Modern India / 5

Be Knowledgeable and SensitiveBe Knowledgeable and SensitiveFrom the Desk of the AuthorFrom the Desk of the AuthorFrom the Desk of the AuthorFrom the Desk of the AuthorFrom the Desk of the Author

To lead a full life one has to be knowledgeable and sensitive. Ignorance is the quality of the beast andthe brute, while knowledge is the prime ingredient of a human being. In order to be knowledgeableone has to be alert, aware and inquisitive. It is one’s inquisitiveness that prompts one to explore freshfields and pastures new. It takes him to greater and greater heights of knowledge and the lofty statusof a human being. Remember, knowledge without humanity is a trap that keeps one tied down onlyto the doorsteps. Humanity and sensitivity are almost synonymous. It is therefore clear that in orderto develop as a full human being one has to be knowledgeable and sensitive. Intercommunicationwith persons of knowledge with an open and sensitive mind is the royal road to human greatness.

One of the significant characteri-stics of great persons is that they puttheir point of view with sincerity andhumility. The other great quality,such people possess, is that theylisten with equal sincerity andequanimity, the points of view ofother persons. That is why they arealways full of knowledge and theconcerns they voice, and the issuesthey raise, create great impact.

To reach the truth lying behindthings, one has to try to know all thefacts of that thing. This is possibleonly by exchange of ideas and viewswith a number of persons. By doingso, these persons expand the hori-zons of their knowledge, and at thesame time they awaken and inspirethe good and noble qualities in others,and help them in their transfor-mation. Let us not forget that in thisprocess of expanding the horizons ofknowledge, they, also, develop theirunderstanding and transform them-selves both outwardly and inwardly.

In short, to make progress and beable to influence others, one has tokeep one’s mind open. A person withclosed mind cannot have communi-cation with others, and that preventshim from establishing relationshipwith others.

There are several instanceswhich show that such persons coura-geously faced all opposition andcarried the society with them againstthe heaviest odds. Mahatma Gandhiis a glaring example of this class ofpersons. Though he made peoplecome his way, yet he never seemedto be doing so. He was very receptivewhen he talked to people. At thesame time, he lost no time to makeamends as soon as he realised that hehad made a mistake or he had beenindiscrete while expressing his ideas.On occasions, more than one, heaccepted to have made Himalayanblunders.

Persons like Mahatma Gandhiare firm in their views, but not rigid.That is why they reduce personalaggrandisement and awaken cons-cience.

A person who is always ready tohear the other man’s point of view isalways alert, awakened and sensitiveto the situation and the surroundingsand that is why he does not react butresponds. He accepts new thoughtsand ideas understandingly. A note ofwarning may be struck here. Thedesire for comfort, security and cut-throat competition prevents the per-sons from doing so, because thechange of situation or place instills inman a sense of fear and uneasiness.Learning new things brings out newsituations and opens new vistas ofactivity. Change in views must bringa change in understanding, which isbound to change the mode of think-ing and acting. Such persons as donot want to change are like stagnantwater and must remain stranded. Thestudents, who adhere to one book andone author, and are not prepared toread other authors and take part infree discussions, are bound to havelimited knowledge and look up at theceiling of the examination hall, whena question has been asked in alanguage or style, with which theyare not familiar. It is not withoutreason and purpose that seminars aremade a necessary part of the syllabus,in which the students may learn newthings from different participants.Here they learn not only new things,but also new and different ways ofexpressing the same one thing.Those, who have taken part inseminars and debates know it fullywell how useful it is to be alert andawakened while listening to otherpersons. Remember, every one has to

give something useful. One whomisses to pick it up, misses the bus.In the examination he may have torepent–if I had not noted down whatMr. so and so was saying !

In this regard, the more the rece-ptivity, the greater the depth inunderstanding. In such a mind, thereis greater scope for self-cleaning andself-purification. It is in such man’smind that sense of freedom, initiative,creativity and responsibility candevelop and flower. When the mindis purified, the person ceases to beconditioned, and the baser and lower,and less useful ideas leave him.Meaningful thoughts and ideas com-pletely change the person’s way ofthinking as well as his conduct. IfAlbert Einstein had not read andcompletely understood his predeces-sors like William Crooks and Dalton,he could have hardly arrived at hisconclusions, which gave to the worldthe Theory of Relativity and conse-quently made atomic energy availableto the world. Medical science alsohas progressed by developing newtheories and discarding the lesserones. Instances are too many to cite.

It is difficult to distinguish bet-ween awareness, alertness and sen-sitivity. They are not only inter-dependent and complementary to oneanother, but are also entirely in-separable and inter penetrating. Thematuring of mind begins with aware-ness, so in order to remove igno-rance or darkness from our mind, wehave to make efforts to be responsiveto the sources of knowledge. Aboutan aware man it has been said that hesees his way and goes it. He draws aline and toes it, he has chance andtakes it; if there is no time, he makesit. Do remember that real life iscreated at the confluence of alertness,awareness and sensitiveness. ●●●

Modern India / 7 / 2

The Advent of European CommerceThe Advent of European CommerceBy about 1500 AD. Portuguese

competition with Moors for thecontrol of trade in the Indian oceanbecame irresistible. On account ofthe geographical position of theirKingdom, the Portuguese had becomethe natural gardens of Christendomagainst the Moors of Africa. Impelledby religious fervour and by crusadingzeal, the Portuguese brought all theirlatent energies to serve the cause ofcommerce and colonisation. PrinceHenry the Navigator, promoted mari-time exploration and visualised thefounding of a maritime empire. Hefitted out several expeditions. Withintwenty years of his death, the Portu-guese had proceeded beyond thedelta of Niger. Bartholomew Dias,who followed him, prepared the wayfor Vasco da Gama. His voyage isone of the main landmarks of geo-graphical exploration and removedall doubts as to the possibility ofreaching India by sea.

(A) The Portugese● The first efforts were made by

Portuguese.

● Prince Henry of Portugal encou-raged voyages for the discoveryof the sea route to India.

● Bartholomew Diaz reachedCape of Good Hope in 1487.

● Vasco da Gama succeeded inreaching India in 1498.

● Vasco da Gama landed atCalicut on 21 May, 1498 whichis a landmark in the history ofIndia’s Maritime trade.

● Vasco da Gama reached theMalabar coast.

Important Portugueseto visit India

1. Vasco da Gama—14982. Alvarez Cabral—15003. Lopo Soares—15034. Francisco de Almeida—Sept.

15055. Albuquerque—15096. Nuno da Cunha—15297. Joa de Castro—1545

Important ports of MalabarCoast by the close of the

fifteenth century1. Cochin—Best of all the ports.2. Quilon—Carried trade with China

and Arabs.3. Cranganore—Virtually

independent.4. Cannanore—Virtually

independent

Alvarez Cabral

● Seized an Arab vessel andpresented it to Zamorin.

● The Arabs stormed Portuguesefactory during his period.

● He secured the friendship ofCannanore and Cochin.

● Vasco da Gama during secondvoyage demanded the banish-ment of every muslim residentfrom Calicut.

● Loposoares destroyed all theparts which were under Arabinfluence.

Francisco de Almeida

● The first Portuguese governor inIndia appointed on a three yearterm.

● He built fortresses at Cochin,Cannanore, Kilwa and Anja-diva.

● Almeida was defeated in thebattle of Chaul by a confedera-tion of the rulers of Egypt,Turkey and Gujarat (January1508).

● Almeidia defeated the Trio in thebattle of Diu (Feb. 1509).

Albuquerque (1509-1529) :

● Conquered Goa from Adil ShahiSultan of Bijapur in Feb. 1510.

● He encouraged settlers to marryIndian women.

● During his reign Malacca.Ormuz and Aden served asStrategic points for Portugueseshipping.

● During his tenure he maintainedfriendly relations with VijayNagar.

Albuquerque’s aims in India1. To control Red Sea, Persian Gulf.2. Establishment of a Portuguese

Head quarter on the west coast.3. Destroy Arab merchandise in the

Fort east and Malaya Peninsula.

Nuno Da Cunha (1529-38) :

● Captured Diu from the Sultan ofGujarat.

● Captured Mombasa on the Afri-can coast.

● Established factories at Santhome (Madras) and Hughli(Bengal).

Joa De Castro (1545-48) :

● The last important governor.

● His successors made no furtherconquest.

The Asiatic empire ofPortugal was divided into three

independent precidencies1. Viceroy at Goa.2. Governor of Mozambique3. Governor of Malacca

● The Portuguese monopoly of theIndian ocean continued till 1595.

● Sri Lanka were the first to revoltagainst Portugal.

● An English naval fleet underMidelleton defeated Portuguesein 1611.

● By a treaty the Portuguese reco-gnised the right of the English toreside and trade in all theireastern possessions 1654.

● In 1560 the Portuguese establi-shed the inquisition which burntor punished cruelly the unbe-lievers and all those who weredangerous to the faith in the eyesof the priests.

● The Portuguese church wasorgainsed by St. Francis Xavierwho came to Goa in 1542.

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● Portuguese started ‘Cartaze sys-tem’ by which Indian ship sail-ing to a destination had to buypass from Portugal authorities.

● The Portuguese settlements inBengal was 1. Satgaon 2. Chitta-gong 3. Hughli.

St. Francis XavierKnown as Apostle of the Indiesconverted—1. Paravars—The Fisherman tribe

living on coromondel coast2. Mukkuvas—Fisherman living on

Malabar coast.

Important Portuguese Writers1. Duarle Barbosa2. Gaspar Correa3. Diago do Couto4. Bros de Albuquerque5. Dom Joao de Castro6. Garcia de Orta

Reasons for the decline of Portugalpower in India1. Portugal was won over by Spain

in 1580 A.D. Phillip II of Spainneglected Portugese dominionsin India.

2. The religious policy proveddisastrous for them

Fact FileVasco da Gama had, even during

his first voyage, excited the jealousyof the Arab merchants of the EastAfrican ports. It quickly spread to theArab and Moplah traders of theMalabar Coast. At Calicut, heencountered violent and open opposi-tion from the muslim merchants andonly the armed guards of the zamorinprotected the Portuguese from theirfury.

3. No efficient person to carry theunfinished work of Albuquerque.

4. The Portuguese administrationhad become corrupt.

5. They suffered a major setback atthe hands of the Mughals.

6. Rise of other European tradingpowers viz. the English, French,Dutch.

7. They discovered Brazil and sothey concentrated their attentiontowards it, neglecting India.

Portuguese Gifts to India1. The cultivation of Tobacco2. The first printing press in India

(1556)3. The cultivation of potato4. The first scientific work on Indian

medicinal plants

(B) The DutchThe Dutch established a business

company and started trade withEastern countries in 1602 A.D., thecompany was named, the UnitedEast India Company of theNetherlands. The company wasgranted the right of : (a) to carry thetrade, (b) wage wars, (c) acquireterritories, (d) conclude treaties and(e) fortify places.

Dutch Seats of Government1. Pulicat (1617-1689)2. Negapatam (1689-)

Settlements in India● The first permanent factory was

set up at Masulipatam (1605).

● They found a factory at Pulicat(1610) after seeking permissionfrom the king of Chandragiri.

● From 1617, the Chief of thePulicat came to be known as theDutch Governor in India.

● The Dutch factory at NagalWanche was destroyed by theMughals.

● Van den Broecke organisedDutch factories at Bombay,Ahmedabad, Agar, Burhanpurand Broach (1620).

● In Bengal the first Dutch factorywas established at Pipli.

Dutch Factories atCoromandel Coast

1. Masulipatam2. Pettapoli3. Devanampatam4. Tirupapuliyar5. Pulicat6. Negapatam7. Porto Novo8. Sadraspatam9. Golcunda10. Nagal Wanche11. Palakollu12. Drakshram13. Bimlipatam

● The Dutch has a credit to dislogethe Portuguese from India’smaritime trade.

● The credit for making Indiantextiles the premier export fromIndia goes to Dutch.

● Commodities other than cloths,exported by the Dutch wereIndigo, Salt peter and Bengalraw silk.

Dutch Factories in Bengal1. Pipli : Abandoned it2. Chinsura (1663)3. Qasim Bazar4. Patna

● They built Fort Gustavus atChinsura.

● The first Dutch expedition whichreached the East Indies was ledby Cornelius Houtman (1596).

● Linschoten was pioneer in thematter of the discovery of com-mercial possibilities in East(Particularly India).

● The Dutch settlement at Deva-nam patnam later came to beknown as the famous Fort St.David in English occupation.

● The factory at Pulicat was forti-fied and came to be known asFort Geldria.

Reasons for the Decline1. Rise of English naval power

against the Dutch.2. The authority was highly cent-

ralised.3. There was no headquarter in

India. Every matter was con-trolled from Batavia (Presentlypart of Indonesia).

4. The officers of the companybecame corrupt.

● The Dutch company first of allconquered JAVA in 1619 andthen effectively controlled theEnglish competition in theMalaya Archipelago (1623) bythe infamous massacre ofEnglishmen at Amboyna.

(C) The EnglishTowards the close of Queen

Elizabeth I region, the merchants ofEngland became interested invoyages to the east because of itswealth and being of the prospects oftheir Dutch rival.

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● A group of merchants organisedan East India Company underthe title of “The Governor andCompany of Merchants ofLondon Trading into the EastIndies.” The company wasgranted a Charter by the Queento trade in the East for the periodof 15 years.

● The Charter was granted on31 December, 1600.

● Initially the company was activein the spice and pepper tradeonly.

● The third expedition of the com-pany was directed towards India.

● William Hawkins presentedJahangir with a letter fromJames I and stayed at his Courtfrom 1608 to 1611.

● Captain Middleton got thepermission for the first time totrade at Surat (1611).

● Sir James Thomas Roe man-aged to obtain rights to trade inGujarat from emperor Jahangir.

● The factory at Surat attained highdegree of reputation through theefforts of Downton, Best, Ald-worth, Thomas Roe.

● Madras was founded by theEnglish in 1639.

British Settlement in BengalFour Stages

1. 1633-1663—Peaceful trade underMughal Protection.

2. 1663-1685—Trade hampered byquarrels

3. 1685-1690—Position in a state offlux

4. 1690 onwards—English sett-lement took a definite shape.

Madras Presidency grew strongbecause of able English

Governors1. Thomas Pitt (1698-1709)2. Edward Harrison (1711-1717)3. Joseph Collet (1717-1725)4. James Macrae (1725-1730)5. Morton Pitt (1730-1735)6. Richard Beyon (1753-1744)

English Mughal relations● William Hawkins, Thomas Roe

and captain Middleton securedconcessions from emperorJahangir to trade.

● In 1688 two pirateships capturedfew Mughal ships in the red sea.The Mughal Governor of Suratreacted against Sir John Child.Aurangzeb ordered that theEnglish should be treated asenemies. Many Englishmen weremade prisoners and illtreated.Lastly John Child Sue for peaceon very humiliating terms.(a) All money due to the Mughalsubjects from the companyshould be paid immediately.

(b) Compensation in lieu ofMughal suffering.

(c) John Child should leave Indiawithin nine months.

● In 1633, the Mughal Governorof Orissa gave the Englishpermission to establish factoriesat Hariharpur, Balasore, Pipli.

● In 1667, the English received a‘farman’ to trade in Bengal fromemperor Aurangzeb.

● In 1701, Emperor Aurangzebordered the general arrest of allthe Europeans in India.

● The most important event wasthe English diplomatic missionled by John Surman to the Courtof Forrukhsiyar in 1715, whichobtained a great of three famous‘farmans’ to the officers inBengal, Gujarat and Hydera-bad.

Mughals Concession toEnglish in 1717

1. Bengal—(a) Exempted customduties in lieu of Rs. 3000 perannum(b) Allowed to rent additional rentnear Calcutta.

2. Hyderabad—Comapny’s old priv-ilege of freedom from dues intrade was retained.

3. Gujarat—At Surat the companyexempted from custom duties inlieu of an annual payment of Rs.10000.

4. Bombay—The Coins of Companyminted here were illegible throughout the Mughal empire.

In 1708 all the rival Englishcompanies were amalgamated intoone organisation named ‘The UnitedCompany of Merchants of EnglandTrading with the East Indies’ Itwas this company which was toestablish the British empire in India.

(D) The FrenchThe ‘Compagnie des Indes

Orientales’ was formed in France in1664 at the instance of the ministerColbert in the reign of Lousis XIV.While the English company was aprivate commercial venture, theFrench company was created,financed and controlled by the state.

● In 1667 the first French factorywas established at Surat byFrancois Caron.

The important FrenchGovernors in India

1. Francois Martin (died in 1706)2. Chevaliar Hebert (1708-1713,

1715-1718)3. Lenoir (1721-1723, 1726-1735)4. Benoit5. Dumas6. Dupleix7. Godeheu8. De Leyrit9. Count de Lally

● The site of Pondicherry wasobtained from Sher Khan Lodi(Governor of Valikondapuram)by Francois Martin (director ofMasulipatam factory).

● The famous site of Chandra-nagar in Bengal was obtained bythe Mughal Governor ShayistaKhan in 1690.

● Francois Martin was the firstFrench Director General in India.

● A famous fortress named FortLouis was erected at Pondich-erry.

● In 1719 the ‘United Compagniedes Indes’ was formed in orderto save the French factories fromgradual decline.

French Settlements in India1. Surat—16672. Masulipatam—16693. Pondicherry—16734. Chandranagar—16905. Balasore6. Qosim Bazar

● The battle of ‘Condore’ is one ofthe most important, fought bythe English in India. It struck thefirst blow to the ascendancy ofthe French in the Deccan.

Modern India / 10

(E) The DanesA Danish factory was founded in

1616. The other factories establishedby them included Tranquebar (1620)and Serampore (1755). The Danessold their settlements to the Englishin 1845.

Portuguese Factories in IndiaCalicut, Cochin, Cannanore, Kilva,Arjadiva, Goa, Malacca, Aden,Ormuz, Quilon, Daman and Diu,Chittogang, Satgong, Hughli.

Gerald Aungier, the EnglishGovernor of Bomay

1. Regarded as true founder ofBombay’s Greatness

2. Fortified the citadel and con-structed a dock

3. Made Bombay a safe asylum forall merchants and manufacturers.

4. Freedom of religion was given tothe citizens.

5. He revived old panchyat system.6. Made Bombay the best naval

station on the Indian coast.7. Saved English lives and properties

during Shivaji’s second sack ofSurat.

Governors ofDutch East India Company

1. Van Reede—Transferred the H.Q.from Nagalwanche to Negapatam

2. Van Ravesteyn—Sent to Surat toobtain farman from EmperorJahangir

3. Van Coen—Governor General ofBatavia

4. Pieler Van den Broecke—Got thepermission to start a provisionalfactory at Surat.

5. Van Goens—Captured Cra-nganore, Completed the Dutchconquest of Malabar

Important Dutch Ports andCommodities Imported from

other Places1. Bantam—Textiles woven in spe-

cial patterns

2. Batavia—Textiles, rice, diamo-nds, slaves

3. Masulipatam—Indigo

4. East Archipelago—Sandalwood,pepper

5. Japan—Copper

6. China—Tatenag and textiles

A Swedish East India Companywas organised in 1731 but it did notrose to prominence.

The later Seventeenth and earlyeighteenth century was the goldenperiod of Indian trade with Europe.The prosperity proved to be shortlived and soon led to the colonialsupremacy of India.

Important Battles ofPortuguese

1. Battle of Calicut—Cabral wasdefeated by Arabs (1500)

2. Battle of Cranganore (1503)—Loposoares destroyed all forts ofArab influence

3. Battle of Chaul (1508)—Thecombined army of Egypt, Turkeyand Gujarat defeated Portuguese.

4. Battle of Diu (1509)—Almeidadefeated the triple Alliance.

5. Battle of Goa (1510)—Portuguesecaptured Goa.

6. Rebellion of Shri Lanka—15807. Battle of Bombay—English com-

mander (1611) Middleton defeatedPortuguese army

8. Battle of Swally—English defe-ated portuguese (1616)

9. Emeror Jahangir destroyed theirsettlement at Hugli (1632)

Points to Remember

● Vasco da Gama started hisvoyage from Lisbon in 1497.

● The Portuguese allied them-selves with the rulers of Hon-navar, Bankipur and Bhatkalagainst Bijapur.

● Cochin was the best of all portson the Malabar coast.

● The trade was carried on to withChina, Arabia and other countriesfrom the port of Quilon.

● Portugal’s initial objective wasto capture the spice trade of theeast.

● The Dutch expelled the Portu-gese from Sri Lanka (1638 to1658).

● The Dutch occupied Cape ofGood Hope in 1652.

● Goa was made the seat ofBishop in 1538.

● The fanatic religious policy ofthe Portuguese was responsiblefor their rapid downfall.

● The Portuguese were responsibleof crippling the Indian Navy fortheir benefits.

● Bartholomio Diaz accompaniedCabral to India.

● Christopher Columbus startedhis voyage in 1494 to explore theroute to India.

● Dutch occupied Malacca in 1641.● The chief of the factory at

Golcunda was also the com-pany’s agent in the Court ofQutub Shahi ruler.

● The chief articles of import tothe Coromandel coast werespices, sandal wood and pepper.

● Alfonso de Albuquerque can becalled the real founder of thePortuguese empire in India.

● The Dutch conquered JavaIsland in 1619 A.D.

● The Englishmen were brutallymassacred by the Dutch in theBattle of Amboyna (1623).

● Thomas Roe obtained the rightto trade in Gujarat for East IndiaCompany.

Modern India / 11

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

01. Which of the following is regar-ded as the real founder ofPortuguese power in India ?(A) Pedro Cabral(B) Almeida(C) Vasco da Gama(D) Alfonso de Albuquerque

02. Of the various Europeans whocame to India, whose missionaryactivities were more importantthan commerce ?(A) Dutch (B) Portuguese(C) Danes (D) English

03. The battle of ‘Swali Hole’ wasfought between which of thefollowing countries ?I. Portugal II. NetherlandIII. France IV. Britain(A) I and II (B) II and III(C) I and IV (D) III and IV

04. Who was the founder of theFrench East India Company ?(A) Colbert (B) De La Haye(C) Duplex (D) Dumas

05. The Danes sold all their settle-ments in India to—(A) The Portuguese(B) The Dutch(C) The English(D) The French

06. ‘Calicoes’ stood for Indian—(A) Indigo (B) Textiles(C) Cotton (D) Spices

07. The Portuguese established anumber of factories in India.Which of the following was notone of them ?(A) Bombay (B) Masulipatam(C) Bassein (D) Salsette

08. On which occasion did the Port-ugese handed over Bombay toEnglish ?

(A) Marriage of Charles II withthe Portuguese princessCatherine of Braganza

(B) By the treaty of Ax la Chap-elle

(C) As a result of Portugal’sindependence from the con-trol of Spain

(D) The defeat of SpanishArmada by the British

(U.P.P.C.S. 2001, I.A.S. 98)

09. Match the following—(a) Pondicherry(b) Goa(c) Tranquebar(d) Nagapattinam1. French2. Portuguese3. Donish4. DutchCode :

(a) (b) (c) (d)(A) 4 3 2 1(B) 2 4 1 3(C) 3 2 1 4(D) 1 2 3 4

10. The term ‘Interpolers’ was usedby the—

(A) Danish (B) French

(C) English (D) Dutch

11. From whom was Goa acquiredby Albu querque ?

(A) Bijapur (B) Golkunda

(C) Berar (D) Bidar

12. Arrange the following in properchronological order—I. Formation of Dutch East

India Company

II. Formation of French EastIndia Company

III. Formation of the SwedishEast India Company

IV. Formation of the EnglishEast India Company

(A) I, II, IV, III

(B) IV, I, II, III

(C) II, I, IV, III

(D) III, II, I, IV

13. The Dutch who discoveredcommercial possibilities in Indiaand whose book caused sensa-tion in the western world is—(A) Jan Pietyoovan Coen(B) Huyghen van Linschoten(C) William Barents(D) Houtman

14. Where did the English open theirfirst factory in the South in1611 ?

(A) Madras

(B) Trichonapally

(C) Masulipatam

(D) Pulicat

15. Who said about the Englishcompany in Bengal that it is “Acompany of base, quarellingpeople and foul dealers ?”

(A) Mir Jumla

(B) Shaista Khan

(C) Murshi Quli Khan

(D) Aliwardi Khan

16. The nickname of English EastIndia Company was—

(A) Bob Company

(B) Sam Company

(C) Tom Company

(D) John Company

17. Which of the following state-ment is false with regard to theDutch interest and activities inIndia ?

I. They treated the local inhabi-tants cruelly and exploitedthem

II. They did not get involved inthe politics

III. They became the carrier oftrade between India and theIslands of the Far East

IV. Many attempts were madeby them to monopolise thechannels of trade betweenIndia and the west.

(A) I, II, III (B) II, III, IV

(C) I, III, IV (D) I, II, IV

18. Which of the following state-ment is false ?

(A) The lease of Madras in 1639was obtained by the Englishfrom the ruler of Chandra-giri

(B) Colbert founded the FrenchEast India Company

Modern India / 12

(C) The ‘Blue Water Policy’associated with Albuquer-que

(D) The Portuguese power wasnot organised on commer-cial lines

19. Who founded Calcutta in 1690 ?(A) Almeida(B) Albuquerque(C) Job Charnock(D) Lins Choten

20. The Dutch fort called Geldriawas to eated at—(A) Golkunda (B) Goa(C) Pune (D) Pulicat

21. What was the reason of Mughalwrath towards the English com-pany ?(A) Unreasonable demands of

the Mughal official(B) The French pirates(C) Interlopers(D) Arrongant attitude of the

company’s officials22. Tick the greatest failure of

Aurangzeb in contributing therise of the European powers inIndia—I. He failed to understand the

political and military implic-ations of the fortified facto-ries

II. He could not stop theexercise of administrativeauthority by the Europeansin their settlements

III. He permitted the Dutch andEnglish to use their militarypower against Portuguese

IV. He thought that the Euro-pean companies were onlycommercial in nature

(A) I, II (B) II, III, IV(C) I, III, IV (D) I, IV

23. Which European power calledthe port of Chittagong as the‘Porto Grande’ or the grandport ?(A) French (B) Portuguese(C) English (D) Danes

24. The English Governor who wasexpelled by Aurangzeb was—(A) De la Haye(B) Sir John Child(C) Dumas(D) Aungier

25. Name of state which granted the‘Golden Farman’ to the Dutch totrade freely on payment of only500 ‘Pagodas’ per annum asduty was—(A) Gingee(B) Ikkeri(C) Chandragiri(D) Golcunda

26. Bombay emerged as a leadingport on the western coast on acc-ount of its—(A) Immunity from Maratha

invasions(B) Natural harbour(C) Improved administration(D) All of the above

27. Name the state which grantedthe ‘Golden Farman’ to Hollandto trade freely on payment of500 ‘PAGODAS’ a year as dutywas—(A) Golcunda(B) Bijapur(C) Berar(D) Ahmadnagar

28. Which of the following was notthe Dutch factory on theCoromondel coast ?(A) Porto Novo(B) Sadraspatam(C) Ngalwanche(D) Masulipatam

29. Which Portuguese Governordecisively defeated the Bijapurforces which advanced againtGoa ?(A) Albuquerque(B) Almeida(C) Cabral(D) Joa de Castro

30. Name the son of the greatPortuguese Governor, who supp-lemented the letters of hisfather—(A) Bras de Albuquerque(B) Bras de Almeida(C) Bras de Cabral(D) Bras de Lapo Soares

31. Which Mughal emperor conqu-ered Golcunda to mark thedecline of the Dutch CoromandelGovernment ?(A) Jahangir(B) Shahjahan

(C) Aurangzeb(D) Farrukhsiyar

32. The Dutch Christened the fact-ory at Pulicat as St. Geldria, inhonour of—(A) Van Berchem, the director

general of the Coromandelfactories

(B) Daniel Havart, the author ofthe account of Dutch fac-tories on the Coromondelcoast

(C) Van Reede, the incharge ofthe Coromandel Governm-ent

(D) Van Coen, the GovernorGeneral of Batavia

33. The immediate aim of theEnglish East India Company est-ablished in 1600 was—(A) To exploit the Indian coasts(B) The acquisition of the spices

and pepper of the Easternarchipelago

(C) To trade in Muslin andtextiles

(D) None of them

34. Name of Governor of Bombaywho is regarded as the truefounder of Bombay’s greatness—(A) Ropt(B) Sir John Child(C) Gerald Aungier(D) Job Charnock

35. The Bengal presidency wasconstituted in 1700; who becameits first President—(A) Job Charnock(B) Sir Charles Eyre(C) Captain William Heath(D) Major Hector Munroe

36. Who among the followingEnglishmen tried to obtain fromAkbar a ‘Firman’ for trade inGujarat ?(A) Ralph Fitch(B) John Middenhall(C) Sir Thomas Roe(D) Thomas Stephens

(R.C.S. 2000)

37. Which one of the followingMughal emperors gave per-mission to East India Companyto build a factory at Surat ?(A) Jahangir(B) Shahjahan

Pratiyogita Darpan Extra Issue Series-17 Indian History-Modern India

Publisher : Upkar Prakashan Author : Pratiyogita Darpan

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