parks along Prince Street and Mitchell Road and there is little shade or shelter. These zones possess an atmosphere of tired neglect. Nestled between two semi-natural areas, Zone 2 to the south and Zone 5 to the north, the beach and adjacent fringe in Zones 3 and 4 are marked by a disjointed collection of urban elements, wide roads and narrow pedestrian areas with little or no shade, shelter or seating opportunities. The parks behind Cronulla Beach and North Cronulla Beach in Zone 3 and the pocket parks in Zone 2 provide highly valued amenity, shade and shelter for the foreshore area. These parks serve as spaces through which people must pass to either reach the beach or the shops/public transport, depending upon their direction of travel, and provide seating, playgrounds, toilets, BBQ and picnic facilities. The large open space areas to the north of Prince Street are largely undeveloped.

Cafe at Cronulla Beach There are only a few commercial or retail outlets providing a limited range of services and products for beach users and the local community within the foreshore area. Beaches can be a dangerous natural environment which, when combined with high public usage especially during the summer months, generate the need for supervision and control. At Bate Bay, this is provided year round by Council’s lifeguard service and during the swimming season by four Surf Life Saving Clubs (SLSCs): Cronulla, North Cronulla, Elouera, and Wanda. Three main functions need to be addressed when considering beach and surf safety: • observation of surf conditions and guidance of bathers; • provision of First Aid and Rescue; and • training and competition.

A number of matters have been raised by the SLSCs in regard to beach safety. The existing Observation Tower at North Cronulla has restricted visibility along the front of the Prince Street seawall. Consideration should be given to repositioning the Tower to the southern end of the seawall. There are no surf life saving provisions either to the northeast of Wanda SLSC or to the south of the Cronulla SLSC. As such, rescue operations in these areas are difficult to organise due to problems of accessibility, communication and locating the specific site of any incident. Consideration should be given to improving emergency access to the beaches in the study area and incorporating a system for quick identification of the location of an emergency such as a series of numbered poles. There were reports of some increase in the number of surf rescues following the beach nourishment campaign in 1998/1999 which involved dumping of sand in the nearshore zone between North Cronulla and Elouera Beaches. Future campaigns need to be carefully planned with the involvement of Council’s lifeguards and the SLSCs. A number of beach maintenance activities are undertaken by Council. The frequency of maintenance is higher in the summer months and is concentrated around the heavy usage areas between Wanda and Cronulla. The removal of algae from around the rock pools is undertaken on an as-required basis to remove the slipping hazard. The removal of sand from the rock pools is also undertaken on an as-required basis using mechanical plant. A review of the frequency and methods of maintenance of the rock pools is considered worthwhile, including consideration of practices employed by other coastal Councils. In addition, an investigation of the issue of sand infilling of rock pools should be undertaken.

Rock pool along promenade from North to Cronulla

Raking of the beaches is undertaken using a tractor with beach rake. Raking is undertaken three days per week during winter and on a minimum of four days per week during summer. The area raked extends from Cronulla Beach to a distance of around 500 m north of Wanda SLSC. Raking of the beach further to the north is occasionally undertaken on an as-required basis. Access to the beaches for the tractor is gained via Cronulla Park at Cronulla Beach and for areas to the north via an accessway at the southern end of the Wanda Reserve carpark. When the beaches are in an eroded state and access past the Prince Street seawall is not possible, access to North Cronulla Beach is gained via the pedestrian board and chain accessway. This is not ideal as it can result in damage to the accessway. In addition to mechanical beach raking, a hand-clean of those areas of beach that are inaccessible by tractor, such as along fence lines, is undertaken by Council staff. This is undertaken daily although only Cronulla and North Cronulla Beaches are hand-cleaned during the winter months. Following storm events tracts of kelp and algae can wash onto the beach berm. This can be both odourous and unsightly. The issue is handled on a case-by-case basis by Council. In general, the kelp/algae is left in place, as it is thought to assist in the build up of sand on the beach and it is essentially a natural process. However, on occasions the kelp/algae is removed from the beach, especially when there litter caught amongst the material or there is a significant amount of kelp/algae. 2.9 Terrestrial Ecology

The Bate Bay area contains a variety of habitats including beaches, rocky shores, intertidal zones, coastal dunes, terrestrial water bodies, heath, woodland, forests, and an array of micro-fauna habitats. Of particular interest are poorly represented habitats, habitats containing rare or threatened species and communities, and habitats threatened by existing or proposed human activities.

Terrestrial habitat

An assessment of threatened species, populations or communities listed under the Schedules of the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 and/or the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 has found as many as 14 distinct plant communities. The dominant communities are Coastal Dune Heath, Sydney Sandstone Heath, Sydney Sandstone Gully Forest and Sydney Sandstone Ridge-top Woodland. Five endangered ecological communities are known to exist on the Kurnell Peninsula: Kurnell Dune Forest, Sydney Freshwater Wetlands, Sydney Coastal Estuary Swamp Forest, Eastern Banksia Scrub and Sutherland Shire Littoral Rainforest. At least 257 native vertebrate species have been recorded from the study area of which 36 are listed under the Schedules of the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995. They included the Green & Golden Bell Frog, Wallum Froglet, Blue Billed Duck, Pied Oystercatcher, Sooty Oystercatcher, Terek Sandpiper, Great Knot, Sanderling, Bar-tailed Godwit, Little Tern, Grey-headed Flying Fox, Common Bent-wing bat and Fishing Bat. The total number of native plant species in the Bate Bay area is likely to be well over 350. Weeds occur in virtually all of the habitats and while many species can be controlled, others (including Bitou Bush) are more problematic and require a concerted effort to reduce their distribution. Council and the Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources (DIPNR) have ongoing programs to attempt to control Bitou Bush. No threatened aquatic species have been found within the terrestrial water bodies. Identified species have included the Mosquito Fish, an introduced species, and the Short Finned Eel, a native species.

Bitou Bush fruit and flowers




Specific issues for the management of Bate Bay include: maintenance and enhancement of remnant vegetation/habitat, localised foredune stabilisation, protection of threatened species and endangered ecological communities, continuation and expansion of existing weed control and revegetation programs, control of introduced predators, erosion control, preparation of baseline species data, and preparation of species and habitat management plans. A key component of species protection is the protection of their preferred habitats. It is also important to encourage the long-term viability of habitat by reducing or eliminating major threats such as invasion by Bitou Bush, predation by European Red Fox, predation by Plague Minnow, and high frequency fires affecting life-cycle processes. A Bushcare Group has been established at Hume Road, situated between Elouera SLSC and Wanda SLSC, known as the John McKinn Park Bushcare Group. Additional community participation in bushcare and dunecare activities should be encouraged. 2.10 Aquatic Ecology

Bate Bay contains a number of aquatic habitats, including intertidal rock platforms, subtidal rocky reefs, sandy beaches, subtidal soft sediments and seagrasses. The aquatic flora and fauna assemblages found at the rock platforms at Potter Point and around Cronulla are considered to be typical of those found at rock platforms in the Sydney region. Nevertheless, concern has been expressed by Coastal Management Committee members at the degradation of the rocky platform ecology due to excessive collection and human interference. The aquatic flora of the rock platforms is dominated by species of algae such as Ulva lactuca, Corallina officianalis and several species of filamentous red algae. Ulva lactuca is the dominant species immediately adjacent to the sewage outfall at Potter Point. Barnacles, limpets, anemones and ascidians are the most dominant animals in the intertidal zone of the rock platforms. The subtidal reefs in Bate Bay are dominated by algae such as Ecklonia radiata (kelp), Sargassum sp., Padina pavonea and Corallina officianalis in the shallow areas while in deeper water these species are joined by species such as Phyllospora comosa and Amphiroaa sp. There are two areas of seagrass within Bate Bay. There is a large bed of Posidonia at Jibbon Beach and there is a large bed of paddleweed (Halophila) on the northwestern side of Merries Reef. The presence of the Halophila is unusual as this seagrass does not usually occur on exposed NSW coastlines and its existence is thought to be due to the protection afforded by Merries Reef. The bed is considered to be rare or possibly even unique in a regional context and should be protected.

Approximate extent of Halophila inside Merries Reef The Atlas of NSW Wildlife and the Environment Australia databases indicate that 97 protected species have either been sighted or have the potential to occur in Bate Bay. The list comprised two species of reptiles, 60 species of birds, 30 species of fish and five species of marine mammals. Confirmed sightings of threatened or endangered species in the waters of Bate Bay include the southern right whale and humpback whales. On 31 March 2002, Boat Harbour Aquatic Reserve was declared under section 194 of the Fisheries Management Act 1994. The boundaries of the reserve are shown on the map accompanying the declaration, which is reproduced below. A number of activities are prohibited within Boat Harbour Aquatic Reserve, as follows: • recreational fishing competitions, unless authorised by a

permit issued pursuant to section 37 of the Fisheries Management Act 1994;

• the taking of fish and plants for scientific purposes, unless authorised by a permit issued pursuant to section 37 of the Fisheries Management Act 1994;

• the taking of tunicate ‘cunjevoi’ – Pyura spp., and all invertebrates (including anemones, barnacles, chitons, cockles, crabs, mussels, octopus, oysters, pipis, sea urchins, sea stars, snails, worms) with the exception of eastern rock lobster (Jasus verreauxi), southern rock lobster (Jasus novaehollandiae) and abalone (Haliotis ruber);

• collecting, destroying or interfering with marine vegetation, with the exception of sea lettuce (Ulva lactuca) and bait weed (Enteromorpha intestinalis).

The National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) has indicated it is seeking to establish a nature reserve over the rocky platform of Merries Reef and the adjacent sandy shore for the protection of migratory wading birds and other important bird species. This

would compliment the existing Aquatic Reserve managed by NSW Fisheries. An invasive marine seaweed, Caulerpa taxifolia , has been found within Port Hacking adjacent to the study area. It is a threat to the environment because it over runs native seagrasses and is difficult to eradicate. The existence of the Caulerpa taxifolia was a consideration in the recent maintenance dredging of Port Hacking and the placement of the dredged material in the nearshore area off the Cronulla Beaches. The existence of Caulerpa taxifolia in Port Hacking and its potential to spread to Bate Bay is being monitored by NSW Fisheries.

Boat Harbour Aquatic Reserve




2.11 Cultural Heritage

Aboriginal Heritage Much of the information on the Aboriginal people in the region containing Bate Bay is derived from European accounts. There appear to have been several different Aboriginal groups present in the area. In 1770 the area was occupied by the Dharawal tribal nation, many of who still live in the area, especially at La Perouse, as well as throughout Sydney and the Illawarra. Aboriginal heritage cannot be restricted to sites and artefacts. It is a broader concept which encompasses artistic works, traditional knowledge, ancestral remains, social and cultural histories as well as archaeological material. The Aboriginal heritage of the Bate Bay area includes all of these elements. Of particular note is the very high significance of the area, especially the Kurnell Peninsula, to contemporary Aboriginal communities. There are over 250 archaeological sites listed in the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service’s register of Aboriginal sites as occurring within the Bate Bay area. Site types include shell middens, shelters with art/deposit/midden, open camp sites, rock engravings, open artefact scatters, scarred trees and burials. Many archaeological sites have been destroyed on the Kurnell Peninsula and along the Bate Bay shoreline. Although parts of the Bate Bay area are heavily industrialised and urbanised, it is still considered to be sensitive for Aboriginal archaeological sites. There may be more archaeological sites present that have not been recorded to date. A comprehensive Aboriginal heritage study has recently been completed on behalf of Sutherland Shire Council by Mary Dallas. The findings of this study should be considered in the implementation of this Management Plan. Non-Aboriginal Heritage The vast majority of non-Aboriginal archaeological heritage and cultural heritage sites in the Bate Bay area are built structures. These sites and places have value to the local community. Captain Cook’s landing place on the Kurnell Peninsula just to the north of the study area is one of the most significant sites in modern Australia’s history.

The following heritage items are listed in the Sutherland Shire Local Environmental Plan (LEP) 2000: • Bass and Flinders Point and Salmon Haul reserve – regional

significance; • Oak Park – local significance; • Shelly Beach and Park – local significance; • Cronulla Beach and Cronulla Park – regional significance; • Dunningham Park – local significance; • North Cronulla Surf Club – local significance; • Cronulla Surf Club – local significance; • Cronulla Sports Complex – local significance; • The Esplanade (eastern foreshore walking path) – local

significance. The landscape items within these areas form part of the heritage significance.



3 The Plan

3.1 General

The Management Plan comprises a series of objectives, strategies, actions and responsibilities corresponding to a range of issues identified in the management studies and agreed with the Bate Bay Coastal Management Committee, as follows: • existing development and land use at threat from coastline hazards; • future development and land use at threat from coastline hazards; • water quality; • access; • recreation; • landscape; • beach safety and amenity; • terrestrial ecology; • aquatic ecology; and • cultural heritage. The following abbreviations are used to denote responsibility for various organisations: • Sutherland Shire Council (Council); • Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Resources (DIPNR); • Sydney Water Corporation (SWC); • Environment Protection Authority (EPA); • State Transit Authority (STA); • NSW Fisheries (Fisheries); • National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS); and • Community. Several indicative concept plans have been prepared to illustrate selected strategies and actions. These concept plans are included in Section 3.12 and cover the following areas: • Dunningham Park; • Prince Street; • Dune regeneration area. A summary of the main management strategies and actions, on a zone by zone basis, is set out graphically in Section 4. Further detail relating to a Coastal Erosion Emergency Action Plan is included in Section 5.

View towards North Cronulla Beach. The upper part of the existing toe protection along Prince Street seawall (rock-filled baskets) is visible in the right of the photo. Remnant elements of former protection works are also evident in the foreground of the photo (2002)


The Plan Cont’d


3.2 Existing Development and Land Use at Threat from Coastline Hazards

1.0 Objective: To reduce to an acceptable level, the risk of damage to existing development as a result of beach erosion and shoreline recession

Strategy Action Responsibility 1.1 Develop and implement a co-

ordinated shoreline and shoreline structure monitoring program

• review existing monitoring activities • consider monitoring requirements for Emergency Action Plan, individual

nourishment exercises, and beaches and structures generally • consider use of remote imaging techniques where appropriate • liaise with DIPNR • development and implement program • review program regularly • revise assessment of coastline hazards as required based on findings of

monitoring program

Council

1.2 Determine the stability of the Cronulla Beach seawall in Zone 3 – The City Beaches

• confirm toe level of existing seawall • confirm foundation conditions of existing seawall • confirm structural condition of existing seawall • assess stability of the existing seawall in the design storm in the immediate

and future planning time frames • undertake detailed design and implement upgrading works as required

Council

1.3 Stabilise the toe of Prince Street seawall and reinstate dislodged seabee units in Zone 4 – The Surf Beaches

• confirm foundation conditions along the existing seawall toe • investigate design options for upgrading of the seawall toe, including

removal of existing rock-filled baskets and replacement with sheet piling or contiguous bored grout injected piles

• investigate options for fixing dislodged seabee units to ensure stability of individual units

• select preferred option, undertake detailed design, and implement upgrading works as required

Council

1.4 Undertake beach nourishment in Zones 3 and 4

• confirm quantities of nourishment sand and frequency of nourishment • select source(s) of nourishment sand including consideration of:

- Port Hacking - offshore - beach berm at northern end of Bate Bay

• adopt nearshore nourishment or nourishment of the beach berm, or, where practical, a “profile nourishment” technique, ie nourishment of the full

beach profile above and below sea level • investigate the use of structures to reduce the required nourishment

volume and/or to retain sand on the beaches longer such as groyne structures, including a proposal put forward by North Cronulla SLSC involving groynes and reconstruction of the two rock pools between Cronulla and North Cronulla Beaches

• alternatively, consider placement of smaller nourishment quantities on Cronulla Beach above sea level (compared to the 1977/1978 nourishment exercise) repeated at more frequent intervals

• consult with the Council’s lifeguard service and SLSCs in regard to the timing and location of nourishment works

• select preferred nourishment scheme and implement • carry out comprehensive monitoring of nourishment works

Council/DIPNR

Cont’d

Trailing suction hopper dredgers operating in Port Hacking in 1998/1999 maintaining navigation channels. The sand removed from the channels was deposited just offshore from the Cronulla Beaches as beach nourishment. This proved a good beneficial reuse of the material

Example of nearshore placement of nourishment sand by a trailing suction hopper dredger. This form of placement of material can take place with little disruption to beach activities

Example of beach nourishment involving trucking of sand to the beach and placement/spreading by front end loader and dozer


The Plan Cont’d


1.5 Construct a new seawall at North Cronulla Beach to protect Dunningham Park in Zone 3 – The City Beaches

• confirm foundation conditions along proposed alignment of seawall • investigate design options which ensure, among other things, no

undermining of the seawall toe and no outflanking during the design storm during the life of the structure (minimum 50 years)

• select preferred option and implement. Refer Section 3.12 for a possible indicative concept plan for the seawall

Council

1.6 Continue dune management activities to minimise wind blown sand losses in Zones 4 and 5

• continue to support the Coastal Dune Management program • prepare formal Dune Maintenance Plan Council/DIPNR

1.7 Prepare a Coastal Erosion Emergency Action Plan

• refer to Section 5 of this Management Plan for further detail Council

2.0 Objective: To ensure any protective works minimise impact on beach amenity and access, and where practicable improve

existing amenity and access Strategy Action Responsibility 2.1 Remove past shoreline

protection works where they impact adversely on beach amenity

• identify location of past protection works • evaluate the impact of the works on beach amenity compared to any

ongoing beneficial effect on shoreline protection • remove works when appropriate

Council

2.2 Minimise impact of new protective works on coastal processes

• locate new works as far landward as practicable • design new works to minimise wave reflections, eg include a sloping and/or

stepped seaward face and avoid high vertical walls Council

2.3 Minimise visual impact of new protective works

• adopt use of coloured concrete to match the colour of the beach sand • avoid excessive use of handrails, where practicable, by adoption of flat

grades on ramp structures • avoid high vertical walls • undertake beach nourishment in conjunction with the new protective works

Council

2.4 Incorporate amenity improvements in new protective works

• incorporate seating within new seawall at Dunningham Park • consider inclusion of showers within new seawall at Dunningham Park • undertake beach nourishment in conjunction with new protective works

Council

2.5 Incorporate beach access improvements in new protective works

• determine special access requirements for the disabled, emergency vehicles and beach maintenance plant

• consider options for improved access including consideration of shared uses

• selected preferred option and include in detailed design of new works

Council

3.0 Objective: To reduce to an acceptable level, the risk of damage to existing development and risk of public injury as a result

of coastal inundation Strategy Action Responsibility 3.1 Ensure there is an adequate

understanding of the hazard of coastal inundation by existing foreshore owners and occupiers at potential risk, and foreshore users

• educate/promote an understanding of coastal inundation levels and frequencies to existing foreshore owners and occupiers at potential risk

• provide suitable advisory signage of potentially hazardous areas such as the promenade between Cronulla Beach and North Cronulla Beach, erect safety barriers during inundation events if required

Council

3.2 Ensure adequate drainage provisions for coastal inundation

• develop design guidelines where required, adopt best management practice

• undertake regular inspections of the drainage provisions Council


The Plan Cont’d


4.0 Objective: To minimise the erosion of the beach berm and dunes as a result of stormwater flows Strategy Action Responsibility 4.1 Ensure that back beach

stormwater collection and discharge is appropriately designed and maintained

• develop design guidelines where required; adopt best management practice

• investigate and prepare designs for upgrading of the drainage system at Wanda SLSC, and implement. Consider use of infiltration zones behind the frontal dunes and removal of existing rock-filled baskets on the beach.

• undertake regular inspections of the stormwater systems draining to the beach

Council

5.0 Objective: To reduce to an acceptable level, the risk of damage to existing development and risk of public injury as a result of slope instability

Strategy Action Responsibility 5.1 Ensure there is an adequate

understanding of the status of the slope instability hazard throughout Bate Bay

• carry out regular inspections of the study area by suitably qualified personnel Council

5.2 Ensure that any identified risks are appropriately managed

• assess the magnitude of the risk and erect safety barriers, advisory signage and the like if required

• assess management options • select preferred management option and implement. Examples include

regrading of slopes and installation of rock fall netting

Council

6.0 Objective: To take into account the potential for future climate change to affect the magnitude of coastline hazards Strategy Action Responsibility 6.1 Ensure there is an up-to-date

understanding of future climate change and the implications of these changes for the magnitude of coastline hazards

• regularly liaise with DIPNR to obtain the latest predictions for future sea level rise and other predicted impacts of climate change

• revise the magnitudes of the coastline hazards as required Council

Erosion of the beach berm and dunes at the emergency access point immediately south of Wanda SLSC in light rainfall. The exposure of the rock-filled baskets is also a safety concern. In addition, litter and debris have been introduced onto the beach in the stormwater flow (2002)


The Plan Cont’d


3.3 Future Development and Land Use at Threat from Coastline Hazards

1.0 Objective: To ensure future development is compatible with the coastline hazards and enhances environmental and recreational values

Strategy Action Responsibility 1.1 Control new development so

that it is appropriately sited and maintains ecological function and foreshore public access into the future

• designate buffer zones to new subdivision/development which accommodate coastline hazards over the adopted planning period, as well as a vegetated dune system, pedestrian access and access for emergency/maintenance vehicles. Adopt the following criteria in determining the width of the buffer zone: - planning period for infill development : 50 years - planning period for major new development

on greenfield sites : 100 years - minimum additional distance allowance beyond position

of erosion escarpment to account for retention of some secondary dune vegetation following the design storm and for scenic quality (where dunes exist) : 50 m

• where possible, all future public facilities to be located landward of the adopted planning period hazard line

• develop controls/guidelines for future development which address matters such as: - visual impact - public access - planting/landscaping - height/overshadowing - water sensitive urban design

Council

1.2 Ensure any redevelopment and public facilities in the coastline hazard zone are compatible with those hazards

• review SLSC and coastal reserve plans of management to ensure proposed future uses and facilities do not increase the value of public assets under threat

• develop controls/guidelines for development/structures in the hazard zones which address matters such as: - siting - foundation design - visual impact - beach access

Council

Example of beach erosion leading to destruction of buildings. Bilgola Beach 1974

Elouera Surf Life Saving Club building


The Plan Cont’d


3.4 Water Quality

1.0 Objective: To ensure water quality meets the community’s expectations and provides water quality suitable for swimming, boating and fishing

Strategy Action Responsibility 1.1 Ensure the sewerage

infrastructure is performing satisfactorily

• liaise with Sydney Water regarding: - performance of the Cronulla STP, particularly during wet weather - the status of the Overflow Risk Reduction Program initiatives in the

Cronulla area • review results of EPA Beachwatch Program

Council/SWC

1.2 Determine cause for poor water quality at Boat Harbour

• liaise with EPA regarding results of recent investigations and ongoing monitoring Council/EPA

1.3 Improve the quality and reduce the volume of stormwater runoff to the shoreline

• encourage community awareness of water pollution sources and solutions • ensure future urban development incorporates water-sensitive urban

design • ensure redevelopment incorporates, where practical, design solutions such

as restricting hard surfaces, use of natural infiltration, and inclusion of rainwater tanks

• conduct detailed review of the design and performance of the existing stormwater system including investigation of whether sewage is entering the stormwater system

• consider development of a stormwater quality monitoring program to supplement the EPA Beachwatch Program

• adopt best management practice for the stormwater system

Council/Community

1.4 Ensure water quality in rock pools is satisfactory

• undertake minor modifications to the stormwater outlets adjacent to the pool at Oak Park and the northern pool between Cronulla Beach and North Cronulla Beach to ensure polluted water cannot directly enter the pools

• consider development of a water quality monitoring program for the rock pools to supplement the EPA Beachwatch Program

Council

1.5 Determine the water quality impacts of the old tip at Wanda Reserve

• conduct a study to determine whether leachate from the tip is polluting the groundwater and possibly entering Bate Bay Council

1.6 Adopt a co-ordinated approach to water quality monitoring

• ensure all water quality monitoring undertaken by Council is integrated and co-ordinated Council

Cronulla Beach

Rock pool along the promenade between Cronulla and North Cronulla Beaches


The Plan Cont’d


3.5 Access

1.0 Objective: To improve and control access for pedestrians, cyclists and vehicles, minimising conflicts and negative impacts Strategy Action Responsibility 1.1 Strengthen visual

connections and access to the coastal walk with existing and future adjoining streets, urban and residential areas

Zones 2 & 3 • create ‘entry nodes’ where local streets connect with the foreshore walk

enhancing access from adjacent residential, commercial and recreational areas to the shoreline

• reinforce vistas and streetscape views towards foreshore areas • establish continuity of landscape character and treatments from foreshore

areas into surrounding streetscapes Zone 4 – The Surf Beach • reinforce vistas and streetscape views towards foreshore areas • enhance pedestrian access to foreshore areas reducing psychological

vehicle/road barriers through pedestrian scale landscape treatment

Council

1.2 Enhance and encourage public transport connections with a greater emphasis on facilitating links to train and bus services to reduce traffic congestion and parking provision requirements

• reinforce connections to recreational, social and transport nodes • establish a regular public transport/tourist bus service between Cronulla

Railway Station and Wanda Reserve with stops at strategic locations along the foreshore

• reinforce facilities and connections to foreshore zones from public transport including directional signage from interchange areas

• publicise new/enhanced public transport connections or services to local communities and encourage use

Council/STA

1.3 Enhance existing cycle links and reduce conflicts between cyclists and pedestrians

• ensure path design enhances use of foreshore areas • clearly identify path usage via signs, ensure adequate sight lines and

pavement treatment in accordance with Council guidelines • all paths should be designed to accommodate service, emergency and

maintenance vehicles • develop a pedestrian / cycle master plan Zone 2 – The Cliff Top Walk • retain existing foreshore pedestrian promenade character by maintaining a

pedestrian priority, with cycle access outside peak times • incorporate cycle path into adjacent road system Zones 3, 4 & 5 • incorporate shared/separated recreational cycle and pedestrian paths along

the beach front as appropriate to provide safe and convenient access along the length of the coastline. Reduce width of Prince Street and Mitchell Road to provide for wider pedestrian / cycle areas and street trees

• provide for commuter cyclists within the road system

Council

1.4 Enhance and improve existing car parking facilities and access

• implement traffic improvements to reduce congestion and improve traffic flow in adjacent streets

• rationalise on-street/off-street parking arrangements • provide tree planting to foreshore streets/car parking to improve street and

car park amenity and provide shade • improve pedestrian and driver safety with traffic control/calming and

reinforced pedestrian connections and spaces

Council

Cont’d

Access Objectives


The Plan Cont’d


1.5 Enhance existing

pedestrian access and provide ‘access for all’ to the beach

• provide for disabled access to the Beaches, particularly from Prince Street to North Cronulla Beach. Minimise visual impact of disabled access by designing so that handrails are not required (max 1:20 ramps instead of 1:14 to AS 1428)

• no dogs to be allowed on beaches • no dogs off leashes to be allowed on beach reserves/paths Zone 3 – The City Beaches • improve access from Dunningham Park to the beach • provide for disabled access to North Cronulla Beach • construct a stepped seawall including seating at North Cronulla Beach to

improve access to the beach from Dunningham Park • reduce dominance and scale of the roadscape and introduce pedestrian

elements across the roadscape indicating pedestrian priority where strategic access points are required. This might incorporate the use of traffic calming devices, planting to improve streetscape amenity and reduce the scale of the road

Council

1.6 Enhance existing pedestrian access along the foreshore from Bass and Flinders Point to the Kurnell Peninsula in Zone 5 – The Beach Reserve

• potential to provide a pedestrian link into Endeavour Heights and Captain Cook’s landing place

• extend the public reserve for the full length of the beach frontage. Width of reserve to be based on providing for the foredune and public access during the 100 year planning period

• incorporate a more trafficable pathway, in conjunction with dune protection fencing to control pedestrian access to Green Hills. Path and fencing to be designed in accordance with DIPNR Coastal Dune Management guidelines

• restrict pedestrian/cycle and vehicle movements in fragile environments. Fencing should be provided where dune vegetation is susceptible to damage from pedestrian and vehicular traffic in accordance with DIPNR Coastal Dune Management guidelines

• provide ‘formalised’ paths and incorporate directional/interpretive signage at strategic locations

• accessways should provide for pedestrian, cycle and authorised vehicle access across dunes to the beach in accordance with DIPNR Coastal Dune Management guidelines

• improve pedestrian access to Potter Point for recreation • prepare an open space master plan for the study area • ensure that when access is being provided or enhanced to Zone 5 weeds

are not introduced

Council

1.7 Minimise impact of recreational vehicles on the environment in Zone 5 – The Beach Reserve

• establish and enforce a policy on 4WD use and Jet Ski use in Council-controlled areas

• enforce controlled access use zones in fragile/sensitive environments, limit vehicular access to the beach to emergency and maintenance vehicles

Council/Community/ DIPNR

1.8 Minimise and control the impacts of future development on beach amenity

• provide controlled primary and secondary accessways to the beach. Paths to be designed in accordance with DIPNR Coastal Dune Management guidelines

Council

1.9 Improve emergency and maintenance access along the foreshore and to the beach

• incorporate controlled access for emergency and maintenance vehicle access to Kurnell Peninsula including controlled access points to the beach in Zones 4 and 5 (possible to do along shared pedestrian cycleway)

• review controlled vehicular access to Potter Point (Sydney Water) track and consider potential to make pedestrian and cycle access only

• integrate disabled access with emergency vehicular access to the beach

Council

Aerial image of Zones 2 & 3 highlighting restricted areas along the rocky shoreline. Pedestrian priority access is to be retained along these sections linking passive recreation areas, bicycle access will be provided by designated bicycle lanes within the road system. The foreshore connection to the Cronulla Town Centre is also highlighted

Example of a pedestrian priority path at Manly


The Plan Cont’d


3.6 Recreational Activities

1.0 Objective: Encourage recreational use and enjoyment of Bate Bay, minimising the impact of these recreational activities on the environment by responding to the area’s carrying capacity and patterns of use

Strategy Action Responsibility 1.1 Encourage pedestrian

scale interpretive/ educational, low intensity recreational activities in Zone 2 – The Cliff Top Walk

• investigate the opportunity for small-scale cafe/kiosk at Oak and Shelly Parks, include consideration of the potential impact on existing shops

• potential to incorporate interpretive artworks along cliff top walk • provide additional seating along length of promenade • install educational/interpretive signage explaining important natural

features and events, consequences of human interaction and significant past events. A consistent suite of signage should be developed for the Bate Bay open space network

• prepare an open space master plan

Council

1.2 Encourage intensive civic/urban and family recreational activities in Zone 3 – The City Beaches

• provide a more civic/urban setting to support intensive use and upgrade image

• possibly incorporate intensive recreation facilities (eg. skate parks) in urban area for better supervision and to create greater 'buzz’

• construct a stepped seawall of coloured concrete (to match beach sand and local rock) to protect Dunningham Park from erosion, provide informal seating for large volumes of visitors and improve access to the beach from Dunningham Park

• establish a palette of landscape treatments that draws from the surrounding area and unifies as a whole

• prepare an open space masterplan

Council

1.3 Encourage a transition from intensive to nature based recreational activities from the south to the north of Zone 4 – The Surf Beach

• provide an emphasis on surfing activities and associated recreation and leisure

• reduce intensity of landscape treatment heading north to reflect passive activities and use

• introduce informal indigenous/endemic planting to reflect surrounding natural environments

• provide viewing platforms convenient to carparks • prepare an open space masterplan

Council

Recreational Activities Objectives


The Plan Cont’d


2.0 Objective: Allow for a range of recreational opportunities consistent with the natural values of the reserve, foredune and beach environment

Strategy Action Responsibility 2.1 Encourage nature based

recreational activities that reduce in intensity from the south to the north of Zone 5 – The Beach Reserve

• enhance opportunities for recreational activities at Wanda Reserve. Include consideration of a skate board ramp in the Reserve as one of a number of possible locations for a ramp

• consider opportunities to improve recreation at Potter Point • consider dedication of a Surfing Recreation Reserve in the area surrounding

Boat Harbour, Voodoo and Merries Reef • control access points from Wanda Reserve north to Potter Point and restrict

access to formalised paths and roads only, to protect dunes from recreational pressures. Paths to be designed in accordance with DIPNR Coastal Dune Management Guidelines

• provide educational/interpretive information at strategic locations to inform users of ecological processes and reinforce desired patterns of use. Signage to be designed in accordance with DIPNR Coastal Dune Management Guidelines

• monitor compliance with prohibited activities within Boat Harbour Aquatic Reserve

• prohibit the use of motorised craft in the vicinity of the rock platform in accordance with NPWS Guidelines

• consider provision of viewing platforms in selected areas • prepare an open space masterplan

Council

Zone 5 – The Beach Reserve: Encourage nature based recreational activities appropriate to the sensitivity of the site (2001)


The Plan Cont’d


3.7 Landscape

1.0 Objective: To link and reinforce existing landscapes in keeping with their natural and cultural heritage value and proposed intensity of use

Strategy Action Responsibility 1.1 Protect and enhance

existing landscapes of natural and cultural heritage along the coastal walk and associated pocket parks in Zone 2 – The Cliff Top Walk

• coastal walkway to be naturalistic in character with emphasis on conservation and enhancement of remnant and endemic plant species

• extend the area of coverage of the remnant bushland around Bass and Flinders Point

• strengthen pockets and fragments of remnant vegetation with new planting from locally sourced stock to compliment the distinctive coastal landscape

• use bushland species within publicly accessible areas and as street trees to increase scope for interpretation of both cultural and natural history

• implement weed removal and indigenous planting program in conjunction with Council’s Bushcare Officers and local communities to reinforce the coastal landscape character

• enhance and define landscape character at water access points with structural planting

• apply Councils’ Heritage DCP and Tree Preservation Order to existing and future trees as well as regenerated bushland/coastal vegetation along the foreshore

• integrate with Council’s “Greenweb” actions

Council/Community

1.2 Protect and enhance parks and landscape items of cultural heritage and community value in Zone 3 – The City Beaches

• design to provide for large volumes of visitors on peak days • construct a new sea wall at North Cronulla Beach, to protect the cultural

heritage of Dunningham Park • use cultural planting to retain and enhance the existing cultural landscape

character of the parks and foreshore within this zone • extend street tree planting in adjacent streets to extend and link to the

foreshore zone • landscape treatment to respect existing historic/cultural planting and park

design promoting strong design ethic and commitment to the use of quality materials and finishes


Council

1.3 Provide a transition from the cultural urban foreshore to indigenous foreshore landscape treatments within Zone 4 – The Surf Beach

• design the transition to occur between the southern end of Prince Street and Mitchell Road

• extend street tree planting as appropriate into adjacent streets to extend and link to the foreshore zone

• redevelop streetscape and introduce street trees to provide an attractive backdrop to the beach, provide shade and reduce visual impact of buildings


Council

Cont’d

Landscape Objectives


The Plan Cont’d


Strategy Action Responsibility 1.4 Protect and enhance

existing indigenous foreshore landscapes in Zone 5 – The Beach Reserve

• provide a ‘green’ park reserve at Wanda that anchors community based recreation activities within a naturalistic environment to contrast with The City Beaches recreation node

• implement weed removal and indigenous planting program to disturbed areas in conjunction with Council’s Bushcare Officers and the local community. Rehabilitate disturbed areas avoiding the use of non-local species

• control access to fragile environments surrounding recreational areas and pedestrian/cycle paths and encourage use of patrolled swimming and surfcraft access areas

• provide interpretive material regarding the fragility of the rock platform ecology and its significance as a safe roosting and feeding habitat for shorebirds and information on wildlife present in the area. Signage to be designed in accordance with DIPNR Coastal Dune Management Guidelines

• avoid direct access to the rock platform area and focus public access areas away from the rock platform area

• maintain regular liaison with relevant government agencies, resident groups and private land owners with an interest in the protection of the Bate Bay environment (eg. DIPNR, EPA, Fisheries, etc.)

Council/Community

Aerial image of Zone 5 – The Beach Reserve showing Wanda Reserve on the left and the dune system to the right. Enhancement of the landscape amenity in this zone would involve a comprehensive weed removal, controlled access, and indigenous/endemic planting strategy (October 1999)


The Plan Cont’d


3.8 Beach Safety and Amenity

1.0 Objective: Improve amenity of the beach and foreshore area of Bate Bay without compromising access and views Strategy Action Responsibility 1.1 Improve the safety and

amenity of existing beach, foreshore, car parks, roads and paths

• undertake beach nourishment to combat the erosion and recession hazards and thus maintain beach amenity. Consult with Council’s lifeguards and the SLSCs in regard to the timing and location of nourishment works

• reinforce foredunes with indigenous flora and grade any excess frontal dune build up near Elouera and Wanda SLSCs back into the beach system, and stabilise the area

• remove past shoreline protection works where they impact adversely on beach amenity

• replace rock-filled baskets at bottom of emergency access immediately south of Wanda SLSC to improve beach safety

• introduce shade trees and landscape treatments to existing foreshore road • redistribute car parking and reduce through traffic on Prince Street and

Mitchell Road to allow for landscape improvements • allow for the provision of ‘surf check’ parking in any proposals for foreshore

improvements • establish an approach to and design a coordinated suite of urban and

landscape elements to be implemented gradually as areas are upgraded • consider relocation of North Cronulla Beach Observation Tower closer to

Prince Street • redesign the car park at the southern end of Prince Street to provide for

improved pedestrian connections/circulation space and trees for shade and amenity

• consider introduction of a system for quick identification of the location of an emergency, such as a series of numbered poles

• retaining helicopter landing platform inn Wanda Reserve

Council

1.2 Maintain a high standard of beach amenity by regular cleaning and maintenance programs

• establish/continue a beach maintenance program, maintenance vehicles to operate outside of normal active beach hours (e.g. 5-7am)

• ensure the adequate provision of litter bins at appropriate locations along the beach/foreshore environs and throughout adjoining areas

• provide continuous clean and safe beach sand and pavements with continuity of materials

• investigate the issue of ocean pools filling with sand and options to reduce the potential of infilling

• review the current frequency and methods of maintenance of the rock pools

Council

1.3 Construct viewing platforms at selected locations between Elouera SLSC and carpark north of Wanda SLSC

• undertake site selection study to determined most suitable sites, including community consultation

• prepare design options • undertake detailed design and implement

Council

Beach Amenity Objectives


The Plan Cont’d


3.9 Terrestrial Ecology

1.0 Objective: To manage threats to coastal habitats, flora and fauna such as exotic species and bushfire Strategy Action Responsibility 1.1 Address ‘key threatening

processes’ and other threats such as wildfire

• develop monitoring program to assess effectiveness of current methods used for Bitou Bush control

• ensure weed control programs are staged to take into account use of exotic plants by native fauna

• increase efforts for control of the European Red Fox • coordinate and integrate fire management across the Kurnell area

Council/DIPNR

2.0 Objective: To protect areas of ecological significance Strategy Action Responsibility 2.1 Identify areas of habitat value to

threatened or locally significant fauna

• undertake systematic surveys for terrestrial and aquatic fauna • identify existing and potential habitat corridors Council/Community

2.2 Introduce development controls on Kurnell Peninsula to protect areas of ecological significance

• protect areas of high habitat value/habitat corridors, and those identified in the Draft LEP Wetlands, as environment protection zones (include 100 m buffers to wetlands in environment protection zone)

Council/DIPNR

3.0 Objective: To enhance habitat corridors and increase biodiversity Strategy Action Responsibility 3.1 Provide linkages between

‘bushland’ parks/coastal remnants

• preserve habitat linkages between Wanda Reserve and Charlotte Breen Memorial Park, as per amendments to REP 17

• encourage habitat corridors along the foredune area of the Besmaw property


3.2 Rehabilitate cleared and degraded areas in the coastal zone

• implement replanting/bush regeneration programs using species indigenous to the Kurnell Peninsula which will also provide structural and floristic diversity


Fencing to trap sand on Kurnell Peninsula

Landscape behind foredune in north east of embayment


The Plan Cont’d


3.10 Aquatic Ecology

1.0 Objective: To protect, conserve and enhance aquatic habitats Strategy Action Responsibility 1.1 Undertake measures to protect,

conserve and enhance aquatic habitats in Bate Bay

• undertake detailed mapping of the extent of the Halophila bed in the lee of Merries Reef

• consider extending the boundaries of the Boat Harbour Aquatic Reserve to include the Halophila

• monitor impacts of nourishment works on the Halophila, the rocky reef, and Boat Harbour Aquatic Reserve

• provide a buffer of at least 50 m between aquatic habitats in Bate Bay such as intertidal rock platforms, rocky reefs and seagrasses, and any areas selected as sources for nourishment sand

• prepare guidelines to minimise impacts of development on the Boat Harbour Aquatic Reserve

• investigate opportunities for the creation of Intertidal Protected Areas (IPAs) in the study area outside the boundaries of Boat Harbour Aquatic Reserve, through consultation with the Minister for Fisheries

Council/Fisheries/ Community

2.0 Objective: To minimise potential effects of any works on marine mammals and other threatened species Strategy Action Responsibility 2.1 Employ mitigation measures • consider the timing of nourishment works so as to minimise the potential

effects of works on marine mammals and other threatened species that may visit Bate Bay at various times of the year

Council

Halophila

Panoramic view of Boat Harbour and Merries Reef (2002)


The Plan Cont’d


3.11 Cultural Heritage

1.0 Objective: To protect areas of high archaeological significance Strategy Action Responsibility 1.1 Identify sites of archaeological

or cultural significance • conduct surveys/review of Aboriginal heritage relating to the Kurnell

Peninsula (now recently completed in the Mary Dallas study) • require cultural heritage assessments as part of proposed major

development proposals

Council

1.2 Provide/enforce legislative protection of archaeological sites and areas of cultural significance

• support listing of the ‘Kurnell Sand Dune’ on the H6 site on the register of the National Estate and Stage heritage listing, subject to review by the National Heritage Trust, as well as appropriate re-zoning to reflect heritage values

• protect sites of high cultural significance (as identified in Mary Dallas study)

Council/NPWS/ Community

2.0 Objective: To improve understanding and awareness of cultural values Strategy Action Responsibility 2.1 Provide information to the

general community and visitors on cultural heritage values

• develop interpretive signage/brochures for cultural heritage items, as appropriate Council/NPWS

Bass and Flinders Point


The Plan Cont’d


3.12 Indicative Concept Plans

Three indicative concept plans have been prepared as part of the preparation of this Coastline Management Plan. These concepts could be further developed as part of an Open Space Master Plan for the foreshore zone. The first plan shows an indicative concept for a stepped seawall to protect Dunningham Park, which also incorporates improved access to the beach including disabled access and access for emergency/maintenance vehicles. The second plan shows an indicative concept for the short term development of the Prince Street area. The third plan shows an indicative concept for the Wanda Reserve area in Zone 5.


The Plan Cont’d


Dunningham Park Seawall

Indicative concept for a new Dunningham Park seawall, incorporating seating, stepped and ramp access to the beach, and showers. The seawall would be constructed as far landward as practical and coloured to match the beach sand. Beach nourishment should be undertaken in conjunction with the new seawall to widen the beach and provide general beach amenity improvements

Example of a stepped seawall providing beach access. Seating or ‘bleachers’ are visible in the mid ground. Beyond the bleachers are further steps and shower facilities

Example of a stepped seawall including seating and disabled access, and featuring coloured concrete to reduce the visual impact of the structure


The Plan Cont’d


Prince Street

Short term indicative concept for the Prince Street area showing one way traffic south, angled parking, widened foreshore reserve, segregated cycle/pedestrian foreshore path and foreshore planting. A segregated path is necessary through this area due to the volume of pedestrian and cycle traffic. Provide a transition from the cultural urban foreshore to indigenous foreshore landscape treatments between the southern end of Prince Street and Mitchell Road

Segregated pedestrian and cycle foreshore paths

Example of foreshore tree planting and segregated cycle/pedestrian path


The Plan Cont’d


Wanda Reserve Area

Example of path

Example of path


rp3828gwb_hrf021009-Management Plan-Section 4 to 7 PATTERSON BRITTON & PARTNERS / HASSELL / NELSON CONSULTING page 4-1

4 Summary of Management Strategies and Actions

The main management strategies and actions in the Bate Bay Coastline Management Plan, on a zone by zone basis, are summarised on the following four sheets. The reader should refer to Section 3 of this Plan for the complete listing of management strategies and actions.


Summary of Management Strategies and Actions Cont’d




5 Coastal Erosion Emergency Action Plan

Preparation of a Coastal Erosion Emergency Action Plan for Bate Bay is an essential strategy of the Coastline Management Plan since: • there are significant assets at threat from coastal erosion in the immediate term, that is, in the next severe storm; • implementation of the management actions recommended in the Coastline Management Plan, which would address the erosion threat,

may not take place for some period of time as approvals are sought and funds become available; • in the absence of an Emergency Action Plan, there is the risk that ad-hoc protection works will be undertaken during the height of an

erosion emergency, with consequent adverse effects on beach amenity and adjacent shorelines and structures. Further detail regarding preparation of the Emergency Action Plan is provided below. Objective: To combat the threat of erosion at times of emergencies in the period prior to implementation of management actions, in a manner which minimises any adverse impacts on beach amenity and adjacent shorelines and structures Strategy Action Prepare a Coastal Erosion Emergency Action Plan

• form a Working Party to prepare the Emergency Action Plan, including representatives from Sutherland Shire Council (SSC), State Emergency Services (SES), Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Resources (DIPNR) and the Bate Bay Coastal Management Committee

• select the Combat Agency • ensure consistency between the Coastal Erosion Emergency Action Plan and the existing

Local Disaster Plan for the Sutherland Shire Council area • consider the following matters in preparation of the Emergency Action Plan

- methods/materials available to protect assets from erosion in emergency situations - land ownership - whether land owners consent and/or development consent is required for the emergency

protection works - whether it is necessary to remove the emergency protection works following the

emergency - monitoring requirements - trigger mechanisms for moving between different action “levels” within the Emergency

Action Plan - education of foreshore owners and occupiers regarding the coastline hazards



6 Monitoring and Review

The Coastline Management Plan should be periodically reviewed by the Bate Bay Coastal Management Committee. The role of the Committee would be to report to the community on the implementation of the Plan. This could be via inclusion of information in Council’s State of the Environment Report, website or articles in the local newspaper, The Leader. The following reviews are recommended: • annual review of development program; • review of Coastline Management Plan itself every 3 to 5

years. Future monitoring should include: • monitoring progress of capital works implementation; • monitoring of beach behaviour generally; • monitoring the performance of particular works such as

beach nourishment; • monitoring of natural system performance, such as

monitoring of species diversity, weed species or other similar indicators;

• monitoring of user satisfaction, including use of facilities, number of visitors and their views, and the like; and

• monitoring of water quality, in particular stormwater quality. Consideration should be given to the installation of coastal imaging technology (involving cameras mounted on tall buildings) to monitor matters such as beach behaviour generally and the performance of works, for example beach nourishment. Further recommended studies include: • investigation and design studies for:

- Cronulla Beach seawall - Prince Street seawall - Dunningham Park seawall

• beach nourishment study; • study of water quality impacts of the old tip at Wanda

Reserve; • site selection study for viewing platforms; • public transport strategy; • open space master plan for the study area; and • pedestrian and bicycle master plan for the study area.

rp3828gwb_hrf0201107-Appendices & Ref PATTERSON BRITTON & PARTNERS / HASSELL / NELSON CONSULTING

APPENDIX A MEMBERS OF BATE BAY COASTAL MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE

Appendix A


Councillor Bob Spencer, Chair Andrew Addinall ,North Cronulla Precinct Committee Stephen Bourke, Director Community & Recreation Services Harry Brown, Combined Surf Clubs Executive John Brunton, Director Environmental Services Gwyn Cleeves, Parks & Waterways Manager Lesley Diver, NSW Fisheries Stuart Dutton, Manager Beach Operations Jack Eden, Community Representative Mike Fursland, Environmental Planner Des Hewitt, Director Engineering Peter Hile, North Cronulla Precinct Committee Annette Hogan, Cronulla Dune & Wetland Alliance Phillip Holt, Holt Group Mark Moratti, Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources Lee Orford, Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources Kate Panayotou, Community Representative John Scott, Kurnell Progress & Precinct Committee Ian Spencer, Eloura, Cronulla, Garie Surfriding Clubs


APPENDIX B PREDICTED LOCATION OF THE IMMEDIATE, 50 YEAR AND 100 YEAR EROSION ESCARPMENT LINES

(BASED ON THE DO NOTHING OPTION)


Appendix B


The figures on the following pages show the extent of the coastline hazard zones for the immediate (post design storm), 50 year and 100 year planning periods taking into account beach erosion and shoreline recession. The landward limit of the coastline hazard zones corresponds to the estimated position of the back beach erosion escarpment for the particular planning period. As such, the zones make no allowance for any additional buffer distance beyond the physical extent of the erosion/recession. When considering siting of proposed development, inclusion of an additional distance allowance beyond the position of the erosion escarpment is necessary to account for factors such as retention of some secondary dune vegetation following the design storm (in the case where dunes exist) and for scenic quality. This additional allowance should be a minimum of 50 m. Two scenarios for the coastline hazard zone are shown for those areas with seawalls (Cronulla Beach and North Cronulla Beach/ Prince Street). The first scenario assumes that the seawalls represent a terminal revetment (that is, they represent a limit to beach erosion and shoreline recession into the future). The second scenario assumes failure of the seawalls during the planning period. Note that the positions of the coastline hazard zones assume: • no management action is taken to modify the erosion and

recession behaviour within the study area in the future, that is, the zones correspond to the “Do Nothing” option;

• the foredune is kept well vegetated so that significant wind blown sand losses do not re-emerge in the future. If such losses do re-emerge, the coastline hazard zones would be further landward.

Any development located on the seaward side of the immediate (post design storm) erosion escarpment is potentially at immediate risk from wave erosion in the design storm. Similarly, any development located on the seaward side of the 50 year erosion escarpment and the 100 year erosion escarpment is potentially at risk from wave erosion in the design storm in the next 50 years and 100 years respectively.


Appendix B



APPENDIX C GEOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF BATE BAY AND SURROUNDS


Appendix C


C.1 General

Understanding the geological evolution of Bate Bay is important as it is likely that those processes that have shaped the area in the past are still active today. Roy and Crawford (1979) undertook a detailed study of the geological evolution of the Kurnell Peninsula and southern Botany Bay area. They recognised five phases of evolution, which are summarised in the following sections. C.2 Phase One

The first phase of evolution occurred up to 9,000 years before present (bp) when sea level was 20 m below its present level. At this time the Cooks, Georges and Hacking rivers all drained to the south-east beneath Bate Bay. As sea level rose the inner continental shelf was flooded and the lower reaches of the river valleys drowned. Landward of the river mouths, embryonic estuaries formed with estuarine sedimentation resulting.

The geological evolution in phase one is presented diagrammatically in Figure C.1 below

Figure C.1: First phase of the geological evolution of Bate Bay (Roy & Crawford, 1979)

C.3 Phase Two

The second phase of evolution (shown diagrammatically in Figure C.2 below) lasted from 9,000 to 7,000 years bp when sea level was between -20 and –9 m below its present level. As sea level continued to rise, a large shallow estuary formed that incorporated both Botany and Bate Bays. This estuary was blocked at the mouth of Bate Bay by a coastal sand barrier, which is referred to as a “proto-barrier”. The evidence for the existence of this feature are the transgressive sand dunes on Kurnell Headland. The existence and morphology of these dunes implies a source of sand located in Bate Bay. The estuary was open to the sea at Botany Heads.

Figure C.2: Second phase of the geological evolution of Bate Bay (Roy & Crawford, 1979)

C.4 Phase Three

This phase of evolution (shown diagrammatically in Figure C.3 below) occurred between 7,000 and 4,000 years bp when sea level rose from –9 m to its present level. During this phase, the proto-barrier was destroyed by ocean waves after it had been steadily eroded by deflation (wind blown sand losses) and littoral drift (longshore transport of sand dune to wave action). After destruction of the proto-barrier, the calcareous sands in Bate Bay were worked onshore by wave action. These calcareous sands formed beach ridges along the Kurnell isthmus.

Figure C.3: Third phase of the geological evolution of Bate Bay (Roy & Crawford, 1979)

C.5 Phase Four

The fourth phase of evolution (shown diagrammatically in Figure C.4 below) occurred between 4,000 and 1,000 years bp with sea level at its present level. This phase of evolution was dominated by coastal instability which is highlighted by the formation of transgressive barrier dunes on the Kurnell isthmus. These dunes were fed by sand from the erosion of the Bate Bay foredunes and coastline. The dunes migrated towards the north under the influence of winds from the south and south-east.

Figure C.4: Fourth phase of the geological evolution of Bate Bay (Roy & Crawford, 1979)


Appendix C


C.6 Phase Five

The last phase of evolution (shown diagrammatically in Figure C.5 below) has lasted from 1,000 years bp to the present with sea level at its present level. During this time, the migration of the transgressive sand dunes on the Kurnell isthmus has continued along with the retreat of the Bate Bay coastline.

Figure C.5: Fifth phase of the geological evolution of Bate Bay (Roy & Crawford, 1979)

C.7 Summary

It is evident that following the growth of the proto-barrier in the second phase of evolution the Bate Bay coastline has been retreating. Roy and Crawford (1979) estimate that based on the volume of sand forming the barrier dunes the coastline extended some 250-800 m into Bate Bay and may have even blocked the mouth of Port Hacking.


APPENDIX D ZONING PLANS


Appendix D


Sutherland Shire LEP Zoning Map Source: Sutherland Shire Council


Appendix D


Kurnell Peninsula REP Zoning Map


REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY


References and Bibliography


Presented below is an exhaustive bibliography and list of references for documents used in the preparation of the Bate Bay Coastline Study. References have been grouped under headings corresponding to the specialist studies undertaken in Stages 1, 2 and 3a of the Coastline Study. The main reference (report prepared for the specialist study) under each heading has been highlighted in bold text. Coastline Processes, Hazards and Past and Present Shoreline Protection Works Patterson Britton (2001) Bate Bay Coastline Study. Stage 1 - Coastline Hazard Definition Report Prepared for Sutherland Shire Council, Issue No 1, November 2001 Australian Water Technologies (1994) Bate Bay Pollution Study Volume 6 – The Bate Bay Scour Hole Prepared by Australian Water Technologies for the Water Board, 1994. Brown C.T. (1979) Some Factors Affecting the Use of Maccaferi Gabions and Reno Mattresses for Coastal Revetments Water Research Laboratory Report No. 156, 1979. Bryant E. (1984) Sediment Characteristics of some Eastern Australian Foreshores Australian Geographer, Vol. 16/1984. Curby P. (1998) A pictorial history of Cronulla Kingsclear Books, 1998. Department of Land and Water Conservation (1999) Port Hacking dredging and nearshore nourishment of Cronulla beaches Application for the 1999 case earth awards category one: projects to $1 million Department of Land and Water Conservation, 1999. Foster D.N. & Gordon A.D. (1978) Beach Protection, Cronulla Fourth Australian Conference on Coastal and Ocean Engineering, 1978. Foster D.N. et al (1963) Preliminary Study of Beach Erosion on Cronulla Beach University of NSW Water Research Laboratory Report No. 59, April 1963. Foster D. & Hirst E.H.W (1987) The Design and Construction of Prince Street Seawall, Cronulla 8th Australasian Conference on Coastal and Ocean Engineering, 1987. Geomarine and Coffey Partners International (1991) Narrabeen-Collaroy Fishermans Beach - Criteria for the Siting and Design of Foundations for Residential Development Prepared for Warringah Shire Council, Geomarine Report No 69021R02, February 1991.

Gordon A.D. (unpublished) Coastal Processes of the Kurnell Peninsula. Gordon A.D. (1988) Coastal Processes of the Kurnell Peninsula, Interim Summary PWD Report No. 88047 in Preparation. Gordon A.D. (1992) The Restoration of Bate Bay, Australia – Plugging the Sink 23rd International Conference on Coastal Engineering, 1992. The Hurstville Propeller Johnson B.D. et al (1978) The bedrock topography of the Botany Basin, New South Wales Geological Society of Australia – Journal 24(7), 403-408. NSW Government (1990) Coastline Management Manual New South Wales Government, September 1990. The Observer Pickard J. (1972) Rate of movement of transgressive sand dunes at Cronulla, NSW Journal of Geological Society Australia, 19, 213-216. Panayotou K (1998) Shoreface Bypassing and Aeolian Rollover: Transgressive Volumetric Simulation of Kurnell Peninsular Sand Dune Evolution since European settlement BA (Hons) Thesis, University of Sydney, 1998. Patterson Britton & Partners (1995) Dunningham Park, Cronulla – Coastal Engineering Advice Prepared by Patterson Britton and Partners for EDAW (Aust) Pty Ltd, 1995. Patterson Britton & Partners (1998) Nearshore Nourishment of North Cronulla Beach – Review of Environmental Factors Prepared by Patterson Britton and Partners for Department of Land and Water Conservation, 1998. Patterson Britton & Partners (1989) Sydney Destination Resort Bate Bay Concept Plan Engineering Assessment Prepared by Patterson Britton and Partners for Planning Workshop, 1989. PWD (1985) Elevated Ocean Levels – Storms Affecting NSW Coast 1880-1980 Report No. 85041 Prepared by Blain Bremner and Williams Pty Ltd for Public Works Department, 1985.




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