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Best Practices in Dialysate Composition 1 Best Practices in Dialysate Composition: The New 45x Concentrate Series Fresenius NaturaLyte® and GranuFlo® Acid Concentrate P/N 101230‐01 Rev 00 03/2010
Best Practices in Dialysate Composition: The New 45x Concentrate Series
Fresenius NaturaLyte®
and GranuFlo®
Acid Concentrate
P/N 101230‐01 Rev 00 03/2010
Best Practices in Dialysate Composition 2
Topics
•
Background in Concentrates Selection
•
Best Practices in Dialysate Composition:–
Dextrose 100 mg/dL for physiologic glucose balance
–
Magnesium 1.0 mEq/L for intradialytic hemodynamic stability
–
Sodium 100 mEq/L in the acid portion for prescriptive consistency
•
Potential Clinical Benefits of Improved Dialysate:–
Less frequent and severe hypoglycemic episodes1
–
Lower amounts of glucose lost in effluent dialysate1
–
Less fatigue5
–
Helps prevent vascular calcification in hemodialysis patients2,4
–
Less intradialytic hypotension3,4
–
Potentially lower mortality risk6
While maintaining patient quality outcomes to
potentially improve quality of life
Presenter
Presentation Notes
1Burmeister J., Scapini A, da Rosa M., da Costa M., and Campos B. (2007). Glucose-added dialysis fluid prevents asymptomatic hypoglycemia in regular haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22: 1184-1189. 2Ishimura, E., et al. (2007). Significant association between the presence of peripheral vascular calcification and lower serum magnesium in hemodialysis patients. Clinical Nephrology, 68(4),222-227. 3Elsharkawy, M., et al (2006). Intradialytic changes of serum magnesium and their relation to hypotensive episodes in hemodialysis patients on different dialysates. Hemodialysis International, 10, S16-S23. 4Navarro-Gonzalez,, J., Mora-Fernandez, C., & Garcia-Perez, J. (2009). Clinical implications of disordered magnesium homeostasis in chronic renal failure and dialysis. Seminars in Dialysis, 22(1), 37-44. 5Raimann, J, et al (2009, November). Fatigue in chronic hemodialysis patients: results from a prospective, randomized, cross-over trial of 200 mg/dL and 100 mg/dL dialysate dextrose concentrations. Poster presentation at 2009 ASN, San Diego, CA. 6Lacson, E., et al (2009, November). Magnesium and mortality risk in hemodialysis patients. Poster presentation at 2009 ASN, San Diego, CA. Paper submitted for publication.
Best Practices in Dialysate Composition 3
Background in Concentrate Selection
• Bicarbonate-based solution used in batch containers, butprecipitation & bacterial contamination remained problematic
1943 to 1960
• Acetate-based solutions widely used world-wide • 200 mg/dL dextrose added in ~1978 to prevent hypoglycemia & hypotension• In many parts of the world, dextrose was not added due to additional cost &
risk of bacterial contamination1
1964 to 1985
• Bicarbonate-based solutions used only • 100 -
200 mg/dL dextrose offered in 3 series due to machinelimitations
1978 to present
• Fresenius standardizes use of best practicedialysate composition in one series 2
2009 to present
Presenter
Presentation Notes
1Burmeister J., Scapini A., da Rosa M., da Costa M., Campos B. (2007). Glucose-added dialysis fluid prevents asymptomatic hypoglycemia in regular haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22:1184-1189. 2Navarro-Gonzalez, J., Mora-Fernandez, C., & Garcia-Perez, J. (2009). Clinical implications of disordered magnesium homeostasis in chronic renal failure and dialysis. Seminars in Dialysis, 22(1), 37-44.
Best Practices in Dialysate Composition 4
New 45X Series Concentrates
The new 45X Series acid
standardizes:•
Dextrose concentration to
100 mg/dL
•
Magnesium concentration to
1.0 mEq/L
•
Sodium concentration to
100 mEq/L
Best Practices in Dialysate Composition 5
DextroseFor Physiologic Glucose Balance
Best Practices in Dialysate Composition 6
The Importance of Glucose in Dialysate
•
Prevents hypoglycemia–
Hypoglycemia frequently occurs in patients on HD1‐3
–
More frequent among diabetics if glucose is not added to the dialysate2,3
–
During a glucose‐free dialysis session, 15 to 30 g of glucose is lost in the effluent dialysate4
•
Achieves hypertonicity and increases UF2,5 in the early days of HD
•
Prevents hypotension–
Some studies suggest that glucose in the dialysate helps prevent
hypotension through
increased extracellular osmolality and prevention of IV fluid loss into the intracellular
compartment.1,2
•
Helps to prevent disequilibrium syndrome3,4
•
Provides additional calories
Presenter
Presentation Notes
1Jackson MA, Holland MR, Nicholas J, et al. (1999) Occult hypoglycemia caused by hemodialysis. Clin Nephrol 51:242–247. 2Jackson MA, Holland MR, Nicholas J, Lodwick R, Foster D, MacDonald IA. (2000) Hemodialysis-induced hypoglycemia in diabetic patients. Clin Nephrol 54:30–34. 3Takahashi A, Kubota T, Shibahara N, et al. (2004) The mechanism of hypoglycemia caused by hemodialysis. Clin Nephrol 62:362–368. 4Sangill M, Pedersen EB(2006). The effect of glucose added to the dialysis fluid on blood pressure, blood glucose, and quality of life in hemodialysis patients: a placebo-controlled crossover study. Am J Kidney Dis 47:636-643. 5Stewart WK (1989). The composition of dialysis fluid, in Replacement of Renal Function by Dialysis, edited by Maher JF, Dordrecht, Kluwer, pp 200-217.
Best Practices in Dialysate Composition 7
Background:
Burmeister et al compared glucose free and glucose dialysate for HD in 42 subjects in
sequential 1 week periods
Results: •
Mean blood glucose level was higher in the 90 mg/dL glucose period than in the glucose‐free
period (p = 0.0392)
•
The effect of glucose containing dialysate was significant in diabetic subjects (DM) (p=
0.0067), and
non‐significant in non‐diabetics (NDM) (p = 0.06)
Authors Conclusion:•
Glucose‐added dialysate at 90 mg/dl significantly reduced the number and
severity of HG episodes •
Glucose in dialysate advisable in all patients despite higher mean blood glucose in DM patients
during HD
Burmeister JE, et al. Nephrol Dial Transplant
22:1184‐1189, 2007
.
Glucose Helps Reduce Number & Severity of Hypoglycemic Episodes
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
<70 All <70 All <70 All
Phase 1 = glucose-free period of one wk Phase 2 = 90 mg/dL glucose period of one wkDM NDM All
Blo
od G
luco
seM
g/dL
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
<70 All <70 All <70 All
Phase 1 = glucose-free period of one wk Phase 2 = 90 mg/dL glucose period of one wkDM NDM All
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
<70 All <70 All <70 All
Phase 1 = glucose-free period of one wk Phase 2 = 90 mg/dL glucose period of one wkDM NDM All
Blo
od G
luco
seM
g/dL
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Hypoglycemia (HG) has been demonstrated during chronic haemodialysis (HD). These events may become more frequent with the current use of glucose-free bicarbonate dialysis solution, the standard formula in most dialysis facilities in the last decade. On the other hand, HG-related symptoms are unusual among patients during or just after dialysis sessions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of HG in diabetic (DM) and non-diabetic (NDM) end-stage renal failure patients during HD using dialytic solution without and with glucose. METHODS: Forty-two chronic renal failure patients-21 DM and 21 NDM-randomly selected among the 97 in our dialysis unit were submitted to an HD session with glucose-free bicarbonate solution (phase 1). Serum glucose was measured at 30, 60, 150 and 240 min. In eight patients (four DM and four NDM) glucose was also measured in fluid leaving the dialyzer at 30, 60 and 150 min. After a week, all procedures were repeated in the same patients, this time with a 90 mg/dl glucose-added bicarbonate solution (phase 2). We compared the glucose levels and the number of symptomatic and asymptomatic HG events in each group in phases 1 and 2, using bivariate analysis methods with confidence limit of 0.95%. RESULTS: Data were expressed as mean +/- SD. No patient presented any clinical evidence of HG. For all patients, the mean plasma glucose level (mg/dl) was significantly higher in phase 2 than in phase 1 (138.2 +/- 96.3 vs 120.7 +/- 75.9; p = 0.0392). This occurred in DM (171.1 +/- 104.5 vs 132.5 +/- 71.0; p = 0.0067), but not in NDM (101.3 +/- 19.4 vs 95.2 +/- 21.2; p = 0.06). With glucose-free HD solution, 10 patients (five DM, five NDM) presented 18 measures of glycaemia under 70 mg/dl, and with glucose-added solution, only one (DM) presented two measures under 70 mg/dl p = 0.0045 (number of patients); p = 0.0003 (number of HG measures). Among DM patients, values for HG measures in phase 1 (49.1 +/- 16.2 mg/dl) were significantly lower than in phase 2 (65.0 +/- 1.4 mg/dl) p = 0.0139. For all patients, glucose was lost in HD fluid leaving the dialyzer at lower values in phase 2 (5.2 +/- 2.9 g/h) than in phase 1 (16.7 +/- 10.9 g/h) p < 0.0001. CONCLUSIONS: Asymptomatic HG was frequent during HD when glucose-free dialysis solution was used. Glucose was lost in dialytic fluid leaving the dialyzer in significantly lower amounts when using glucose-added solution than glucose-free solution. Glucose-added dialysis solution at 90 mg/dl significantly reduced the number and severity of HG episodes and although it caused higher mean glycaemia in DM patients during HD, its use seems advisable in all patients.� Burmeister J., Scapini A., da Rosa M., da Costa M., Campos B. (2007). Glucose-added dialysis fluid prevents asymptomatic hypoglycaemia in regular haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22:1184-1189.
Best Practices in Dialysate Composition 8
Prevent Inappropriate Loss of Glucose in EffluentResult: •
Burmeister et al also noted that glucose lost in effluent dialysate was significantly lower when using
glucose‐added dialysate (p < 0.0001)
–
All patients: 16.7 ± 10.9 g/h with 90 mg/dL glucose dialysate; 5.2 ± 2.9 non‐glucose dialysate
–
DM patients: 18.5 ± 10.6 with glucose dialysate; 8.5 ± 4.9; non‐glucose dialysate; p < 0.001
–
NDM patients: 15.4 ±
12.0 with glucose dialysate; 2.2 ± 0.3 non‐glucose dialysate; p
< 0.000
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
DM NDM All
Phase 1 = glucose-free period of one wk Phase 2 = 90 mg/dL glucose period of one wk
Glu
cose
in e
fflue
nt fl
uid
g/hr
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
DM NDM All
Phase 1 = glucose-free period of one wk Phase 2 = 90 mg/dL glucose period of one wk
Glu
cose
in e
fflue
nt fl
uid
g/hr
Burmeister JE, et al. Nephrol Dial Transplant
22:1184‐1189, 2007
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Hypoglycemia (HG) has been demonstrated during chronic haemodialysis (HD). These events may become more frequent with the current use of glucose-free bicarbonate dialysis solution, the standard formula in most dialysis facilities in the last decade. On the other hand, HG-related symptoms are unusual among patients during or just after dialysis sessions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of HG in diabetic (DM) and non-diabetic (NDM) end-stage renal failure patients during HD using dialytic solution without and with glucose. METHODS: Forty-two chronic renal failure patients-21 DM and 21 NDM-randomly selected among the 97 in our dialysis unit were submitted to an HD session with glucose-free bicarbonate solution (phase 1). Serum glucose was measured at 30, 60, 150 and 240 min. In eight patients (four DM and four NDM) glucose was also measured in fluid leaving the dialyzer at 30, 60 and 150 min. After a week, all procedures were repeated in the same patients, this time with a 90 mg/dl glucose-added bicarbonate solution (phase 2). We compared the glucose levels and the number of symptomatic and asymptomatic HG events in each group in phases 1 and 2, using bivariate analysis methods with confidence limit of 0.95%. RESULTS: Data were expressed as mean +/- SD. No patient presented any clinical evidence of HG. For all patients, the mean plasma glucose level (mg/dl) was significantly higher in phase 2 than in phase 1 (138.2 +/- 96.3 vs 120.7 +/- 75.9; p = 0.0392). This occurred in DM (171.1 +/- 104.5 vs 132.5 +/- 71.0; p = 0.0067), but not in NDM (101.3 +/- 19.4 vs 95.2 +/- 21.2; p = 0.06). With glucose-free HD solution, 10 patients (five DM, five NDM) presented 18 measures of glycaemia under 70 mg/dl, and with glucose-added solution, only one (DM) presented two measures under 70 mg/dl p = 0.0045 (number of patients); p = 0.0003 (number of HG measures). Among DM patients, values for HG measures in phase 1 (49.1 +/- 16.2 mg/dl) were significantly lower than in phase 2 (65.0 +/- 1.4 mg/dl) p = 0.0139. For all patients, glucose was lost in HD fluid leaving the dialyzer at lower values in phase 2 (5.2 +/- 2.9 g/h) than in phase 1 (16.7 +/- 10.9 g/h) p < 0.0001. CONCLUSIONS: Asymptomatic HG was frequent during HD when glucose-free dialysis solution was used. Glucose was lost in dialytic fluid leaving the dialyzer in significantly lower amounts when using glucose-added solution than glucose-free solution. Glucose-added dialysis solution at 90 mg/dl significantly reduced the number and severity of HG episodes and although it caused higher mean glycaemia in DM patients during HD, its use seems advisable in all patients.� Burmeister J., Scapini A., da Rosa M., da Costa M., Campos B. (2007). Glucose-added dialysis fluid prevents asymptomatic hypoglycaemia in regular haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22:1184-1189.
Best Practices in Dialysate Composition 9
Glucose Balance According to Dialysate Concentration
Based on the available literature, we should expect the following glucose gains and
losses according to dialysate glucose concentration:
Dialysate Glucose
Concentration
mg/dL
Anticipated Glucose
Gains / Losses*
g/tx
Zero1,2 ‐
50 to ‐
60
902 ‐
15 to – 20
1003 ‐
5 to + 10
2003 + 20 to + 30
A net of ~ zero
* Based on 3 – 4 hr treatments
Presenter
Presentation Notes
1Sangill M., Pedersen, E. (2006). The effect of glucose added to the dialysis fluid on blood pressure, blood glucose, and quality of life in hemodialysis patients: a placebo-controlled crossover study. Am J Kidney Dis 47:636-643. 2Burmeister J., Scapini A., da Rosa M., da Costa M., Campos B. (2007). Glucose-added dialysis fluid prevents asymptomatic hypoglycaemia in regular haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22:1184-1189. 3Sharma, R. and Rosner, M. (2008). Glucose in the dialysate: Historical perspective and possible implications? Hemodialysis International: 12: 221-226.
Best Practices in Dialysate Composition 10
Reasons to Avoid High Glucose Dialysate (>100 mg/dL)
•
Excessive caloric load may increase risk of obesity1
•
Increases risk of hyperglycemia in diabetic patients2
•
Increases risk of hyperinsulinemia3
•
Potential interference with potassium and phosphorus removal2
•
Potential causative factor in the inflammation associated with ESRD3
Caloric load
ObesityHigh
plasmaglucose
Hightriglycerides
High Insulin
secretion
Insulin resistance
Presenter
Presentation Notes
1Wiggins K., and Johnson, D. (2005). The influence of obesity on the development and survival outcomes of chronic kidney disease. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease; 12(1): 49-55. 2Kemp, G., Blumsohn, A., and Morris, B. (1992). Cellular phosphate shifts during oral glucose loading. Clin Chem 38: 2338-2339. 3Sharma, R. and Rosner, M. (2008). Glucose in the dialysate: Historical perspective and possible implications? Hemodialysis International; 12: 221-226.
Best Practices in Dialysate Composition 11
Less Fatigue With Use of 100 mg/dL DextroseBackground: Raimann et al studied the difference in fatigue in chronic HD patients treated with 100
mg/dL versus 200mg/dL dialysate dextrose.
Results:
•
Fatigue Severity Score was higher with 200 mg/dL dextrose dialysate especially for diabetic
patients
• Fatigue is more prominent using a dialysate dextrose of 200 mg/dL as compared to 100 mg/dL
Authors Conclusion:
• Dialysate dextrose concentration of 100 mg/dL is potentially advantageous.
Fatigue index as assessed by the Fatigue Severity Scale* Indicates p<0.05 between diabetics and non‐diabetics
Raimann, J, et al. (2009, November). Fatigue in chronic hemodialysis patients: Results from a prospective, randomized, cross‐over trialof 200 mg/dL and 100 mg/dL dialysate dextrose concentrations. Poster presented at 2009 ASN. Paper submitted for publication.
n Dextrose 200 mg/dL
Dextrose 100 mg/dL
P‐Value(D100 vs D200)
Diabetics 13 4.97 ± 1.0 * 4.23 ± 1.13 * 0.016
Non‐Diabetics 14 3.46 ± 1.87 * 3.0 ± 1.55 * 0.234
All
Patients 27 4.19 ± 1.68 3.6 ± 1.48 0.014
Presenter
Presentation Notes
BACKGROUND: Dialysate dextrose concentrations differ worldwide between 0 and 200 mg/dL. Raimann et al tested for differences in fatigue in chronic HD patients treated with 100 mg/dL versus 200 mg/dL dialysate dextrose. METHOD: In this prospective cross-over study, patients were randomized to dialysate dextrose concentrations of either 200 mg/dL or 100 mg/dL; dialysates were switched after 3 weeks. Patients responded to the Fatigue Severity Scale, a 9 item questionnaire at the end of each study period. The FSS score ranges from 1 to 7, with a lower score indicating less fatigue. Internal test consistency was assessed by Cronbach’s Alpha. FSS scores were compared by t-test. CONCLUSION: Fatigue is more prominent using a dialysate dextrose of 200 mg/dL as compared to 100 mg/dL; this difference is particularly pronounced in patients with diabetes mellitus. This result supports the notion that a dialysate dextrose concentration of 100 mg/dL is advantageous. Raimann, J, et al (2009, November). Fatigue in chronic hemodialysis patients: results from a prospective, randomized, cross-over trial of 200 mg/dL and 100 mg/dL dialysate dextrose concentrations. Poster presentation at 2009 ASN, San Diego, CA.
Kanbay, M., et al. (2010). Magnesium in chronic kidney disease: challenges and opportunities. Blood Purification, 29(3),280‐292.
ECG/Kidney logo permission for use by Fresenius Medical Care AG,
Bad Homburg.
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Mg is involved in many important enzymatic processes (such as neuromuscular excitation), electrolyte balance and skeletal metabolism. Mg also plays an important role in the regulation of vascular tone, heart rhythm and platelet-activated thrombosis. Mg helps to prevent insulin resistance, arrhythmias and osteoporosis. Mg deficiency has been reported to promote inflammation and it decreases the specific immune response. Mg supplementation may reduce mortality after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Kanbay, M., et al. (2010). Magnesium in chronic kidney disease: challenges and opportunities. Blood Purification, 29(3),280-292.
Best Practices in Dialysate Composition 14
Higher Serum Mg Levels May Prevent Vascular Calcification
Background:
•
Vascular calcification, significantly increases cardiovascular and other causes of mortality,
and is highly prevalent in HD patents.1
•
Ishimura et al examined the association between serum Mg levels and vascular calcification
in 390 NDM hemodialysis patients.
Results:
Serum Mg was significantly lower in patients with vascular calcification than in those without
(2.69 ±
0.28 vs. 2.78 ±
0.33 mg/dL, p < 0.05
after adjustments for age, gender, duration of HD,
Ca, PO4, and intact parathyroid hormone concentrations.
Conclusion:
•
Higher serum Mg concentrations may play an important protective role in the development
of vascular calcification in HD patients.
•
Mg concentration of dialysis fluid may need to be reconsidered in view of preventing
vascular calcification in HD patients.
1Ishimura, E., et al. (2007). Significant association between the
presence of peripheral vascular calcification and lower serum magnesiumin hemodialysis patients. Clinical Nephrology, 68(4),222‐227.
Presenter
Presentation Notes
BACKGROUND: Vascular calcification, which significantly increases cardiovascular and other causes of mortality, is highly prevalent in HD patents. Ishimura et al examined the association between serum Mg levels and vascular calcification in 390 NDM hemodialysis patients. METHOD: 390 nondiabetic patients on HD were examined. Hand x-ray was performed on each patient, and visible vascular calcification of the hand arteries was evaluated. Blood was drawn to measure serum Ca, PO4, Mg and intact PTH levels. RESULTS: There were 52 patients with vascular calcification, and 338 without. Serum PO4 was significantly higher in the former compared to the latter group (p< 0.005); serum intact PTH was significantly higher (p< 0.05), whereas serum Ca was not statistically different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Hypomagnesemia is significantly associated with the presence of vascular calcification of the hand arteries, independent of serum Ca & PO4 levels. These results suggest that high serum Mg concentrations may play an important protective role in the development of vascular calcification in HD patients, and that MG concentration of dialysis fluid may be reconsidered in view of preventing vascular calcification in HD patients. Ishimura, E., et al. (2007). Significant association between the presence of peripheral vascular calcification and lower serum magnesium in hemodialysis patients. Clinical Nephrology, 68(4),222-227.
Best Practices in Dialysate Composition 15
Mg Important For Intradialytic Hemodynamic Stability
Background:
• Intradialytic hypotension continues to be a problem in up to 20% of HD treatments.1
•
Mg exerts a direct modulatory action on cardiac excitability and vascular smooth muscle contraction
and relaxation.
• Hypomagnesesemia has been shown to contribute significantly to cardiac morbidity and mortality. 1
•
Kyriazis et al evaluated the effect of dialysate magnesium levels upon blood pressure in a blinded,
two‐part study of 8 HD patients in study A, 14 patients in study B.
Study A:
Used four combinations of dialysate Mg of 0.25 (low) or 0.75
(high) mmol/L and
Ca of 1.25 (low) or 1.75 (high) mmol/L.
Study A Results:
•
Blood Pressure, Mean Arterial Pressure, Cardiac Index, and Stroke Index all fell to a greater extent in
group IV dialyzing on the low Mg and low Ca solution.
•
Total Peripheral Resistance Index remained unchanged in group
IV indicating that the hypotensive
effect was due primarily to the changes in cardiac output through changes in stroke
volume.
Kyriazis, J. et al (2004). Dialysate magnesium level and blood pressure. Kidney International, 66: 1221‐1231.
Presenter
Presentation Notes
BACKGROUND: Kyriazis et al studied the way dialysate Mg (dMg) concentrations could affect blood pressure (BP) during hemodialysis (HD). METHODS: Eight HD pts underwent 4 midweek HD treatments consecutively, using in each 4 hr session, one of the following formulations in random order: 0.75 dMg, 1.75 dCa (group 1); 0.25 dMg, 0.1.75 dCa (group 2); 0.75 dMg, 1.25 dCa (group 3); 0.25 dMg, 1.25 dCa (group 4). Additionally, 14 HD pts were treated for 4 weeks with 0.5 mmol/L dMg, followed by 4 wks of 0.25 dMg, 4 wks of 0.75 dMg in random order. All of these treatments used a 1.25 dCa. RESULTS: MAP decreased 15.2% a significantly greater extent in group 4 compared to the other groups. Parallel drops in CI (12.1%) and stroke index (17%) in group 4 was not seen in group 2 despite comparable reductions in intradialytic serum Mg in both groups. In groups 1 & 3, the increase in serum Mg by 2% did not compromise BP via vasodilatation. In the second study, treatment with 0.75 dMg was superior to the other two treatments regarding intradialytic morbidity (p<0.001) and BP stability (p <0.05). CONCLUSION: Kyriazis et al identified a dialysis solution containing 0.25 Mg and 1.26 Ca as a major cause of intradialytic hypotension (IDH) due to an impairment of myocardial contractility and showed that increasing the dMg level to 0.75 could prevent IDH frequently seen with the use of 1.25 dCa. Thus, manipulating dMg levels independently or in concert with dCa levels might have important implications with regard to dialysis tolerance. 1Kyriazis, J. et al (2004). Dialysate magnesium level and blood pressure. Kidney International, 66: 1221-1231.
Best Practices in Dialysate Composition 16
Study B:
Held the Ca constant at 1.25 mmol/L while randomly varying the dialysate Mg to:
Low
0.25 mmol/L
Medium
0.50 mmol/L
High
0.75 mmol/L
Study B Results:
• Less symptomatic hypotension in the high Mg treatments
•
Fewer episodes of asymptomatic and total hypotension in the high Mg treatments as compared
to the low and medium Mg treatments
Kyriazis, J. et al (2004). Dialysate magnesium level and blood pressure. Kidney International, 66: 1221‐1231.
Authors Conclusions:
1.
Treatment with a combination of low Ca and low Mg dialysate should be avoided
especially in the
hypotensive‐prone patients with impaired cardiovascular function.
2.
Use of high Mg dialysate may be an easy way to prevent hypotension in patients treated with
low Ca dialysate.
Mg Important For Intradialytic Hemodynamic Stability
Presenter
Presentation Notes
BACKGROUND: Kyriazis et al studied the way dialysate Mg (dMg) concentrations could affect blood pressure (BP) during hemodialysis (HD). METHODS: Eight HD pts underwent 4 midweek HD treatments consecutively, using in each 4 hr session, one of the following formulations in random order: 0.75 dMg, 1.75 dCa (group 1); 0.25 dMg, 0.1.75 dCa (group 2); 0.75 dMg, 1.25 dCa (group 3); 0.25 dMg, 1.25 dCa (group 4). Additionally, 14 HD pts were treated for 4 weeks with 0.5 mmol/L dMg, followed by 4 wks of 0.25 dMg, 4 wks of 0.75 dMg in random order. All of these treatments used a 1.25 dCa. RESULTS: MAP decreased 15.2% a significantly greater extent in group 4 compared to the other groups. Parallel drops in CI (12.1%) and stroke index (17%) in group 4 was not seen in group 2 despite comparable reductions in intradialytic serum Mg in both groups. In groups 1 & 3, the increase in serum Mg by 2% did not compromise BP via vasodilatation. In the second study, treatment with 0.75 dMg was superior to the other two treatments regarding intradialytic morbidity (p<0.001) and BP stability (p <0.05). CONCLUSION: Kyriazis et al identified a dialysis solution containing 0.25 Mg and 1.26 Ca as a major cause of intradialytic hypotension (IDH) due to an impairment of myocardial contractility and showed that increasing the dMg level to 0.75 could prevent IDH frequently seen with the use of 1.25 dCa. Thus, manipulating dMg levels independently or in concert with dCa levels might have important implications with regard to dialysis tolerance. 1Kyriazis, J. et al (2004). Dialysate magnesium level and blood pressure. Kidney International, 66: 1221-1231.
Best Practices in Dialysate Composition 17
Higher Serum Mg Levels Associated With Lower Mortality RiskBackground:
•
Lacson et al evaluated the effect of magnesium levels on mortality risk in a contemporary cohort
of 27,544 HD patients.
Results:
• There is a linear trend with lower mortality risk associated with increasing Mg levels.
•
Compared to mid‐normal values (Mg = 1.6 – 1.89 mEq/L), the unadjusted hazard ratio drops
significantly at Mg ≥
1.9, to as low as 0.68 for Mg > 2.3 (p < 0.001).
Authors Conclusion:
•
High normal and elevated serum magnesium levels were associated with lower risk of mortality in
prevalent HD patients.
Lacson, E., et al. (2009, November). Magnesium and mortality risk in hemodialysis patients. Poster presented at 2009 ASN. Paper submitted for publication.
Presenter
Presentation Notes
BACKGROUND: In hemodialysis (HD) patients, known to have high prevalence of cardiovascular morbidity, few studies have reported that higher serum magnesium levels may be cardio-protective. Lacson et al have evaluated the effect of Mg levels on mortality risk in a contemporary cohort of HD patients. METHOD: All FMS patients with serum Mg levels over 3 months were included. n = 27,544 patients out of 110,271 active prevalent patients with Mg levels (25%). Demographic characteristics of patients with Mg results were similar to that of the overall cohort. The average Mg was 1.85 ± 0.31 (normal range: 1.3-2.1 mEq/L). Cox models were used to assess the mortality risk in unadjusted, case-mix adjusted, and case-mix plus quality indicators adjusted. CONCLUSION: High normal and elevated serum Mg levels were associated with lower risk of mortality in prevalent HD patients. They also concluded that further study is needed to evaluate clinical implications of this finding. Lacson, E., et al (2009, November). Magnesium and mortality risk in hemodialysis patients. Poster presentation at 2009 ASN, San Diego, CA. Paper submitted for publication.
Best Practices in Dialysate Composition 18
Maintaining Patient Quality Outcomes
Best Practices in Dialysate Composition 19
Less Intradialytic Saline Administered (Surrogate for Hypotension)
Background:
Comparison of 2,978 patients using 100 mg/dL dextrose dialysate to 9,295 standard or 200 mg/dL
dextrose dialysate patients.
Results:
The average volume of fluids given was ~10% lower in the 100 mg/dL dextrose patients.Conclusion:
Suggests that some patients may have experienced less frequent
or less pronounced intradialytic
hypotension.
3 8 2 3 8 9
4 4 2 4 3 2
D iab e tic N o n-D iab e tic
P a tie n t-L e ve l A na lys is
1 0 0 m g /d L D e xtro s eS tand ard D e xtro s e
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Mea
n Fl
uids
Giv
en (m
l / tr
eatm
ent)
Number of Patients by Group:
Diabetic patients
100 dex
n = 1,478
Non‐diabetic patients
100 dex
n = 1,320
Diabetic patients
200 dex
n = 4,928Non‐diabetic patients
200 dex
n = 4,367
Data Source: FMS Data Warehouse
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Among our FMS patient data base, we wanted to observe the change in incidence of hypotension and any effect on the patient quality outcomes. For patient-based analyses, patients were classified based on the dextrose concentration recorded in their latest HD order as of January 31, 2007. A total of 6,406 diabetic and 5,687 non-diabetic patients were included. Patients with no recorded dextrose concentration were excluded from the analysis. Recorded administration of intradialytic NS was used as the surrogate for hypotension. FMS data warehouse finding was that the average volume of fluids was ~10% lower in patients dialyzed with 100 mg/dL dextrose, suggesting that at least some patients may have experienced less frequent or less pronounced intradialytic hypotension. Note: t-test not appropriate because data is not normally distributed. Source: FMS Data Warehouse
Best Practices in Dialysate Composition 20
Patient Quality Outcomes MaintainedBackground:Diabetic and non‐diabetic HD patients were compared for those being treated with dialysate
containing 100 mg/dL dextrose versus those being treated with dialysate containing 200 mg/dL
dextrose.
Data Source: FMS Data Warehouse
Number of Patients by Group:
Diabetic patients
100 dex
n = 1,478
Non‐diabetic patients
100 dex
n = 1,320
Diabetic patients
200 dex
n = 4,928
Non‐diabetic patients
200 dex
n = 4,367
Results:No clinically significant differences in patient quality outcomes were noted between the patient groups.
The following patient quality outcomes were maintained:
eKt/V ≥
1.2
Bicarbonate 22‐26 mEq/LHgB ≥
11 g/dL
TSAT ≥
20%Albumin ≥
3.8 g/dL
Ferritin 100‐500 ng/mLPhosphorus ≤
5.5 mg/dL
I‐PTH 150‐300 pg/mL (over 12 mos)
Conclusion:Diabetic and non‐diabetic patients were able to adequately maintain quality outcomes after switching
to the 100 mg/dL dextrose dialysate.
Presenter
Presentation Notes
FMS data warehouse data for patients as of 1/31/2007. The 100 mg/dL comparison included 1,478 DM and 1,320 NDM patients. The 200 mg/dL comparison included 4,928 DM and 4,367 NDM in-center patients. Patients were classified based on the dextrose concentration recorded in the latest HD order as of 1/31/2007. Patients with no recorded dextrose concentration were excluded from the analysis. Outcome data obtained from behind-the-scenes data for Jan 2007 HD Quality Status Report. Source: FMS Data Warehouse
Best Practices in Dialysate Composition 21
Summary
•
Best Practices in Dialysate Composition:–
Dextrose 100 mg/dL for physiologic glucose balance
–
Magnesium 1.0 mEq/L for intradialytic hemodynamic stability
–
Sodium 100 mEq/L in the acid portion for prescriptive consistency
•
Potential Clinical Benefits of Improved Dialysate:–
Less frequent and severe hypoglycemic episodes1
–
Lower amounts of glucose lost in effluent dialysate1
–
Less fatigue5
–
Helps prevent vascular calcification in hemodialysis patients2,4
–
Less intradialytic hypotension3,4
–
Potentially lower mortality risk6
While maintaining patient quality outcomes to
potentially improve quality of life
Presenter
Presentation Notes
1Burmeister JE, Scapini A, da Rosa MD, da Costa MG, Campos BM (2007). Glucose-added dialysis fluid prevents asymptomatic hypoglycemia in regular haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22:1184-1189. 2 Ishimura, E., et al. (2007). Significant association between the presence of peripheral vascular calcification and lower serum magnesium in hemodialysis patients. Clinical Nephrology, 68(4),222-227. 3Elsharkawy, M., et al (2006). Intradialytic changes of serum magnesium and their relation to hypotensive episodes in hemodialysis patients on different dialysates. Hemodialysis International, 10, S16-S23. 4 Navarro-Gonzalez,, J., Mora-Fernandez, C., & Garcia-Perez, J. (2009). Clinical implications of disordered magnesium homeostasis in chronic renal failure and dialysis. Seminars in Dialysis, 22(1), 37-44. 5 Raimann, J, et al (2009, November). Fatigue in chronic hemodialysis patients: results from a prospective, randomized, cross-over trial of 200 mg/dL and 100 mg/dL dialysate dextrose concentrations. Poster presentation at 2009 ASN, San Diego, CA. 6Lacson, E., et al (2009, November). Magnesium and mortality risk in hemodialysis patients. Poster presentation at 2009 ASN, San Diego, CA. Paper submitted for publication.