Beginning Greek for Beginning Greek for Bible StudyBible Study

Class #2Class #2Review of English GrammarReview of English Grammar

evgw. to. :Alfa

kai. to. +W=

Exegetical ExampleExegetical Example

to.n mh. gno,nta a`marti,an u`pe.r h`mw/n a`marti,an evpoi,hsen( i[na h`mei/j genw,meqa dikaiosu,nh qeou/ evn auvtw/|Å2 Cor. 5:21 – For He made Him who knew 2 Cor. 5:21 – For He made Him who knew no sin to be sin on our behalf, so that we no sin to be sin on our behalf, so that we might become the righteousness of God in might become the righteousness of God in Him.Him.

AlphaAlpha aa aa FFaathertherBetaBeta bb bb BBibleibleGammaGamma gg gg ggoneoneDeltaDelta dd dd ddogogEpsilonEpsilon ee ee mmeettZetaZeta zz zz dadazzeeEtaEta hh ee obobeeyyThetaTheta qq thth ththingingIotaIota ii ii iintrntriiguegueKappaKappa kk kk kkitchenitchenLambdaLambda ll ll llawawMuMu mm mm mmotherother

NuNu nn nn nnewewXiXi xx xx aaxxiomiomOmicronOmicron oo oo nnoottPiPi pp pp ppeacheachRhoRho rr rr rrododSigmaSigma s s - - jj ss sstudytudyTauTau tt tt ttalkalkUpsilonUpsilon uu uu oopsoopsPhiPhi ff phph phphoneoneChiChi cc chch lolochchPsiPsi yy psps lilipspsOmegaOmega ww oo ttoonene

Nouns - OverviewNouns - Overview

CaseCaseNumberNumberGenderGenderDeclensionDeclension

English CasesEnglish Cases

The boy hit his ballThe boy hit his ball The boy – Subjective caseThe boy – Subjective case The ball – Objective caseThe ball – Objective case His – Possessive caseHis – Possessive case

Word order is usually key in identifying Word order is usually key in identifying English casesEnglish cases

English CasesEnglish Cases

CaseCase FunctionFunction ExampleExample

SubjectiveSubjective subjectsubject HeHe took my bat took my bat

PossessivePossessive possessionpossession He took He took mymy batbat

ObjectiveObjective direct objectdirect object He took my He took my batbat

Gender InflectionGender Inflection

MasculineMasculine FeminineFeminine NeuterNeuter

Subjective Subjective singularsingular

hehe sheshe itit

Possessive Possessive singularsingular

hishis herher itsits

Objective Objective singularsingular

himhim herher itit

Subjective pluralSubjective plural theythey theythey theythey

Possessive Possessive pluralplural

theirtheir theirtheir theirtheir

Objective pluralObjective plural themthem themthem themthem

English Number & Gender English Number & Gender

Number refers to a word being either singular or Number refers to a word being either singular or plural. In English, sometimes this is plural. In English, sometimes this is accomplished by adding an “s” to the end of the accomplished by adding an “s” to the end of the word. Other times, the form changes (“man” word. Other times, the form changes (“man” becomes “men”).becomes “men”).Gender refers to a word as being either Gender refers to a word as being either masculine, feminine, or neuter.masculine, feminine, or neuter. Most English nouns do not have gender.Most English nouns do not have gender. However, most English pronouns do.However, most English pronouns do. Sometimes, we assign “natural” gender to words.Sometimes, we assign “natural” gender to words.

English Grammar TermsEnglish Grammar Terms

““Bob threw his green Greek book at the Bob threw his green Greek book at the weird teacher.”weird teacher.”Noun – a word that stands for someone or Noun – a word that stands for someone or something (Bob, book, teacher)something (Bob, book, teacher)Adjective – a word that modifies a noun or Adjective – a word that modifies a noun or pronoun (green, Greek, weird)pronoun (green, Greek, weird)Preposition – a word that shows the Preposition – a word that shows the relationship between two other words (at)relationship between two other words (at)

English Grammar TermsEnglish Grammar TermsDeclension – a “pattern” of how words Declension – a “pattern” of how words change to reflect their functionchange to reflect their function PluralPlural

Adding “s”Adding “s” Boy – BoysBoy – Boys Girl – GirlsGirl – Girls

Changing a vowelChanging a vowel Man – MenMan – Men Woman – WomenWoman – Women

Drop the “y,” add “ies”Drop the “y,” add “ies” Family – familiesFamily – families Story – storiesStory – stories Baby - babiesBaby - babies

Verbs - OverviewVerbs - Overview

A verb is a word that describes an action A verb is a word that describes an action or state of being:or state of being: HitHit DriveDrive StudyStudy ThinkThink Be – am, is, wasBe – am, is, was

Verbs - OverviewVerbs - Overview

PersonPersonNumberNumberTenseTenseVoiceVoiceAspectAspectMoodMood

Verbs - PersonVerbs - Person

There are three “persons” – first, second, There are three “persons” – first, second, and thirdand thirdFirst person – the person speaking (“I,” First person – the person speaking (“I,” “we”)“we”)Second person – the person being spoken Second person – the person being spoken to (“you,” “ya’ll”)to (“you,” “ya’ll”)Third person – everything else (“he,” “she,” Third person – everything else (“he,” “she,” “it,” “they,” “book,” “coffee,” etc.)“it,” “they,” “book,” “coffee,” etc.)

Verbs - PersonVerbs - Person

She is a nice person.She is a nice person.I am a believer.I am a believer.He is a baseball player.He is a baseball player.This sweet tea is refreshing.This sweet tea is refreshing.You are a student.You are a student.Ya’ll are from Texas.Ya’ll are from Texas.

Verbs - NumberVerbs - Number

In the English third person, the verb is In the English third person, the verb is inflected by adding the letter “s” to the end inflected by adding the letter “s” to the end of the verb.of the verb. I hit the ball.I hit the ball. You hit the ball.You hit the ball. He hitHe hits s the ball.the ball.

Verbs - AgreementVerbs - Agreement

A verb must “agree” with its subject in A verb must “agree” with its subject in person and number.person and number. The class learn Greek.The class learn Greek. The class learns Greek.The class learns Greek. I teaches the class.I teaches the class. I teach the class.I teach the class. There is no tests in Greek class.There is no tests in Greek class. There are no tests in Greek class.There are no tests in Greek class.

Verbs - TenseVerbs - Tense

The tense of a verb refers to the TIME The tense of a verb refers to the TIME when the action of the verb takes placewhen the action of the verb takes placeThere are three main tenses in English:There are three main tenses in English: Present – I studyPresent – I study Past – I studiedPast – I studied Past Participle – I studiedPast Participle – I studied

Verbs - TenseVerbs - Tense

TenseTense ““to swim”to swim” ““to eat”to eat” ““to walk”to walk” ““to read”to read”

PresentPresent SwimSwim eateat walkwalk readread

PastPast swamswam ateate walkedwalked readread

Past Past participleparticiple

swumswum eateneaten walkedwalked readread

Verbs - VoiceVerbs - Voice

Voice refers to the relationship between Voice refers to the relationship between the verb and its subject. A verb is either the verb and its subject. A verb is either active or passive.active or passive. Active – the subject is doing the action – Active – the subject is doing the action –

David hit the ball, She studied GreekDavid hit the ball, She studied Greek Passive – the subject is receiving the action – Passive – the subject is receiving the action –

He was hit by the ball – She was justified by He was hit by the ball – She was justified by ChristChrist

Verbs - AspectVerbs - Aspect

Aspect refers to the type of action that a Aspect refers to the type of action that a verb describesverb describes Continuous – ongoing process - “I am Continuous – ongoing process - “I am

watching TV.”watching TV.” Perfect – completed action with present Perfect – completed action with present

consequences – “I have studied diligently.”consequences – “I have studied diligently.” Undefined – says nothing other than that an Undefined – says nothing other than that an

action occurred – “I enjoy Greek.”action occurred – “I enjoy Greek.”

Don’t confuse tense with aspect.Don’t confuse tense with aspect.

Verbs - AspectVerbs - AspectTenseTense ContinuousContinuous PerfectPerfect undefinedundefined

Present Present activeactive

I am callingI am calling -- I callI call

Present Present passivepassive

I am being I am being calledcalled

-- I am calledI am called

Past activePast active I was I was callingcalling

I have I have calledcalled

I calledI called

Past Past passivepassive

I was being I was being calledcalled

I have I have been calledbeen called

I was I was calledcalled

Verbs – MoodVerbs – Mood

Mood refers to a verb’s relationship to Mood refers to a verb’s relationship to realityreality Indicative – statement of fact or reality.Indicative – statement of fact or reality. Subjunctive – statement about what Subjunctive – statement about what mightmight

happen.happen. Imperative - something that is Imperative - something that is commandedcommanded..

Clauses & PhrasesClauses & Phrases

A clause is a group of related words that A clause is a group of related words that includes a subject and verb.includes a subject and verb. After Greek class, I am going home.After Greek class, I am going home. When I get home, I am going to bed.When I get home, I am going to bed.

A phrase is a group of words that does not A phrase is a group of words that does not have a subject or indicative verb.have a subject or indicative verb. After Greek class, I am going home.After Greek class, I am going home. Because of the weather, I stayed home.Because of the weather, I stayed home.

Dependent (Subordinate) Dependent (Subordinate) ClausesClauses

A dependent (or subordinate) clause is a A dependent (or subordinate) clause is a clause that cannot grammatically stand on clause that cannot grammatically stand on its own. It does not make sense by itself.its own. It does not make sense by itself. When I get homeWhen I get home Because of the weatherBecause of the weatherAn independent clause can stand on its An independent clause can stand on its own.own. I am going homeI am going home I am going to bedI am going to bed I am studying GreekI am studying Greek

ClausesClauses

Recognizing an independent clause from a Recognizing an independent clause from a dependent clause is ESSENTIAL for dependent clause is ESSENTIAL for understanding the Bible.understanding the Bible.The main point of a biblical text is usually The main point of a biblical text is usually in an independent clause, not a dependent in an independent clause, not a dependent clause.clause.

Clauses – Col. 1:28-29Clauses – Col. 1:28-29

28 - We proclaim Him, admonishing every 28 - We proclaim Him, admonishing every man and teaching every man with all man and teaching every man with all wisdom, so that we may present every wisdom, so that we may present every man complete in Christ.man complete in Christ.2929 - For this purpose also I labor, - For this purpose also I labor, striving according to His power, which striving according to His power, which mightily works within me.mightily works within me.

Clauses – Col. 1:28-29Clauses – Col. 1:28-29

We proclaim HimWe proclaim Himadmonishing every manadmonishing every manand teaching every man with all and teaching every man with all wisdomwisdom

so that we may present every man so that we may present every man complete in Christ.complete in Christ.

For this purpose also I laborFor this purpose also I laborstriving according to His power, striving according to His power, which mightily works within me.which mightily works within me.

Clauses – 1 Peter 1:3-5Clauses – 1 Peter 1:3-5

3 - Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord 3 - Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who according to His great mercy Jesus Christ, who according to His great mercy has caused us to be born again to a living hope has caused us to be born again to a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead,dead,4 - to obtain an inheritance which is imperishable 4 - to obtain an inheritance which is imperishable and undefiled and will not fade away, reserved in and undefiled and will not fade away, reserved in heaven for you,heaven for you,5 - who are protected by the power of God 5 - who are protected by the power of God through faith for a salvation ready to be revealed through faith for a salvation ready to be revealed in the last time.in the last time.

ConjunctionsConjunctions

Conjunctions are words that connect Conjunctions are words that connect words, phrases, clauses, and sentences.words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. Coordinating – connect independent clauses Coordinating – connect independent clauses

(and, but, for, or, so, yet)(and, but, for, or, so, yet)The word was with God The word was with God andand the word was God. the word was God.Be angry Be angry butbut do not sin. do not sin.

Subordinate – begin a dependent clause and Subordinate – begin a dependent clause and often link it to an independent clause often link it to an independent clause (because, since, if, when, where)(because, since, if, when, where)

I am studying I am studying becausebecause I want to do well. I want to do well.IfIf we ask anything according to his will, He hears we ask anything according to his will, He hears us.us.

Types of ClausesTypes of Clauses

Relative – clauses that start with a relative Relative – clauses that start with a relative pronoun (who, whose, whom, which, that)pronoun (who, whose, whom, which, that) ““the rest of my fellow workers, the rest of my fellow workers, whose names whose names

are in the book of lifeare in the book of life” (Phil. 4:3)” (Phil. 4:3) "There is another "There is another who testifies of Mewho testifies of Me, and I , and I

know know that the testimony which He gives about that the testimony which He gives about Me is trueMe is true.” (John 5:32).” (John 5:32)

Types of PhrasesTypes of Phrases

Prepositional Phrase – start with a Prepositional Phrase – start with a prepositionpreposition ““The Greek book is The Greek book is under the tableunder the table.”.” ““I do not receive glory I do not receive glory from menfrom men” (John 5:41)” (John 5:41)

Participial Phrase – begin with a participle Participial Phrase – begin with a participle (a verb ending in “ing”)(a verb ending in “ing”) After After doing my Greek homeworkdoing my Greek homework, I went to , I went to

bed.bed. ““You do not have His word You do not have His word abiding in youabiding in you” ”

(John 5:38)(John 5:38)

Function of PhrasesFunction of Phrases

Phrases can act as parts of speechPhrases can act as parts of speech Noun – Noun – Whoever is with meWhoever is with me is not against me. is not against me. Adjectival – He Adjectival – He who is not for uswho is not for us is against us. is against us. Adverbial – Drive Adverbial – Drive with carewith care..

ExamplesExamples

The Light shines in the darkness, and the The Light shines in the darkness, and the darkness did not comprehend it.darkness did not comprehend it.If we confess our sins, He is faithful and If we confess our sins, He is faithful and righteous to forgive us our sins and to righteous to forgive us our sins and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness.cleanse us from all unrighteousness.

Phrasing – A Bible Study Phrasing – A Bible Study MethodMethod

Introduction to PhrasingIntroduction to Phrasing

Phrasing is a way of visually dividing up a Phrasing is a way of visually dividing up a section of Scripture in order to section of Scripture in order to seesee the the author’s flow of thought and thus author’s flow of thought and thus understand the passage.understand the passage.Phrasing is different than sentence Phrasing is different than sentence diagramming and is generally more useful diagramming and is generally more useful in Bible study.in Bible study.*****In this section, the author uses the *****In this section, the author uses the term “phrase” in a broader way than in term “phrase” in a broader way than in chapter 7. Don’t be confused!chapter 7. Don’t be confused!

Overview of PhrasingOverview of Phrasing

Step 1 – Find the beginning and end of the Step 1 – Find the beginning and end of the passage.passage.Step 2 - Identify the sections.Step 2 - Identify the sections.Step 3 – Identify the phrases.Step 3 – Identify the phrases.Step 4 – Identify the main phrase(s) and Step 4 – Identify the main phrase(s) and modifying phrases.modifying phrases.Step 5 – Visually lay out the passage in a Step 5 – Visually lay out the passage in a way that clearly shows the relationships of way that clearly shows the relationships of the phrases.the phrases.

Step 1 – Identify the beginning Step 1 – Identify the beginning and end of a passageand end of a passage

HOW?HOW? Look for major shifts in topicsLook for major shifts in topics Look for shifts in audienceLook for shifts in audience Look for shifts from description to prescriptionLook for shifts from description to prescription Look for changes in key words and themesLook for changes in key words and themes Look for transitional phrases (“the next day,” “after Look for transitional phrases (“the next day,” “after

this,” “therefore”)this,” “therefore”) Check your conclusions with a good commentary or Check your conclusions with a good commentary or

study Bible.study Bible. Remember that the chapter and paragraph divisions Remember that the chapter and paragraph divisions

are are not inspirednot inspired, but are helpful and usually correct in , but are helpful and usually correct in identifying major divisions.identifying major divisions.

Step 1 – Identify the beginning Step 1 – Identify the beginning and end of a passageand end of a passage

1 Cor 1:1-101 Cor 1:1-1011 Paul, called as an apostle of Jesus Christ by the will of God, and Sosthenes our Paul, called as an apostle of Jesus Christ by the will of God, and Sosthenes our

brother,brother,22 To the church of God which is at Corinth, to those who have been sanctified in Christ To the church of God which is at Corinth, to those who have been sanctified in Christ

Jesus, saints by calling, with all who in every place call on the name of our Lord Jesus, saints by calling, with all who in every place call on the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, their Lord and ours:Jesus Christ, their Lord and ours:

33 Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.44 I thank my God always concerning you for the grace of God which was given you in I thank my God always concerning you for the grace of God which was given you in

Christ Jesus,Christ Jesus,55 that in everything you were enriched in Him, in all speech and all knowledge,that in everything you were enriched in Him, in all speech and all knowledge,66 even as the testimony concerning Christ was confirmed in you,even as the testimony concerning Christ was confirmed in you,77 so that you are not lacking in any gift, awaiting eagerly the revelation of our Lord so that you are not lacking in any gift, awaiting eagerly the revelation of our Lord

Jesus Christ,Jesus Christ,88 who will also confirm you to the end, blameless in the day of our Lord Jesus Christ.who will also confirm you to the end, blameless in the day of our Lord Jesus Christ.99 God is faithful, through whom you were called into fellowship with His Son, Jesus God is faithful, through whom you were called into fellowship with His Son, Jesus

Christ our Lord.Christ our Lord.1010 Now I exhort you, brethren, by the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, that you all agree Now I exhort you, brethren, by the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, that you all agree

and that there be no divisions among you, but that you be made complete in the and that there be no divisions among you, but that you be made complete in the same mind and in the same judgment.same mind and in the same judgment.

Step 1 – Identify the beginning Step 1 – Identify the beginning and end of a passageand end of a passage

11 Paul, called as an apostle of Jesus Christ by the will of God, and Paul, called as an apostle of Jesus Christ by the will of God, and Sosthenes our brother,Sosthenes our brother,

22 To the church of God which is at Corinth, to those who have been To the church of God which is at Corinth, to those who have been sanctified in Christ Jesus, saints by calling, with all who in every sanctified in Christ Jesus, saints by calling, with all who in every place call on the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, their Lord and ours:place call on the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, their Lord and ours:

33 Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.Christ.

Label? - Salutation

Step 2 – Identify the sectionsStep 2 – Identify the sections

Read and re-read the passage until the Read and re-read the passage until the natural “breaks” are identified.natural “breaks” are identified.Label the sections with the main point of Label the sections with the main point of the sectionthe section

Step 2 – Identify the sectionsStep 2 – Identify the sections11 Paul, called as an apostle of Jesus Christ by the will of Paul, called as an apostle of Jesus Christ by the will of

God, and Sosthenes our brother,God, and Sosthenes our brother,22 To the church of God which is at Corinth, to those who To the church of God which is at Corinth, to those who

have been sanctified in Christ Jesus, saints by calling, have been sanctified in Christ Jesus, saints by calling, with all who in every place call on the name of our Lord with all who in every place call on the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, their Lord and ours:Jesus Christ, their Lord and ours:

33 Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.Lord Jesus Christ.

Step 2 – Identify the sectionsStep 2 – Identify the sectionsAUTHORAUTHOR(1) Paul, called as an apostle of Jesus Christ by the will of God, and (1) Paul, called as an apostle of Jesus Christ by the will of God, and Sosthenes our brother,Sosthenes our brother,

RECIPIENTSRECIPIENTS(2) To the church of God which is at Corinth, to those who have been (2) To the church of God which is at Corinth, to those who have been sanctified in Christ Jesus, saints by calling, with all who in every place call on sanctified in Christ Jesus, saints by calling, with all who in every place call on the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, their Lord and ours:the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, their Lord and ours:

GREETINGGREETING(3) Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.(3) Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.

Step 3 – Identify the phrasesStep 3 – Identify the phrases

““A phrase is an assertion, a proposition, A phrase is an assertion, a proposition, something that means something” (63).something that means something” (63).A phrase is more than just one word.A phrase is more than just one word.

Step 3 – Identify the phrasesStep 3 – Identify the phrasesAUTHORAUTHORPaulPaulcalled as an apostle of Jesus Christcalled as an apostle of Jesus Christby the will of Godby the will of Godand Sosthenes our brother,and Sosthenes our brother,

RECIPIENTSRECIPIENTSTo the church of GodTo the church of Godwhich is at Corinthwhich is at Corinthto those who have been sanctified in Christ Jesusto those who have been sanctified in Christ Jesussaints by callingsaints by callingwith all who in every place call on the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, their Lord and ours:with all who in every place call on the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, their Lord and ours:

GREETINGGREETING(3) Grace to you and peace(3) Grace to you and peacefrom God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.

Step 4/5 – Identify the main phrase(s) Step 4/5 – Identify the main phrase(s) and modifying phrases – lay out and modifying phrases – lay out

visuallyvisuallyAUTHORAUTHOR

PaulPaulcalled as an apostle of Jesus Christcalled as an apostle of Jesus Christby the will of Godby the will of Godand Sosthenes our brotherand Sosthenes our brother,,

RECIPIENTSRECIPIENTSTo the church of GodTo the church of God== which is at Corinthwhich is at Corinthto those who have been sanctified in Christ Jesusto those who have been sanctified in Christ Jesussaints by callingsaints by callingwith all who in every place call on the name of our Lord with all who in every place call on the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, their Lord and ours:Jesus Christ, their Lord and ours:

GREETINGGREETINGGrace to you and peaceGrace to you and peacefrom God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.

HomeworkHomework

Read chapters 9-13Read chapters 9-13Do the exercises at the end of chapter 8Do the exercises at the end of chapter 8Practice identifying parts of speech in your Practice identifying parts of speech in your BibleBibleKeep working on the alphabet!Keep working on the alphabet!