Bell Ringer – 3/27/08Bell Ringer – 3/27/08

In paragraph form, explain In paragraph form, explain African American social African American social organizations formed for organizations formed for the “black elite” and the “black elite” and college students during college students during the early 20the early 20thth Century. Century.

The Great MigrationThe Great MigrationThe movement of African Americans The movement of African Americans

in great numbers from the rural South in great numbers from the rural South to the urban North between 1910 and to the urban North between 1910 and 19401940

From 1910-1940, 1.75 million black From 1910-1940, 1.75 million black people left the Southpeople left the South

Reasons to Migrate NorthReasons to Migrate NorthBoll weevils (beetles) had infected Boll weevils (beetles) had infected

cotton fields all over the Southcotton fields all over the South1,000s of jobs in steel mills, 1,000s of jobs in steel mills,

railroads, meatpacking plants, railroads, meatpacking plants, and auto factories were available and auto factories were available in the Northin the North

Jim Crow laws in the SouthJim Crow laws in the SouthBetter education opportunities in Better education opportunities in

the Norththe North

The Chicago The Chicago DefenderDefenderChicago’s black newspaper, the Chicago’s black newspaper, the

Defender, Defender, encourage black encourage black southerners to move northsoutherners to move north

The The DefenderDefender was distributed by was distributed by railroad all over the Southrailroad all over the South

In defense of Chicago’s cold In defense of Chicago’s cold winters: “To die from the bite of winters: “To die from the bite of frost is far more glorious than that frost is far more glorious than that of the mob”of the mob”

Migration of the Negro, Migration of the Negro, by Jacob by Jacob LawrenceLawrence

Black NeighborhoodsBlack NeighborhoodsMost black migrants settled in all-Most black migrants settled in all-

black neighborhoods once they black neighborhoods once they reached northern citiesreached northern cities

Harlem in NYC, Chicago’s South Side, Harlem in NYC, Chicago’s South Side, Paradise Valley in Detoit, & Paradise Valley in Detoit, & Cleveland’s East SideCleveland’s East Side

Wary of white hostility from the Wary of white hostility from the South, migrants preferred to live South, migrants preferred to live among black people, often family & among black people, often family & friends who had preceded them northfriends who had preceded them north