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BBBW5200 –Encountering the Biblical World

New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary

Biblical Studies

Spring 2018, Term 183

Saturdays, 4x Hybrid, 9:00 am -12:50 pm

Class Dates: 1/27, 2/24, 3/17, 4/21

Dr. Daniel Warner

Associate Professor of Old Testament and Archaeology

Office: Orlando FL

407-468-4251

dwarner@nobts.edu

Mission Statement

The mission of New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary is to equip leaders to fulfill the Great

Commission and the Great Commandments through the local church and its ministries.

Core Value Focus

All graduates of NOBTS are expected to have at least a minimum level of competency in each of

the following areas: Biblical Exposition, Christian Theological Heritage, Disciple Making,

Interpersonal Skills, Servant Leadership, Spiritual and Character Formation, and Worship

Leadership. The core value focus for this academic year is: Servant Leadership: We follow the

model of Jesus and exert leadership and influence through the nurture and encouragement of

those around us.

Curriculum Competencies NOBTS faculty members realize that all ministers need to develop specific competencies if they

are going to have an effective ministry. To increase the likelihood of NOBTS graduates having

an effective ministry, the faculty developed a competency-based curriculum after identifying

seven essential competencies necessary for effective ministry. All graduates are expected to have

at least a minimum level of competency in all of the following areas:

1. Biblical Exposition: to interpret and communicate the Bible accurately.

2. Christian Theological Heritage: To understand and interpret Christian theological heritage

and Baptist polity for the church.

3. Disciple Making: To stimulate church health through mobilizing the church for missions,

evangelism, discipleship, and church growth.

4. Interpersonal Skills: To perform pastoral care effectively, with skills in communication and

conflict management.

5. Servant Leadership: To serve churches effectively through team ministry.

6. Spiritual and Character Formation: To provide moral leadership by modeling and

mentoring Christian character and devotion.

7. Worship Leadership: To facilitate worship effectively.

Course Description

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A survey is undertaken of a wide range of materials and issues related to the background of the

Old and New Testaments, including: archaeology, historical geography, religion, manners and

customs, economics, social concerns, and the literature of the ancient Near East and the Greco-

Roman world. The course is designed to help students bridge the temporal and cultural gaps

between contemporary society and the historical eras of the Bible.

Student Learning Outcomes/Course Objectives

Student Learning Outcomes: At the conclusion of the semester, the student will:

1. Recognize the physical elements of the land of Israel and the ancient Near East -- the

geography, topography, geology, climate, etc. -- via slide, book and map study.

2. Gain a better understanding of the cultural and historical settings of both the Old and New

Testaments via an archaeological and geographical perspective.

3. Examine materials related to cultural and religious practices among the ancient Israelites and

other ethnic cultures of the Ancient Near East.

4. Probe the interrelationship between geography, politics, economics, cultural mores, and

religion in the development of the nation of Israel.

5. Become conversant in the historical, geographical, and cultural materials of the Old and New

Testaments.

Course Texts

To be read in conjunction with class lectures (see Blackboard)

1. English Bible (a good translation)

2. Arnold, Bill T. & Beyer, Bryan E., 2002, Readings From the Ancient Near East, Baker

(RANE)

3. Brisco, Thomas, 1998, Holman Bible Atlas by (Broadman & Holman Publishers, (HBA)

4. Hoerth, Alfred 1998, Archaeology & The Old Testament, Baker Book House, (AOT ) – Note

within the reading schedule of this course, reading suggestions are given from this text that

correspond to the topics discussed.

5. Warner, Dan, Encountering the Biblical World Course Workbook (Posted on Blackboard)

Recommended reading:

Archaeology & The Old Testament. Hoerth, A. (Baker, 1998), (AOT) – This an optional reading

but heavily suggested. Note within the reading schedule of this course reading, suggestions

are given from this text that correspond to the topics discussed.

1. Zondervan Handbook to the Bible. ed. by Pat and David Alexander (Zondervan, 1999)

2. Manners and Customs in the Bible. by Victor M., (Hendrickson)

3. The Sacred Bridge. by Rainey, A. & Notley, S., (Carta, Jerusalem, 2006)

4. Life in Biblical Israel. by Stager, L. & King, P., (Westminster John Knox Press, 2001)

Course Requirements and Grading Map Quizzes (3) 25% - see class schedule for dates

Discussion Participation 10% - (6 total, see note for format under Unit 1)

Research Paper 25% - by May 8

Midterm Exam 20% - after Unit II

Final Exam 20% - by May 17, no later!

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Grading Scale

A - 93-100; B - 85-92; C - 77-84; D - 70-76; F - Below 70

Map Quizzes (3 total) – Get to know the world & land of the Bible, see handout “Regions, Cities

to Know” for list of regions, cities and places to identify for the quizzes (see also extra detailed

maps for you to use found in Course Documents). You will need to consult these maps besides

class text and other Bible geography books; as noted, I have also placed many maps for you on

Blackboard (under Study Helps) for use in both study and personal presentations. (**Remember

many illustrations & photos used in this course are copy righted and cannot be published w/o

written permission from me).

Quiz 1 = Land of Israel Includes: Regions, Mountains, Valleys, Rivers, and Bodies of Waters of

Palestine (HBA Map 7 for help)

Quiz 2 = Tribes of Israel & OT Cites (Consists of 1 map for Tribes & 1 map for OT cities)

Quiz 3 = NT World (Mediterranean) of Cities & Kingdoms/Countries (Consists of 1 map for

Kingdoms/Countries for Mediterranean world & 1 map for NT cities)

Exams – note there are study guides available for both midterm and final. They are only guides

to help one organize and know what materials will be covered on the exams. Information for the

exams come from class notes, power point lectures, and reading it is up to the student to gather

the necessary information! Test will include matching (i.e. dates, inscriptions etc.), multiple

choice, some fill in the blank, and short essays usually over various topics (i.e. Philistines,

Shephelah, David etc.).

Research Paper - will be posted on Blackboard (under folder labeled Exams). Students have

two options to write on:

1) Historical geography of a major region in Israel (i.e. Hill Country, Negev, Shephelah,

Coastal Plain, etc.) or a Site/City:

Research for a region should include:

Geological make-up of the region

The region's historical significance (its main function within Israel proper)

All major roads (locate both local and international)

Key cities (what is their main importance)

All bodies of water

Map of the region, locating key cites, roads etc. would be fine (but not a part of the

page requirement)

Research for a Site/City should include:

The identification of the biblical site

Where the site/city is located does not matter Israel, Mesopotamia, Egypt etc., why it

is located where it is, what was its function in history,

Its history, develop who controlled it, the role it played in the development of the

country it resided in, etc.

2) Topical – a topic relevant to this course; see Blackboard for list of suggested topics. Make

sure to get to the point, argue & present the significant elements of your research, have

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good interaction with sources (note original firsthand sources are the best, i.e. ancient texts,

documents, eyewitnesses’ accounts etc.).

Format - Length 11-12 pages (title page and bibliography does not count), double-spaced,

standard 12 pt. font (e.g. Times New Roman). The paper should follow Turabian format.

Grading

- Form & style and Spelling & grammar = 5% - make sure the theme is developed, logical,

coherent!

- Research & bibliography = 10% - use first hand sources when possible, textbooks are

secondary, by a good bibliography one is showing me that you did your homework!

- Content = 85% - the argument, the key issues, relevant data etc.

NOTE: 30% of Bibliography should consist of sources from scholarly journals (1 ½ source

per typed page is the acceptable norm, 10 pages = 7 sources etc.). See Handout: Suggested

Paper Topics and Biblical Studies Journals for help!

Note: "This assignment is an embedded assignment that will be completed by all students for

all sections of this course. The rubric for grading this assignment is attached to this syllabus.

Please complete the assignment according to this rubric."

RESEARCH PAPER (5 pts off for each day late)

Class Procedure**Read Carefully**

Materials for the class are located in Course Documents on Blackboard they consist of:

1) Map Quizzes, Exams, and Related Materials (extra maps, study guides for exams, and extra

articles for you to enhance your understanding and knowledge of the topics discussed), please

make use of them.

2) Workbook – Sections 1-8: which are notes that correspond with the PowerPoint lectures, fill

in notes as your work through the PowerPoint slides, add notes from your readings, and

follow the Midterm Exam Guide

3) Lectures - these are mainly PowerPoint presentations (working on some video presentations)

that you need to look at & work through, all are in numerical/chronological order. They

consist of a lecture usually followed by slides emphasizing the lecture & related geography,

and some videos (usually a summary of the lectures) to give you the necessary information

one needs for the course. Notes and Lectures should be labeled the same, if there are any

problems please e-mail me or call ASAP.

4) There are 4 Sections or Units to work through, one has just about a month to work through

each section (except the last Unit, it’s shorter), so work at a pace best for you, but assignments

need to be taken on time (2 pts reduction for each day late). Each lecture is supplemented with

outside reading from class texts as noted in Course Schedule, make sure to read them (best

before viewing the Lectures) for they will be needful for exams. And don’t forget to check out

Related Materials also in Course Documents, several good articles related to some lectures.

5) Note the index of each class textbook as they correspond to the class lectures (i.e.

PowerPoints mainly), as the class follows a chronological order.

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Class Discussion

Each student will participate in the Discussion questions on Blackboard. These are just general

questions that highlight key areas that you have read and are looking at in the PowerPoint

lectures. Each student will compose a comment and discuss one other students comment. These

need to be completed by the time indicated (a 5pt reduction for each day late).

Lectures include Four Units to Work Through: Time frame consist of:

1. Unit 1 – (Jan 22-Feb 19): Setting the Stage

2. Unit 2 – (Feb 20–March 16): Patriarchs & Exodus

3. Unit 3 – (March 17–April 20): Conquest & Settlement & United & Divided Monarchy

4. Unit 4 – (April 21-May 16): NT Backgrounds: Jesus in the Galilee & Jerusalem

Text’s Abbreviations AOT = Archaeology & the Old Testament (Hoerth)

HBA = Holman Bible Atlas, (Brisco)

RANE = Readings from the Ancient Near East, (Arnold & Beyer)

WKBK = Course Workbook – Available in Blackboard Course Documents

Course Schedule and Outline

UNIT 1: Setting the Stage (Prehistory to Bronze Age)— In the Beginning!

Jan 22 – Feb 19, Workbook: Sections 1 &2-

1. Introduction

Reading - AOT Chpt 1

2. Geographical Overview: The Land of the Bible

Reading: HBA Part I (Ch 1-3, pp. 2-32)

3. In the Beginning: Gen 1-11

Reading: Gen 1-1; AOT Chpt 9; HBA Ch 4, pp. 33-34; Creation: Ancient Near East, (ANE)

Mythology vs. Genesis Creation: RANE #4-6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 45

4. Rise of Urbanization Early Bronze Age: Egypt and Mesopotamia

Reading: AOT Chpt 2; HBA pp. 35-40

Quizzes, Exams, and Discussion Lists: Discussion Board:

Contribute a comment to Geography/Introduction by Feb 4

NOTE: In this and the following Discussion Board topics, each student is to submit a comment

and then follow-up with interactions with two of the other students in the class.

Contribute a comment to Creationism/Beginnings by Feb 12

Map Quiz #1 - (Must be taken by Feb 19)

UNIT II: The Bronze Age (3200-1200BC)- World of the Patriarchs & Exodus

Feb 20-March 24, Workbook Part 3 & Parts of 4

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1. Middle Bronze Age: World of the Patriarchs

Reading Assignments: AOT Chp 4, 5, 6; HBA pp.41-51; RANE #14-16, 18, 21-26, 30; Gen

12-50

2. Late Bronze Age: World of Moses - The Political Setting of the Exodus, the Exodus &

Wilderness Wanderings

Reading Assignments: AOT Chp 7, 8 & 10: pp. 201-205; HBA pp. 52-74; RANE #17, 27-29,

31, 32, 55; Exodus 1-20;

Read: “Sacrifices and Offerings,” by A. Rainey from Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the

Bible

Quizzes, Exams and Discussion Lists:

Discussion Board: Contribute a comment to World of the Patriarchs by March 11. Remember to

interact with at least one other student’s comments.

Map Quiz #2: (Must be taken by March 20, midnight)

Midterm: Must take exam by March 25, midnight

UNIT III: Late Bronze Age Continued & Into the Iron Age (1550-586BC)

March 25-April 30, Workbook: Section Parts of 4, 5 & 6

1. Conquest and Settlement - Joshua and Judges

Reading Assignments: AOT 10 & 11; HBA pp. 89-101; RANE #50; Joshua, Judges

2. Emergence of the Monarchy: From Tribe to Nation: The United Monarchy

Reading Assignments: AOT 12-14; HBA pp. 102-114; RANE #51, 54, 59; II Sam 1-12, I

Kings 1-11

3. Divided Monarchy/Kingdom: Fall of Samaria

Reading Assignments: AOT 15, 16; HBA pp. 115-141; RANE #39-43, 48; I Kgs 12-2, Kgs

17;

4. Southern Kingdom: Judah

Reading Assignments: AOT 17-19; HBA pp. 142-157; RANE 56-58, 60-62, 155

Quizzes, Exams, and Discussion Lists:

Discussion Board: Contribute a comment to the Joshua & the Conquest by April 3

Contribute a comment to the Iron Age by April 16

UNIT IV: New Testament Backgrounds

May 1-16, Workbook 7 & 8

1. Jesus in Galilee

Reading Assignments: OTA 20; HBA pp. 207-215; Matthew 1-20

2. Jesus in Jerusalem

Reading Assignments: HBA pp. 216-235; Matthew 21-28; Luke 19-24

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Quizzes, Exams, and Discussion Lists:

Discussion Board: Contribute a comment to the NT Backgrounds by May 7.

Map Quiz #3 must be taken by May 15, midnight.

RESEARCH PAPER: Due Date: Post marked on BB by Friday, May 8 by midnight.

FINAL: Must take exam by May 16, midnight, Blackboard closes then, and I cannot open it!

Disclaimer

The Professor reserves the right to change and adapt this syllabus as needed, the student will be

informed if changes are made.

Course Bibliography: General References

Dictionaries, etc.

Freedman, David N., ed. The Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. New York: Doubleday, 1992.

Craig Evans & Stanley Porter., eds. Dictionary of New Testament Backgrounds. Leicester:

InterVarsity Press, 2000.

Gerald F. Hawthorne, et. al. eds. Dictionary of Paul and his Letters. Leicester: Inter-Varsity

Press, 1993.

Gralph P. Martin & Peter H. Davids ed., Dictionary of the Later New Testament and Its

Developments. 1997.

Joel B. Green, et. al. eds. Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels. Leicester: Intervarsity Press,

1992.

Master, D., ed. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford

University Press. 2013.

Meyers, Eric M., ed. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East. 5 vols. New

York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

Negev, Avraham, and S. Gibson. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York:

Continuum, 2001.

Pritchard, James, ed. Ancient Near Eastern Texts: Relating to the Old Testament, 2nd ed.,

Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1955.

. Ancient Near East in Pictures: Relating to the Old Testament. 2d ed. Princeton:

Princeton University Press, 1969.

Redford, Donald B. ed. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. 3 vols. Oxford: Oxford

University Press. 2001.

Sasson, J.M., ed. Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. 2 vols. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson.

2000.

Stern, Ephraim, ed. The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land. 4

vols. Jerusalem: The Israel Exploration Society, 1993.

Atlases

Aharoni, Y.., et. al The Macmillan Bible Atlas (3rd

ed.), New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.,

1993

Bimson, J.J. et.al., New Bible Atlas. Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press, 1985.

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Cleave, Richard. Pictorial Archive: ANE History; Student Map Manual. Jerusalem, 1975.

Rasmussen, C. Zondervan NIV Atlas of the Bible. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1989.

Historical Geography

Aharoni, Yohanan. The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography. Philadelphia: Westminster

Press, 1979.

Baly, Dennis. The Geography of the Bible. NY: Harper, 1957.

Bimson, John J. (ed.), Baker Encyclopedia of Bible Places. Leicester: InterVarsity Press, 1995.

DeVries, LaMoine. Cities of the Biblical World. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1997.

Harrison, R.K., ed. Major Cities of the Biblical World. Nashville: Nelson, 1985.

Smith, George Adam. The Historical Geography of the Holy Land. Jerusalem: Ariel Publishing

House, 1931.

Bible Handbooks

Hoerth, A., G. Mattingly, and E. Yamauchi (eds.). Peoples of the Old Testament World. Grand

Rapids: Baker, 1994.

Gower, Ralph. The New Manners and Customs of Bible Times. Chicago: Moody Press, 1987.

Matthews, Victor. Manners and Customs in the Bible. Peabody: Hendrickson, 1991.

Matthews, Victor and Don C. Benjamin. Social World of Ancient Israel 1250-587 BCE.

Peabody: Hendrickson, 1993.

The Illustrated Bible Dictionary. NY, London: Tyndale Publishers, 1980, 1986.

Van Der Woude, A.S., gen. ed. The World of the Bible. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1986.

Walton, John, et. al. The IVP Bible Background Commentary: Old Testament. Downers Grove:

InterVarsity Press, 2000

Archaeology

Albright, William F. The Archaeology of Palestine. Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1949, rev. 1960,

reprinted by Peter Smith Publishers, 1971.

Ben-Tor, Amnon, ed. The Archaeology of Ancient Israel. NY: Yale, 1991.

Cline, E.H. Biblical Archeology: a very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

2009.

Finegan, J. The Archaeology of the New Testament. 2nd ed. Princeton: Princeton University

Press, 1992.

Galor, Katharina, and Hanswulf Bloedhorn. The Archaeology of Jerusalem: From the Origins to

the Ottomans. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013.

Hoerth, A. Archaeology and the Old Testament. Baker, 1998.

Hoffmeier, James K. The Archaeology of the Bible. Oxford: Lion Hudson, 2008.

Kenyon, Kathleen M. The Bible and Recent Archaeology, London: British Museum Publications,

1978.

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Killebrew, A.E. Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity. An Archaeological Study of Egyptians,

Canaanites, Philistines, and Early Israel, 1300-1100 B.C.E. Atlanta: Society of Biblical

Literature, 2005.

Levy, T. (ed.). The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land. New York, Facts on File. 1995.

McRay, John. Archaeology and the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1991.

Magness, J. 2012. The Archaeology of the Holy Land: From the Destruction of Solomon’s

Temple to the Muslim Conquest. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Mazar, Amihai. Archaeology of the Land of the Bible, 10,000 - 586 B.C.E. Anchor Bible

Reference Library. New York: Doubleday, 1990.

Meyer, E. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Archaeology in the Near East. Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 1997.

Meyers, Eric M. Archaeology, The Rabbis & Early Christianity. Nashville: Abingdon, 1981.

Moorey, Roger. Excavation in Palestine. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1981.

Negev, Avraham, ed. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Lands. Jerusalem: Weidenfeld &

Nicholson, 1972.

Reed, Jonathan L. Archaeology and the Galilean Jesus: A Re-examination of the Evidence.

Harrisburg: Trinity Press, 2000.

_____. The HarperCollins Visual Guide to the New Testament: What Archaeology Reveals

About the First Christians. New York: HarperCollins, 2007.

Routledge, Bruce. Moab in the Iron Age: Hegemony, Polity, Archaeology. Philadelphia:

University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.

Stern, Ephraim (ed.). The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land.

Jerusalem: Carta, 1992.

______. Archaeology of the Land of the Bible, Vol. II: The Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian

Periods (732 – 332 B.C.E.). New York: Doubleday.

Vaughn, Andrew G., and Ann E. Killebrew, eds. Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First

Temple Period. Society of Biblical Literature Symposium Series 18. Atlanta: Society of

Biblical Literature, 2003.

History

Ancient Near East

Craigie, Peter. Ugarit and the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1983.

Hallo, W.W. and Simpson, W.K. The Ancient Near East: A History. NY: Harcourt Brace

Jovanovich, 1971.

Lloyd, Seton. The Archaeology of Mesopotamia: From the Stone Age to the Persian Conquest.

London: Thames & Hudson, 1978.

Olmstead, A.T. History of the Assyrian Empire. Chicago: University Press, 1960

. History of the Persian Empire. Chicago: University Press, 1959.

Yamacuchi, Edwin. Persia and the Bible. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1990.

Egypt

Kathryn Bard (ed.) The Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. New York:

Routledge Press, 1999.

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Redford, Donald. Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press,

1992.

Redford, Donald B. Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. London: Oxford, 2000.

Wilson, John A. The Culture of Ancient Egypt. Chicago: University Press, 1951.

Ancient Palestine

Albertz, A History of Israelite Religion in the Old Testament. Volume I: From the beginnings to

the End of the Monarchy (trans. John Bowden; Louisville: Westminster/John Knox, 1994)

Albertz, A History of Israelite Religion in the Old Testament Period, Volume 2; From the Exile

to the Maccabees (Louisville: Westminster/John Know, 1994)

Ahlstrom, The History of Ancient Palestine from the Paleolithic Period to Alexander's Conquest

(Sheffield: JSOT, 1992).

Avi-Yonah, Michael. The Holy Land: From the Persian to the Arab Conquest (536 BC-AD 640).

Grand Rapids: Baker, 1966.

Ben-Sasson (ed.), A History of the Jewish People (Cambridge: Harvard, 1976).

Bickerman, From Ezra to the Last of the Maccabees: Foundations of Post-Biblical Judaism

(New York: Schocken, 1962).

Bright, John. A History of Israel. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1981.

Bruce, F.F. Israel and the Nations. Grand Rapids: W.B Eerdmans, 1969. Rev 1998.

Cohen, From the Maccabees to the Mishnah. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1987.

Grabbe, An Introduction to First Century Judaism: Jewish Religion and History in the Second

Temple Period. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1996.

Hayes and Miller, Israelite and Judean History. London: SCM Press, 1977.

Noth, The History of Israel. London: SCM, 1958.

Schurer, The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 B.C.-A.D. 135)

(Revised and Edited by Geza Vermes and Fergus Millar; Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1973)

Shanks (ed.), Ancient Israel: A Short History from Abraham to the Roman Destruction of the

Temple. Washington DC: BAS, 1988.

Smith, Palestinian Parties and Politics That Shaped the Old Testament (Second ed.;

London:SCM, 1987) Vermes, The Dead Sea Scrolls in English (4th ed.; New York: Penguin,

1995)

Stern, E. Archaeology of the Land of the Bible, Volume II, Double Day, New York, 2001

Wellhausen, Prolegomena to the History of Ancient Israel (Translated from German). Meriden

Paperback edition, 1957; 1883.

Zevit, Z. 2001. The Religions of Ancient Israel. A Synthesis of Parallactic Approaches. New

York: Continuum

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Competency Assessment Rubric for BBBW5200 Encountering the Biblical World Research

Papers

Cognitive/Understanding Assessment

1. The

Student ☐ demonstrated a comprehensive understanding of the resources for Biblical

Backgrounds research

☐ reflected an awareness of the resources for Biblical Backgrounds research but did not

utilize those resources adequately

☐ reflected an awareness of some of the resources for Biblical Backgrounds research but

did not utilize many of the resources

☐ was unable to identify or explain the resources for Biblical Backgrounds research

2. The

Student ☐ demonstrated a comprehensive understanding of the physical world of the Bible

☐ reflected an awareness of the process of the physical world of the Bible but did not

adequately relate it to Biblical interpretation

☐ reflected an awareness of some of the issues related to the Biblical geography but did

not utilize them fully in Biblical interpretation

☐ was unable to identify or explain the geography of the Bible

Application Assessment

1. The

Student ☐ demonstrated a comprehensive understanding of the principles of applying Biblical

Backgrounds to interpreting the Bible

☐ reflected an awareness of the principles of applying Biblical Backgrounds to

interpreting the Bible but did not explain them adequately

☐ reflected an awareness of some of the principles of applying Biblical Backgrounds to

interpreting the Bible but did not address them fully

☐ was unable to identify or explain the principles of applying Biblical Backgrounds to

the process of interpreting the Bible

2. The

Student ☐ demonstrated a valuing of the necessity of bridging the temporal and cultural gaps

between contemporary society and the Biblical world

☐ reflected a general appreciation of the necessity of bridging the temporal and cultural

gaps between contemporary society and the Biblical world

☐ reflected a lack of appreciation for the need of bridging the temporal and cultural gaps

between contemporary society and the Biblical world

☐ rejected the need for bridging the temporal and cultural gaps between contemporary

society and the Biblical world

Communicative Assessment

1. The

Student ☐ fully interpreted and communicated the Bible teaching utilizing Biblical background

materials

☐ interpreted and communicated the Bible teaching utilizing some Biblical background

materials but did not relate the meaning fully

☐ inadequately interpreted and communicated the Bible teaching utilizing Biblical

background materials

☐ was unable to interpret and communicate the Bible teaching utilizing Biblical

background materials

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A BRIEF HISTORICAL SKETCH OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH

IN THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST

I. SURVEYS AND PILGRIMAGES

A. Helena-mother of Constantine identified sites such as in Bethlehem with the Church of

the Nativity and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.

B. Origen (c.230-254) ("We have visited the places to learn by inquiry of the footsteps of

Jesus and of his disciples and of the prophets.") + other C2-C3 AD church fathers note

local traditions.

C. Eusebius (c.325) - Chronicle of early searching for Holy places in Palestine --also in his

Onomasticon (4th section of research on biblical geography, 1 - 3 are lost) lists

alphabetically sites in Palestine w/ annotations.

D. Jerome (c.385-420) Finished translation of Latin Vulgate at Bethlehem Church of

Nativity and revised Eusebius' Onomasticon. Letters also mention sites.

E. Crusaders - identified numerous sites and built churches on scores of them.

*** Some suggest that Thomas Jefferson may have been the first to carry out a form of

scientific excavation, when in 1784 he dug a trench through an Indian mound on his

Virginia property, noting layers (or strata) of bones and burial artifacts.

II. EMERGENCE OF EGYPTIAN AND MESOPOTAMIAN ARCHAEOLOGY Beginnings of Methodological Excavation and Language Decipherment

A. EGYPT 18th Century

1. Giovanni Belzoni - plundered Egyptian tombs such as Abu Simbel, damaging many

"unprofitable" items such as numerous mummies "to rob the Egyptians of their

papyri" -- yet was considered somewhat scientific for his day.

2. Napoleon - 1790 took 175 scholars (architects, artists, historians, etc.) to Egypt with

his army. 1799 - Rosetta stone found by artillery officers. Confiscated by the British.

Opened hieroglyphics, with Demotic and Greek.

3. Jean Francois Champollion (Prof. of History and Oriental Languages at Grenoble at

age 19) succeeded in deciphering the hieroglyphics. Published results.

19th Century

1. Col. Richard W. H. Vyse - used gunpowder to enter a pyramid in 1837.

2. A.F.F. Mariette (Fr)-collected manuscripts from Memphis, Gizeh sphinx, Tanis,

Thebes. First to insist Egyptian authorities control excavation. Few still resorting to

the use of gunpowder.

3. Karl R. Lepsius (Prussia) discovered Proto-Dynastic and Early Dynastic tombs and

mastabas in Egypt, as well as Ptolemaic inscriptions.

4. Gaston C.C. Maspero (Fr) excavated pyramids & tombs of Pepi I, II, et al.

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5. Sir Flinders Petrie - With British novelist Amelia Ann Stanford Edwards founded

British School of Archaeology in Egypt (Egyptian Exploration Society). Appalled at

the "excavation" methodology of his predecessors, Petrie developed more scientific

approach (see below). Excavated Tel el-Hesi in SW Palestine in 1890. Moved to

Palestine in 1926 BC due to difficulties in Egypt. Buried in Israel at Ecole Biblique.

B. MESOPOTAMIA AND ANATOLIA

17th - 18th Centuries

1. Cuneiform texts made their way to Europe (Br, Ger, Fr, Den, It) via diplomats, doctors, et

al travelers, beginning in 1621.

2. Decipherment of cuneiform ("wedge-shaped" from Latin cuneus) was gradual and slow.

George F. Grotefend (a high school classics teacher, who was knowledgeable in

Sanskrit and Pahlevi-desc. from Old Persian) deciphered some Old Persian names

from inscriptions from Persepolis, which had been suggested as the capital of the

ancient Achaemenid Empire. Yet cuneiform was far from translated. Persian modified

cuneiform contained about 41 known symbols. Its cuneiform ancestors were such as

Sumerian with 900+ pictographs which later became cuneiform representations; Old

Babylonian (Semitic) of Hammurabi (c.1750 BC) with 600-700 signs; to Middle

Babylonian with 350+; Elamite with 113 c.2500 BC; to 98 in Neo-Assyrian of 700

BC.

Sir Charles Rawlinson copied the Behistun inscription from the cliffs and worked on

the basic decipherment from 1835 to 1851.

* Note: It is estimated that only about 20% of the more than 500,000 cuneiform tablets have

yet been translated. e.g.- Donald J. Wiseman published some of the important Babylonian

Chronicles (9 tablets) in 1956 and Esarhaddon's treaties (1958), 80 years after they were

brought to the British Museum. Many thousands of others remain untouched after 100+

years.

19th Century

1. C.J. Rich - early 19th century. Excavated small tells near Baghdad and Kirkuk-Mosul.

2. P.E. Botta (Fr) - continued excavations at Mosul. Began at Nineveh.

3. Sir Austen H. Layard (Br) - Nineveh--Sennacherib's palace and Ashurbanipal's Palace

and library (25,000 tablets). Nimrud--palaces of Ashurnasirpal, Shalmaneser II,

Adadnirari, Esarhaddon (1845, 1852-53, 1878-82).

4. 1840-1850 - race between French and British to secure the most material national and

personal museums. Untrained men plundered sites for whole pottery, solid objects, clay

tablets, etc. Many damaged and lost, e.g.- Assyrian gate portal lost in Euphrates River.

5. Hormuzd Rassam and Sir Henry C. Rawlinson continued work for England.

Rawlinson is known especially for his work in copying the Behistun inscription which

led to the decipherment of cuneiform scripts (1837-).

6. Victor Place succeeded Botta in 1851, resumed excavation at Khorsabad palace of

Sargon II.

7. W. K. Loftus excavated at Erech (Uruk, Warka) 1850, 1953-54) & later Larsa.

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8. Heinrich Schliemann (Ger pastor) identified the mound of Hissarlik as Troy using Iliad

as source text. Began digging 1870-72. With Wilhelm Dorpfeld (architect) published the

first archaeological report, citing nine strata in the mound.

9. E. de Sarzec at Lagash. Rassam resumed work at Nineveh and Babylon.

20th Century

1. Robert Koldewey excavated at Babylon 1899-1917 (Iraq). Others continued work at

Susa, Elam Lagash.

2. Hugo Winckler (Ger) began Hittite excavations at Boghazkoy (1906). Central Asia

Minor (Turkey). Germans, Austrians, & Turks have worked at numerous sites in region.

3. Baron Max von Oppenheim excavated Tel Halaf, 1911-14, 1929-31. Prehistoric

Halafian culture defined, dated to 5th-4th M BC. Comparable material excavated at

Samaria by Herzfeld 1912-14, also at Arpachiya, Tepe Gawra, and Tel Billa in Nineveh

region.

4. Sir Leonard Woolley excavated Ur (1922, 1926-) and Al-'Ubaid (1923-25).

1926covered the Royal Tombs of the early Sumerians.

5. Erich Schmidt at Persepolis beginning in 1935.

*** Note: The nation of Iraq was established in 1932, and the IRAQ Dept. of Antiquities

has continued to excavate throughout Iraq with cooperative efforts of the British,

French and American schools of archaeology. Laws limiting the export of

archaeological artifacts were enacted as early as 1933.

6. 1949-1961 - excavation to Calah (Assyria).

7. 1965-present – Ebla >>15,000 tablets found in new "Eblaite" language, plus Sumerian and

Akkadian. Located in N. Syria, near Aleppo.

8. Note recent excavations at Tel Emar and Tel Leilan.

Numerous excavations have continued in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Syria, Jordan, Egypt.

C. PALESTINE

19th Century

a. Surveys by: Irby and Mangles (1817-1818)

** Edward Robinson (Amer.) and Rev. Eli Smith (Protestant missionary in Beirut,

fluent in Arabic) in 1838 journeyed 105 days from Cairo to Beirut via Sinai,

recording biblical and geographical data, from which were produced 3 vols.

Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea (1841). Later in

1852 traveled in Galilee and Samaria, compiling additional vols. on those regions

and a Physical Geography of Palestine.

b. Palestine Exploration Fund founded (1867-1870)

** C.R. Conder and H.H. Kitchner - a comprehensive survey under the Palestine

Exploration Fund – P.E.F. (1872-1887)

The Survey of Western Palestine (1881) and Survey of Eastern Palestine (1889).

c. Ecole Biblique founded in 1870's (French) just West of Damascus gate.

d. Capt. Charles Warren began excavating Jerusalem, discovered water shaft to Gihon

Spring

15

e. Sir Flinders Petrie - developed more scientific excavation techniques at Tel el-Hesi:

(1890). Noted as first modern scientific excavation in the Holy Land. Stressed: a)

stratigraphy, b) ceramic chronology and typology, c) utilized metallurgists and

botanists to examine remains.

III. DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENTIFIC EXCAVATION METHODOLOGY (1900-1960)

A. Notable Excavations

1. 1900-1910 a. R.A.S. Macalister excavation of Gezer. Bliss & Macalister excavations.

b. American Schools of Oriental Research in Jerusalem and Baghdad founded.

c. Samaria excavation by Reisner, Fisher, and Lyon who further refined excavation

techniques.

2. 1920-1930 a. British Palestine Department of Antiquities founded, headed by John Garstang.

b. Beth-Shean (University of Pennsylvania)

c. Megiddo (University of Chicago)

d. W. F. Albright excavated Tel Beit Mirsim (Johns Hopkins University) who

further refined ceramic chronology.

e. Tel en-Nasbeh (Mizpah) by W.F. Bade.

f. Ophel Hill in Jerusalem (1927) by J.W. Crowfoot.

g. Beth-Shemesh (Rowe, et al.)

3. 1930-1940 a. Nelson Glueck (Jewish spy) survey of Transjordan (1933-1946)

b. Beth Shean, Megiddo and Beit Mirsim continued.

c. Jericho (British) by John Garstang

d. Lachish (British) by J. Starkey, L. Harding, O. Tufnell

e. Samaria (K. Kenyon, E.L. Sukenik - Br.)

f. Bethel (James Kelso and W.F. Albright)

4. 1947-1950 a. E.L. Sukenik obtains first of Dead Sea Scrolls. John Trever of the ASOR office

in Jerusalem photographs and authenticates antiquity of them w/ W.F. Albright.

b. Search for caves at Qumran begins. Qumran site excav. 1951-56 by Fr. Roland

De Vaux c. Tel Qasile by Benjamin Mazar, first excavation established by the newly created

State of Israel.

5. 1950-1960 -- Israeli Archaeology comes of age

a. Nelson Glueck survey of Negev

b. Jericho, Jerusalem (Dame Kathleen Kenyon)

c. Shechem (ASOR - G. Ernest Wright)

d. Hazor, Yigael Yadin with Yohanon Aharoni

e. Gibeon (James Pritchard - University of Pennsylvania)

f. Dothan (James Free - Wheaton College)

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g. Caesarea (M. Avi-Yonah; more recently under American consortium-CAHEP)

h. Ashdod (Moshe Dothan)

B. Stages of Development in Archaeological Excavation Methods 1. Area or Sectional Excavation - Sir Flinders Petrie, Heinrich Schliemann (1870s-1920)

Development of Principles of Stratigraphy and Typology

Beginning utilization of varied scientific disciplines

2. Reisner-Fisher Method -- Locus to Architecture 1920-1955) Excavation of architectural units’ rooms, buildings, palaces, defense walls, etc.

Expansion of utilization of scientific disciplines

3. Wheeler - Kenyon Method - Balk to Debris Layer (1955-present)

Survey utilizing Israel national grid system, subdivided into sections and squares

Recent used of subsurface radar to map subterranean structures prior to excavation

Future use of satellite technology in determination of areas to excavate

Balk (wall of earth between squares) preserved on perimeter of 5 X 5-meter square

To preserve stratigraphic sequence and check on previous work

Development of scientific disciplines such as paleobotany, paleozoology,

paleography, social sciences related to ancient peoples, digital photography in

deciphering ancient documents, metallurgy, anthropology, chemistry, physics, et al.

IV. EXPANSION PERIOD: THE SCIENCE OF ARCHAEOLOGY (1960-present)

A. Key Excavations of the 1960s -- 1980s 1. Arad (Hebrew University – Aharoni -Iron Age and Ruth Amiram - EB)

2. Ein Gedi (Hebrew University)

3. Benjamin Mazar begins South wall of Temple Mount in Jerusalem after 1967 War.

4. Gezer (G.E. Wright, William Dever - Hebrew Union College)

5. Deir Allah (Scandinavia)

6. Taanach (ASOR) - Paul Lapp

7. Ai (SBTS - Joseph Callaway)

8. Heshbon (Andrews University under Harold Stigers)

9. Dan (Avraham Biran - Tel Aviv University) - continues to present

10. Ashdod (D.N. Freedman, A. Biran, Moshe Dothan)

11. Joppa (Israeli)

12. Capernaum (RC-Franciscan fathers, recently w/ Vassilios Tsaferis)

13. Tel el-Hesi (ASOR)

14. Caesarea (Drew University and consortium)

15. Khirbet Shema (ASOR - Eric and Carol Meyers)

16. Beersheba (Y. Aharoni - Tel Aviv University)

17. Aphek/Antipatris (Tel Aviv U.- NOBTS under M. Kohavi - G. Kelm)

18. Lachish (Y. Aharoni, A. Rainey, D. Ussishkin - Tel Aviv University)

19. Tel Qasile (B. Mazar, Amihai Mazar)

20. Timnah--Tel Batash (A. Mazar--Hebrew Univ, G. Kelm--NOBTS, SWBTS)

17

B. Scores of major and minor sites are excavated yearly. See BAR’s January issues for recent

Excavations include such sites as:

Beth Shean (Scythopolis) Hazor Tel Haror (=Gerar?)

Tel Halif (En Rimmon) Jezreel Bethsaida

Caesarea Philippi (Banias) Tel Qasile Sepphoris

Caesarea Maritima Ashkelon Mareshah (Marisa)

Tel Hadar (Geshurites?) Ekron Qumran caves

Petra (Edomite & Nabatean strata) Dor Nahal Beersheba survey

Tel Malhata Tiberias Yodefat (Jotapata)

Yarmuth Dan Pella

Wadi Mujib Project Abila Plains of Moab Project

Apollonia el-Burj Nebi Samuel

Megiddo Chinnereth Tel Rehov

Tel es-Safi (Gath) Gezer Tel Zeitah

Tel Qeiyafa (Sha`araim?) Beth Shemesh Hippus/Susita

Abel Beth-Maacah Cana of Galilee Azek

Help for Writing Papers at “The Write Stuff”

This is the official NOBTS Writing Center online help site for writing academic papers and

essays. http://www.nobts.edu/writing/default.html You will discover writing guides, tips, and

valuable information to help you become a better writer. Go here for Turabian and APA style

helps and guidelines. You will also find language fonts for Greek and Hebrew.

Academic Honesty Policy All graduate and undergraduate NOBTS students, whether on-campus, internet, or

extension center students, are expected to adhere to the highest Christian standard of

honesty and integrity when completing academic assignments for all courses in every

delivery system format. The Bible provides our standard for academic integrity and

honesty. This standard applies whether a student is taking tests, quizzes, exams, writing

papers, completing Discussion Boards, or any other course requirement.

Plagiarism on Written Assignments

NOBTS has a no tolerance policy for plagiarism. Please be aware that plagiarism in certain

cases may result in expulsion from the seminary. Refer to the NOBTS Student Handbook

http://www.nobts.edu/_resources/pdf/studentservices/NOBTSHandbook.pdf where the

definition, penalties and policies associated with plagiarism are clearly defined.

Classroom Parameters

Please arrive on time.

Turn off cell phones. Utilize laptops and other technology for class purposes only.

Respect the professor and other members of the class.

Maintain confidentiality when someone shares personal information.

Participate in class and group discussions.

18

Blackboard and ITC Technical Support

Blackboard is the instructional platform used in this class. Please make sure that your

contact information is accurate and up-to-date. If you need assistance accessing

Blackboard, Selfserve, or other technical support, please contact the Information

Technology Center (Hardin Student Center 290 or call 504.816.8180). Here are other

helpful links to ITC assistance.

Selfserve@nobts.edu - Email for technical questions/support requests with the

Selfserve.nobts.edu site (Access to online registration, financial account, online

transcript, etc.)

BlackboardHelpDesk@nobts.edu - Email for technical questions/support requests with

the NOBTS Blackboard Learning Management System NOBTS.Blackboard.com.

ITCSupport@nobts.edu - Email for general technical questions/support requests.

www.NOBTS.edu/itc/ - General NOBTS technical help information is provided on this

website.

For Student Assistance in using Blackboard, visit: Student Bb Help

Netiquette

Netiquette refers to appropriate online behavior in Blackboard or other online discussions.

Each student is expected to demonstrate appropriate Christian behavior when working

online on Discussion Boards or whenever interaction occurs through web, digital, or other

electronic medium. The student is expected to interact with other students in a fashion that

will promote learning and respect for the opinions of others in the course. A spirit of

Christian charity is expected at all times in the online environment.

Academic Catalog & Policies

Academic policies related to absences, grading scale, final examination schedules, and

other topics can be found in the current online catalog: New Orleans Baptist Theological

Seminary Academic Catalog.

Dropping a Hybrid Class

Hybrid students cannot receive credit for the course if they miss more than one class

session of a four-time hybrid course, or two class sessions of an eight-time hybrid course.

A student may drop a Hybrid class before the second-class meeting.".

Student Services

Need Email Phone Web Page

Advising –

Graduate Program studentservices@nobts.edu

504.282.4455

x3312

www.nobts.edu/registrar/default.htm

l

#advising

Advising – 504.816.8590 www.nobts.edu/LeavellCollege

19

This is a partial list of NOBTS student services available to all students, no matter your delivery

system or location. If you have questions or do not see what you need here, please refer to

www.nobts.edu/studentservices, email us at studentservices@nobts.edu, or call the Dean of

Students office at 800-662-8701, ext. 3283. We are glad to assist you!

For additional library resources in your state, check http://www.nobts.edu/library/interlibrary-

loan.html

• GALILEO for Georgia students

• LALINC for Louisiana students

• Florida Virtual Library (http://www.flelibrary.org/) for Florida students

• Interact with us online at –

Undergraduate

Program

lcadminasst@nobts.edu

Church Minister

Relations

(for ministry jobs)

cmr@nobts.edu 504.282.4455

x3291 www.nobts.edu/CMR

Financial Aid financialaid@nobts.edu 504.282.4455

x3348 www.nobts.edu/financialaid

PREP

(help to avoid

student debt)

Prepassistant1@nobts.edu 504.816.8091 www.nobts.edu/prep

Gatekeeper

NOBTS news pr@nobts.edu 504.816.8003 nobtsgatekeeper.wordpress.com

Information

Technology

Center

itcsupport@nobts.edu 504.816.8180 selfserve.nobts.edu

Help with

Blackboard

blackboardhelpdesk@nobts

.edu 504.816.8180 nobts.blackboard.com

Library library@nobts.edu

504.816.8018 www.nobts.edu/Library

Online library

resources library@nobts.edu 504.816.8018

http://www.nobts.edu/research-

links/default.html

Writing and

Turabian style

help

library@nobts.edu 504.816.8018 http://www.nobts.edu/writing/default

.html

Guest Housing

(Providence Guest

House)

ph@nobts.edu 504.282.4455

x4455 www.provhouse.com

Student

Counseling lmccc@nobts.edu 504.816.8004

www.nobts.edu/studentservices/coun

selingservices.html

Women’s

Programs

womensacademic@nobts.e

du

504.282.4455

x3334 www.nobts.edu/women