bedded salt in ontario: geology, solution mining and ... · pdf filebedded salt in ontario:...
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Bedded Salt in Ontario: Geology, Solution Mining
and Cavern Storage
Terry Carter, Chief GeologistPetroleum Resources CentreMinistry of Natural ResourcesLondon, Ontario
Ontario Petroleum Institute annual meeting, Sarnia, 2009
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Salt basin
-Shallow inland sea
-Restricted outlets to ocean
-Arid climate
-30 degrees south of equator
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Salt basin – Great Salt Lake
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Sedimentary Basins
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Salina Group Salt Isopach
in GSA Special Paper 308, 1996
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Stratigraphy, Oil, Gas and Salt in
Ontario
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Subsurface Resource Uses
•Oil & Gas production
•Cavern storage
•Salt solution mining
•Natural gas storage
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Pinnacle Reefsoil & gas and gas storage
Lambton County –Guelph Fm
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Burial of reefs by A-2 Salt and A-2 Carbonate limestone
Lambton County –A-2 Carbonate Fm
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Oil, Gas, Gas Storage, Cavern Storage in Sarnia
Area
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Salina Group Stratigraphy
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Salina F Unit
#
#
#
#Goderich
LondonSarnia
Windsor
-Uppermost and shallowest salt beds, 275 – 450 m.-Several separate beds with max combined thickness 90 m- underground mining at Windsor
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Salina D Unit
#
#
#
#Goderich
LondonSarnia
Windsor
- thinnest salt in Ontario – 12 m max- no mining
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Salina B Unit
#
#
#
#Goderich
LondonSarnia
Windsor
- thickest salt in Ontario – 90 m with numerous interbeds of dolomite and anhydrite
- 16,000 km2
- solution mining Goderich, Windsor
- cavern storage Sarnia, Windsor
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Salina A-2 Salt
#
#
#
#Goderich
LondonSarnia
Windsor
-Lowermost and deepest salt bed in Ontario, 500 – 775 m.-One bed up to 45 m.- underground mining at Goderich- cavern storage Sarnia
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Bedded Salt
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Non-salt Rocks
limestone
anhydrite
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top
bottom
A-2 Carbonate
B Salt B Salt
B Salt B Anhydrite
454.7 m
436.4 m
B Salt Lithology
OGS 82-2 Chatham
Harwich 1-25-IECR
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Salt Dissolution
•All Salina salt beds exhibit evidence of dissolution after deposition
•Timing variable
•B Salt: Eastern edge is dissolution front – thin from 30 m to zero in 1 km
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Salt Dissolution
B Salt: Windsor area
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Salt Dissolution
SALT
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Collapse breccias
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Underground mining - Windsor
solution mining – Goderich, Windsor
Cavern storage - Sarnia
Underground mining – Goderich
Cavern storage - Sarnia
Mining and Cavern Storage
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Solution Mining
The Canadian Salt Co.
Sifto Canada Inc
- Windsor and Goderich
- 20 active solution mining wells
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Cavern Storage in Ontario
BP
BP
Nova
Dow
Sunoco
Lanxess
Shell
Imperial
112 wells
70 caverns
27 million bbl
Lpg, oil
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Hydrocarbon storage cavern
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Natural Gas Storage in Caverns – U.S.
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Ledges in caverns
Interbeds of insoluble limestone, anhydrite form ledges in caverns
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Salt dissolution and
recrystallization
Insoluble residue
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Roof slabbing and debris pile
Roof
Debris pile
Edge of slab
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Summary Bedded salt occurs in several layers tens of metres, 275-
775 m depth, underlying up to 16,000 km2 in subsurface of Ontario
Salt layers deposited on floor of ancient sea Post-depositional dissolution of salt in subsurface –
recrystallised salt, dissolution fronts, breccias Underground mining and solution mining at two locations 70 solution-mined caverns used for storage of
hydrocarbons Non-salt layers in the salt beds may interfere with solution
mining and cavern storage operations Natural gas storage and oil/gas production in reef
structures beneath the salt
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3D Subsurface GeologyPartial burial of reefs by lime
mud
Lambton County –A-1 Carbonate Fm
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3D Subsurface Geology
First salt deposition – A-2 Salt
Lambton County –A-2 Salt Fm
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3D Subsurface GeologyDeposition of B Salt
Lambton County –B Salt Fm