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Behavioral Research Where to Start? Chapter Two

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Page 1: Behavioral Research Where to Start? Chapter Two. Introduction  Where do scientists get research ideas?  Past Research- published findings of previous

Behavioral ResearchWhere to Start?

Chapter Two

Page 2: Behavioral Research Where to Start? Chapter Two. Introduction  Where do scientists get research ideas?  Past Research- published findings of previous

Introduction

Where do scientists get research ideas? Past Research- published findings of previous

studies. Observation of the World around us

Kitty Genovese-Helping Behavior Hitler-Blind Obedience

Common Sense Practical Problems Theories

Page 3: Behavioral Research Where to Start? Chapter Two. Introduction  Where do scientists get research ideas?  Past Research- published findings of previous

Theories

Two Important Functions of theories:

. 1. Organize and explain a variety of facts or descriptions of behavior.

2. Generate new knowledge by focusing our thinking so that we notice new aspects of behavior

.

Page 4: Behavioral Research Where to Start? Chapter Two. Introduction  Where do scientists get research ideas?  Past Research- published findings of previous

Initial Phase of research: Hypothesis

Hypothesis-tentative idea stated in formal terms that two or more variables are related to each other. Ex: Crowding results in reduced performances on cognitive tasks. Hypothesis should have three elements Correspondence with Reality-the extent to which the

hypothesis agrees with accepted truths and known facts. Combination of coherence and Parsimony- the hypothesis

should make sense ( coherent) and should be straightforward and simple (parsimony).

Falsifiability- hypothesis must in principle have the ability to be refuted.

Page 5: Behavioral Research Where to Start? Chapter Two. Introduction  Where do scientists get research ideas?  Past Research- published findings of previous

Prediction

After the hypothesis is formulated, the researcher would make a prediction concerning the outcome of the experiment. Ex: Participants in the un-crowded condition will perform better on the tasks than participants in the crowded condition.

Results of the study have to be phrased in a specific way. If the results of the experiment are as predicted we say our hypothesis is supported ( not proven); if the experiment results go against our prediction we do not say it was disproven, wrong, etc. We would state the results do not support the current hypothesis. ….WHY?

Page 6: Behavioral Research Where to Start? Chapter Two. Introduction  Where do scientists get research ideas?  Past Research- published findings of previous

Library Research

Before Conducting any research, an investigator must have a thorough knowledge of previous research findings.

Sources of Research: Professional Journals Psychological Abstracts Internet Searches PsycINFO

Page 7: Behavioral Research Where to Start? Chapter Two. Introduction  Where do scientists get research ideas?  Past Research- published findings of previous

Basic steps involved in Scientific research and reporting

Posing a question-Hypothesis---Introduction

Developing procedures to answer the question-Methods

Planning for, and then making, appropriate empirical observations-Conducting the experiment-Results

Rationally interpreting the empirical observations-Conclusion

Page 8: Behavioral Research Where to Start? Chapter Two. Introduction  Where do scientists get research ideas?  Past Research- published findings of previous

PsychINfO

APA computer database system of Psych Abstracts

Available on the www, usually through the library system.

Updated weekly, covers from 1800-present

Good place to start, however the full article may be needed.

Page 9: Behavioral Research Where to Start? Chapter Two. Introduction  Where do scientists get research ideas?  Past Research- published findings of previous

PsychINFO Search

Usually begins with a box for Search term or phrase

Testing Depression and Exercise Best to be as specific as possible first or

you will pull up too many citations. EX: Type in: the effects of exercise on

depression or exercise as a depression treatment.

Page 10: Behavioral Research Where to Start? Chapter Two. Introduction  Where do scientists get research ideas?  Past Research- published findings of previous

The use of “and”, “or” and “not”

To use these operators you must be in PsychINFO Advanced search or Google

Use of AND: forces both conditions to be included. If you type in depression and anxiety, you will get all hits on depression and all hits on anxiety.

Advanced Search: Depression AND Anxiety will only list references that include both.

Page 11: Behavioral Research Where to Start? Chapter Two. Introduction  Where do scientists get research ideas?  Past Research- published findings of previous

PsychINFO

Or: Advanced search-when first search was too narrow

Depression OR Major Depressive Disorder Or Melancholia will include all of these words that could describe depression.

NOT: If you want to include some things and not others: Depression NOT Manic Depressive Disorder.

Page 12: Behavioral Research Where to Start? Chapter Two. Introduction  Where do scientists get research ideas?  Past Research- published findings of previous

Other Electronic Resources

Medline PubMed PsycARTICLES (

http://www.apa.org/psycarticles) Scholar Google

Page 13: Behavioral Research Where to Start? Chapter Two. Introduction  Where do scientists get research ideas?  Past Research- published findings of previous

Evaluating Web Information

Is the site associated with a major educational institution? If the site is sponsored by a single individual or organization it should be viewed with skepticism.

Check credentials of those providing information: “Sam’s view on Depression” is probably not very credible.

Do links lead to legitimate organizations? Is the information current?

Page 14: Behavioral Research Where to Start? Chapter Two. Introduction  Where do scientists get research ideas?  Past Research- published findings of previous

Anatomy of a Research Article

Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion