7/27/2019 Bernhardt

1/33

An Update on theCharged Aerosol Release Experiment

CARE

Paul A. BernhardtPlasma Physics DivisionWashington, DC 20375Phone: 202-767-0196

E-Mail: bern@ppd.nrl.navy.mil

12th

Workshop on thePhysics of Dusty Plasma19 May 2009

7/27/2019 Bernhardt

2/33

Charged Aerosol Release ExperimentModified/Enhanced CARE Concept

Objectives: Examine the effect of artificially-created,charged-particulate layers on the penetration of

UHF, L-Band and S-Band radars.Design and build a rocket payload with a chemical

release and instruments to solve the mystery of radar echoes from dusty plasmas

Description: A series of rocket experiments will beconducted to test the theories for radar scatter from

charged dust. Rocket Experiment

Chemical Release (280 km Altitude, 111 kg) Instrumented Payload

Radio Beacon (CARE I) Ground Radars for Backscatter Observations Launch Sites

Wallops Island, Virginia (CARE I 2009) Andoya, Norway or Poker Flat, Alaska (CARE II) Kwajalein, Marshall Islands (CARE II Alternate)

Supporting Theory Chemical Release: Plume Model Particle Dispersal: Monte Carlo Simulations Plasma Turbulence: Electrostatic PIC Code Radar Scatter: Electromagnetic Theory

Radar and In Situ Diagnostics of

Artificial Dusty Plasma Cloud

7/27/2019 Bernhardt

3/33

CARE Personnel

Name Affiliation

Dr. Paul Bernhardt NRL/PI

Dr. Carl Siefring NRL/Project Scientist

Matt Wilkens NRL Eng. Support

Prof. Iain Boyd University of Michigan

Dr. Jonathan Burt University of Michigan

Prof. Wayne Scales Virginia Tech

Prof. Marlene Rosenberg UC San Diego

Dr. John Ballenthin AFRL/RVBXT

Dr. Miguel Larson Clemson

Dr. Erhan Kudeki Illinois/Urbana

Dr. Julio Urbina PSU

Dr. Phil Erickson Millstone Hill

Dr. George Jumper AFRL/RVBYA

Name Affiliation

Ted Gass NSROC/MM

Brent Edwards NSROC/FP

Christine Power NSROC/FP

Tom Widmyer NSROC/ME

Charles Lankford NSROC/EE-TMEric Johnson NSROC/EE-Power

Valerie Gsell NSROC/GNC

Cathy Hesh NSROC/VSE

Adam Sturgis NSROC/SQA

Greg Ellis NASA/GroundSafety

Roland Wescott NASA/Flight Safety

Ron Walsh NASA/PM

Libby West NASA/SRPO

7/27/2019 Bernhardt

4/33

Particulate Release Observations During theSCIFER Mission on 25 January 1995

25 January 1995 Four Stage Black Brandt XIILaunch from Andoya Norway

Nihka Motor Fired from 98.7 to 156.3 km Altitude Dust Cloud Observed for 66 Minutes 5.6 GHz Radar Echoes Attenuated by 7 dB

7/27/2019 Bernhardt

5/33

ChargedDust

Ground HF, VHF,

and UHF Radar

New Artificial Dust Layer Concept

RocketTrajectory

t0

ChemicalReleaseSource

Nihka Motor

Payload

Large Time Settling of

Charged Particulates

350 km

7/27/2019 Bernhardt

6/33

Objectives of CARE Program

Artificial Noctilucent Cloud Formation Physics of Enhanced Radar Scatter Radar, Lidar and Optical Diagnostics Satellite Measurements (AIM)

Release from Nihka Solid Rocket Motor Large Concentration of Dust Supersonic Injection Velocity

Experiment Enhancements Ground and Ship Ionosonde Diagnostics Direct Injection by Chemical Release Module

7/27/2019 Bernhardt

7/33

Nihka Motor Dust Generator for CARE(111 kg Al 2O3 in 17 Seconds)

0.4375 m

1.919 m

Constituent Mole Fraction Total Mass

Carbon Monoxide 0.2039 69.1 kg

Carbon Dioxide 0.0186 9.9 kg

Monatomic Chlorine 0.0124 5.3 kg

Hydrogen Chloride 0.1478 65.2 kg

Hydrogen 0.2712 6.6 kg

Monatomic Hydrogen 0.0317 0.4 kg

Water 0.1393 30.4 kg

Nitrogen 0.0817 27.7 kg

Aluminum Oxide 0.0897 110.6 kg

Thrust Port

WithoutNozzle

7/27/2019 Bernhardt

8/33

Truncated Nozzle for Nihka Motor

390 mm15.35

Diameter

Original Nozzle

Remove Here

Deleted Nozzle at Throat

7/27/2019 Bernhardt

9/33

DSMC Computations of Nozzle Effect on Plume Properties

for Nihka Motor

Jonathan Burt and Iain Boyd

May 2009

7/27/2019 Bernhardt

10/33

With Nozzle

Computational mesh

10Flow Field Detail at Nozzle

7/27/2019 Bernhardt

11/33

With Nozzle

Streamlines, contours of bulk gas velocity (m/s)

11Flow Field Detail at Nozzle

7/27/2019 Bernhardt

12/33

Nozzle Removed

Computational mesh

12

Nozzle mesh for comparison

Nozzle is truncated 1.3 cm downstream of the throat

7/27/2019 Bernhardt

13/33

Nozzle Removed

Streamlines, contours of bulk velocity (m/s)

13

7/27/2019 Bernhardt

14/33

Distributions of Solid Rocket Particulates(1) Mueller, A. C. and D. J. Kessler, The Effects of Particulates from Solid Rocket Motors Fired in Space,. Adv. in

Space Res., 5, 77-86, 1985.(2) Jackman, CH, DB Considine, and EL Fleming, A Global Modeling Study of Solid Rocket Aluminum Oxide

Emission Effects on Stratospheric Ozone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 907-910, 1998.(3) S Goss, L Hespel, P Gosart and A Delfour, Morphological Characterization and Particle Sizing of Alumina

Particles in a Solid Rocket Motor, J. Prop. Pwr., 22, 127-135, 2006.

N0 f R(R)

1.46 10 18

1.4 10 19

6.96 10 17

7/27/2019 Bernhardt

15/33

Farfield Comparison Comparison between nozzle ( multicolored lines ) and without nozzle

(black lines ) cases for axial and radial velocity along outflow boundary

15

Axial Velocity (m/s) Radial Velocity (m/s)

7/27/2019 Bernhardt

16/33

Farfield Comparison

Comparison between nozzle (multicolored lines) and without nozzle(black lines) cases for density and temperature along outflowboundary

16

Density (kg/m 3) Temperature (K)

7/27/2019 Bernhardt

17/33

Thrust Calculation

Thrust is evaluated by integrating contributions due to pressure and axialmomentum flux from the gas and from each particle size over the farfieldoutflow boundary.

Case: Nozzle Without nozzle

Gas contribution (kN) 22.58 13.76

Particle contribution (kN) 11.75 7.40

Total (kN) 34.33 21.17

17

7/27/2019 Bernhardt

18/33

Nozzle Nihka Motor Chemical Payload Trajectoryand Radio Propagation Experiment for CARE

BoatReceiver

Apogees

Ignition Cutoff

ChemicalRelease

Radio

Beacon

7/27/2019 Bernhardt

19/33

Dynamic Dust Model for CARE

Dust Charging (Charge Impact, Photo-Detachment)

Dust Particle Equation of Motion (Drag, Lorentz Force,Electric Fields, Gravity, Mean-Free-Path)

20

2 2 2 2 2

4 , , 8 exp[ ]

8 [1 ], exp[ ]

d e d d d d e i p e d e e Te

e

i d e d i d i i Ti T r p d e p ab p

i p

dQ qQ r I I I I r q n v

dt KT

q q I r q n v v v I r q J Q Y

KT KT

2

2

2 2

2 3

( )( ) ( )- ( , ) ( )

2 8( , ) , ( )

( ) ( ) 3

4with , , 2 for 3

d a

d

pr T P a p d

p D n P n

P p P P p D d p

Q t d t d t d

dt dt m dt mV V

r u L r r L r C r A

A r m r C r L

r r rr u E B g

7/27/2019 Bernhardt

20/33

Dust Electric Fields

Quasi-Neutrality

Ambipolar Electric Field

Transient Parallel Electric Fields Electron Acceleration? Effect on Ions?

0; d i i e e d d e i d e

Qq n q n n Q n n n

q

|| e i d d || d d|| e||

e e e e i d d e e i d d

q n n Q n Qn (z, t)E

q n (z, t) q q n n Q q q n n Qe ee kT kT kT

7/27/2019 Bernhardt

21/33

20 Degree Nozzle Dust Layer

7/27/2019 Bernhardt

22/33

Radar Observation Geometry of Rocket Launchesfrom Wallops Island by the Millstone Hill Radar

440 MHz UHF Radar Fully Steerable 150 foot Dish Line of Sight Densities, Drifts,

and Temperatures

Millstone Hill Incoherent ScatterRadar at MIT Haystack, MA

7/27/2019 Bernhardt

23/33

CARE Ground Radars and Lidars

HF Radar Wallops Ionosonde (Digisonde and Dynasonde)

SuperDARN (Virginia Tech) Dr. Raymond A. Greenwald, Ruohoniemi Mike, Joseph Baker

Data Products HF Backscatter Background Ionosphere

VHF Radar 50 MHz Penn State/U. Illinois

Professor Julio Urbina Data Product

Background Irregularities VHF Backscatter

UHF Radar 440 MHz Millstone Hill Radar, Haystack, MA

Phil Erickson, Frank Lind, John Foster Data Products

UHF Backscatter Background Ionosphere

LIDAR (Laser and Telescope) NRL Optical Test Facility, MRC, VA

0.5, 1.0, 1.5 micron Lasers with 5 ps Pulse Linda Thomas and Ray Burris

Data Products Particle Size Distribution Transport of Dust

NRL Optical Test Facility

MIT Millstone Hill Radar

NASA WallopsDynasonde Antenna

7/27/2019 Bernhardt

24/33

Ground Diagnostic Sites for CARE

7/27/2019 Bernhardt

25/33

CARE Chemical Release Position Relative to theMillstone Hill UHF Radar for Nihka with Nozzle

7/27/2019 Bernhardt

26/33

Single Nihka Motor Payload

Nihka Gross Mass: 399 kg (879 lb), Empty

Mass: 70 kg (154 lb). Propellants: Solid. Thrust (vac): 50.500 kN (11,353 lbf). Isp: 285 sec., Burn time: 17 sec.

Total Chemical Payload Mass Gross Nihka Mass 400 kg Supporting Hardware 190 kg Total Mass 590 kg

Payload Apogee 350 km CARE Release Point ~280 km on

Downleg

Chemical Payload Descending at 1km/s Exhaust Injection at 2 km/s Downward Full Dust Cloud Released in 17

Seconds

Payload Components

Launch Specifications

Planar Langmuir

Probe

7/27/2019 Bernhardt

27/33

NRL CERTO Rocket BeaconPaul Bernhardt, Matt Wilkens

Plasma Measurements

Radio Beacon(Bernhardt) Radio Scintillations at

VHF and UHF Background Electron

Density Electron Removal by

Chemical Release

AFRL Planar Langmuir Probe

7/27/2019 Bernhardt

28/33

AFRL Planar Langmuir ProbeJohn Balenthin, PI

Ion Density at Nihka Motor Section Backplate

1/2", 5"x5" Square Aluminum 4"x4" Raised Portion Flush to Skin.

Behind Probe 1/8" thick aluminum Teflon (1/8" flat plate) for High Temperature G10 epoxy board for Low Temperature

Gold Conductor Square 2.3" x 2.3

Circle 1.5 Diameter 1/4" thick

Gold Plated Stainless Steel 304 grade Attached by Screws Through Back Panel

Connector Pins Pin 1: Ch1+ 6000s/s A/D channel Pin 9: Twisted pair or shield ground for Pin1 Pin 2: Ch1- 1000s/s A/D channel Pin 10: Twisted pair or shield ground for Pin2 Pin 7: +28VDC Pin 14: 28V Return Pin 8: +28VDC Pin 15: 28V Return

d h d f

7/27/2019 Bernhardt

29/33

Instrumented Thomas Reed Boat for CARE

1 0 m

7/27/2019 Bernhardt

30/33

Instrumented Thomas Reed Boat for CARE

7/27/2019 Bernhardt

31/33

Instrumented Boat Station

BoatLocation

NihkaImpact

BlackBrant

Impact

7/27/2019 Bernhardt

32/33

Satellite Sensor for CARE Diagnostics of CARE Artificial

Dust Cloud AIM Panoramic UV Nadir Imaging

System

Global Transport of Dust Layer

7/27/2019 Bernhardt

33/33

CARE Launch Window Requirements

Clear Skies at 3 Observation Sites Moon Below Horizon Evening Sun at 12 to 18 Degrees Depression Angle No Sporadic-E One Hour Before Launch

Sporadic-E Will Interfere with Dust Radar Scatter Observations Launch Window

Release Time Date 8-19 September 2009 Release Time 19:18 to 19:00 EST (Date Dependent)

Optical Observation Period Date 8-19 September 2009 Viewing Until 19:50 to 19:31 EST (Date Dependent) Viewing Time ~ 30 Minutes

Sporadic E is Bad in August so September Chosen